Physics
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Item The effects of porosity and angels of inclination on the deflection of fluid flow in porous media(Medwell Journals, 2009) Popoola, O. I.; Adegoke, J. A.; Alabi, O. O."The movement of contaminated fluid from a solid waste landfill into a portable water aquifer located beneath is an example of unwanted underground flow. With the problem of limited portion of land available for building construction in the cities, coupled with the rise in price of good and accessible land, there is a need for quick and urgent solutions to environmental pollution that may be resulted from this problem. In this research, a laboratory setup consisting of a big transparent cylindrical pipe 108.5cm long with radius 2.23cm was used as inlet pipe and five small equal transparent cylindrical pipes with radii 0.03cm were used as outlets, which were joined to the circular plastic plate on the top of the inlet pipe at different angles ranged from 00 to 900 from a normal point. The inlet pipe and outlets pipes were filled with samples of soil of different porosities and titled at different angles of inclination. The volume of water discharged was measured directly with measuring cylinder from the set-up in each case. The volumetric flow rate and volume flux were computed from the values of volume discharged. These were done in order to determine how the arrangement of porous material of different porosities with a particular angle of inclination can influence the deflection of fluid flow from its linear direction. This is sequel to its practical applications in designing a construction with a cross-section of soils in deflecting contaminated fluid from septic tank to different directions from the source of water within the same small portion of land. It was observed that angle of inclination does not have a significant effect on the deflection of fluid but volume flux increases with increasing angle of inclination. Also, the greater the difference in the porosity of the cross-section of the media in which the fluid is flowing the greater the volume flux. However, the most suitable arrangement of cross-section of soils for deflection of fluid at higher angle from normal is when it flows through a medium of low porosity to that of higher porosity. "Item Monitoring the effect of water pollution in twelve selected water dams in Osun State of SouthWestern Nigeria(2007) Adegoke, J. A.; Sunmonu, L. A.; Lateef, T. A."The level of water pollution by heavy metals (Cu, Zn,Co, Ni, As, Mn, Cd, Cr, Pb) in twelve selected water Dams in Osun state were determined in order to know their distribution and possible source into the dams. Their bottom sediment and water were collected for analysis. The result in sediment showed that the concentration of manganese is high in all the dams with values ranging from 21, 27-775.99mg/kg and it spreads across all the locations. Cobalt was detected only at one location with concentration of 3.01md/kg. The result in water analysis showed that the concentration of zinc is more than that of manganese, almost in all the dams. The values detected were between 0.0618lng/kg and 0.5068mg/kg while that of manganese was between 0.011 2mg/kg and 0.1887 mg/kg. Cobalt and cadmium were not detected in all the dams. The variation in the concentration of these metals in sediment and water may be due to chemical factors such as solubility, ion exchange ratio and electrochemical deposition. The concentrations of all metals detected were below the standard limit for the heavy metals in surface water according to Regulatory authority Specification. Meanwhile, bioaccumulation of these metals in tissue of the body may be toxic to human health. "Item Evaluation of heavy metal status of water and soil at Ikogosi warm spring, Ondo State Nigeria(Department of Geography and Enivironmental Studies and Management, Bahir Dar University, Ethiopia, 2009) Adegoke, J. A.; Agbaje, W. B.; Isaac, O. O.The concentration levels of selected heavy metals, (Cu, Cd, Zn, As and Cr) were determined in the soil (ug/g) and water (ppm) samples collected at Ikogosi Warm Spring, Ekiti State, Nigeria. After digestion, Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) was employed for the determination. The study area was at Latitude of 7° 35' 38.9'' Longitude of 4° 58' 52.6'' and at average elevation of 479m above mean sea level (msl). The average concentrations (ug/g) of the heavy metals in the soil are Cu (5.29), Cd (1.50), Zn (46.72), As (10.50) and Cr (339.78). The average concentrations (ppm) of the heavy metals in the water are Cu (4.8), Cd (0.15), Zn (4.17), Ar (0.57) and Cr (1.46). The mercury was below detection limit for both soil and water samples. In the overall, the average concentration of chromium is the highest in the soil with concentration of 339.78 ug/g (an average of 84.27%) and cadmium having the lowest with value of 1.50 ug/g (an average of 0.37%). When average concentration of heavy metal in the water was considered, copper had the highest level with concentration of 4.80ppm (an average of 43.01%) and cadmium had the lowest concentration with value of 0.15ppm (an average of 1.43%). Comparison of these results showed that, their mean levels are within the standard values obtained in Nigeria and some developed countries.Item Open land dumping: an analysis of heavy metals concentration of an old Lead-battery dumpsite(2009) Adegoke, J. A.; Owoyokun, T. O.; Amore, I. O."Use of open land as dump sites by the manufacturing industries in developing countries without appropriate prevention of environmental hazards has resulted in prominent levels of waste and disposal effluents. This has resulted in the contamination of soil and the exposure of human populations to environmental and health hazards. This study focused on the investigation of soil contamination by heavy metals via waste disposal of a lead battery factory in Lalupon, Oyo State, Nigeria. Composite samples obtained from nine sample locations were digested with concentrated acids (HN03, HC104 and HF) and filtered. The filtrate obtained was analyzed for seven different analytes (Cu, Cr, Pb, Zn, Cd, Ni, and As) using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). The lead content exceeded maximum allowable concentrations, MAC (100 ppm), in all points. Copper content was above MAC (50 ppm) in a majority of the points. Cd exceeded MAC (0.3 ppm) in just one point. The study shows that the soil in the old dump site has been contaminated heavily with Pb and Cu. "Item Determination of transition length in flow through porous sand material(2009) Adegoke, J. A.; Olowofela, J. A.A transition length is normally observed when fluid flows through a conduit before laminar flow is accomplished. This work examined a situation whereby porous materials were filled into the conduit and fluid was made to flow through. An attempt was made to determine this transition length for flow of water through riverbed sand of varying porosities filled into a horizontal cylindrical pipe of diameter 0.345 x 102m with piezometric water head, set at 0.06m. The transition length was observed to be constant for the samples considered and it occurred at 0.60m from the point of entrance; nevertheless, values of pressure at this point increases with increase in porosity.Item The effects of porosity and angle of inclination on the deflection of fluid flow in porous media(Bachudo Science Ltd, 2009) Popoola, O. I.; Adegoke, J. A.; Alabi, O. O."The movement of contaminated fluid from a solid waste landfill into a portable water aquifer located beneath is an example of unwanted underground flow with the problem of limited portion of land available for building construction in the cities, coupled with the rise in price of good and accessible land, there is a need for quick and urgent solutions to environmental pollution that may be resulted from this problem. In this research, a laboratory setup consisting of a big transparent cylindrical pipe 108 5cm long with radius 2 23cm was used as inlet pipe and five small equal transparent cylindrical pipes with radii 0.03cm were used as outlets, which were joined to the circular plastic plate on the top of the inlet pipe at different angles ranged from 0° to 90° from a normal point. The inlet pipe and outlets pipes were filled with samples of soil of different porosities and titled at different angles of inclination. The volume of water discharged was measured directly with measuring cylinder from the set-up in each case. The volumetric flow rate and volume flux were computed from the values of volume discharged. These were done in order to determine how the arrangement of porous material of different porosities with a particular angle of inclination can influence the deflection of fluid flow from its linear direction. This is sequel to its practical applications in designing a construction with a cross-section of soils in deflecting contaminated fluid from septic tank to different directions from the source of water within the same small portion of land. It was observed that angle of inclination does not have a significant effect on the deflection of fluid but volume flux increases with increasing angle of inclination. Also, the greater the difference in the porosity of the cross-section of the media in which the fluid is flowing the greater the volume flux However, the most suitable arrangement of cross-section of soils for deflection of fluid at higher angle from normal is when it flows through a medium of low porosity to that of higher porosity. "Item Modification of fluid flow equation in saturated porous media(Bachudo Science Ltd, 2009) Alabi, O. O.; Popoola, O. I.; Adegoke, J. A.Experimental investigations have shown that variation of porosity and hydraulic gradient are responsible for the deviations from Darcy's law, which is perfectly obeyed only when the fluid flow is laminar in porous media. Previous attempts to modify this equation considered only the effects of porosity of surface-active materials such as clay in causing deviations from Darcy's law. In this study, both the effect of porosity of any porous medium and hydraulic gradient from recent experimental data were considered. A general equation for both laminar and non-laminar or turbulent fluid flow in porous media at any hydraulic gradient is proposed, including the boundary conditions.Item Radiogenic heat production distribution of soil samples from Idi Omo, Akinyele LGA, Oyo State, Nigeria(Creative Commons Attribution, 2009) Adegoke, J. A.; Layade, G. O.; Popoola, O. I.The NaI(TI) gamma-ray spectrometer was employed to determine the concentration of naturally occurring Potassium(K-40). Uraniurn (U-238) and Thorium (Th-232) vis-à-vis the radiogenic heat production in soil samples from Idi-Omo farmland area of Akinyele, Local Government area o f Oyo state. The farmland which is at Latitude 07° 30’ 26.3" and Longitude 003° 57' 21.9" covers an area of about 80,000 square metre, and is at an average elevation of 240m above mean sea level (msl). The samples were pulverized, sealed and activities of the radiogenic isotopes in them were measured for an accumulating period of 7 hours (25200s). The elemental concentrations were determined from the gamma ray spectra. The radiogenic heat determined from activity concentrations on samples from the locality for 40k has on the average 92.86±0.02p W/Kg, while 238U has 251.26±0.61pW /Kg and 232Th has 77.210±0.03pW/Kg. The mean radiogenic heat calculated from the three radionuclides for the whole area under study is 421.3.3±0.66pW/Kg. 238U contributes 60% to the total heat production, 40K contributes 22% and 232Th contributes 18%. This makes Uranium to be the highest contributor to the total heat production in the area. However observed that the radiogenic heat production distribution in the area is low.Item Analysis of heavy metals concentration in sediments and water samples of selected functional dams in Oyo State, Southwestern Nigeria(2008) Adegoke, J. A.; Sunmonu, L. A.; Ojeniyi, O. S."The quality as well as the quantity of clean water supply is of vital significance to the welfare of mankind particularly in the developing countries. Therefore, knowing the concentration of heavy metals present in Dams can help us to ascertain the health safety of the populace using the water for drinking and domestic purposes. Ten Dams at Oyo State in the Southwestern Nigeria were studied for the heavy metals concentration contained in the sediments and water of the selected Dams. Bottom sediments and water were collected from the selected dams for analysis. Analysis of both the water and sediments to determine the concentration of each heavy metal was evaluated. The result obtained shows that, the concentration of Manganese (Mn) ranges from 14.8 mg/kg to 332.96 mg/kg followed by Zinc (Zn) which ranges between 6.18 mg/kg and 52.53 mg/kg which spread across all locations., Lead (Pb) was not detected in virtually all the locations except in Ilora which has a concentration of 0.87 mg/kg and this may be as a result of the activities of motor mechanics and vulcanizers around the dam. In the water samples, the result showed that the concentration of heavy metals is very low which is far below the limit specified by World Health Organization (WHO). Zn has the highest concentration ranging from 0.049mg/kg to 0.729mg/kg, followed by Mn which has concentration between 0.011mg/kg and 0.344mg/kg. Pb, Cadmium (Cd) and Cobalt (Co) were not detected at all in all the water samples. The variation in the concentrations may be due to geological nature of the ground, solubility, an ion exchange and human activities. "Item Study of permeability of saturated homogeneous and heterogeneous porous media(Duncan Science Company, 2008) Popoola, O. I.; Adegoke, J. A.; Alabi, O. O.Many practical seepage and drainage problems can be studied by constructing flow nets for section with a single permeability, however, many natural soil deposits are more or less stratified, often with horizontal bedding that make horizontal permeabilities much greater than the vertical. Three different types of heterogeneous media from five soil sample of different porosities were considered: with constant-head permeameter to determine the saturated hydraulic conductivity for each. The result shows that least permeable medium dominates in the permeability of heterogeneous medium than layered heterogenous medium. However, fluid flow in homogeneous porous media is generally faster than that of heterogeneous medium of similar geometry and grains packing. Therefore, the effect of least permeable unit in heterogeneous medium must be considered in selecting a proper filter for seepage control.