FACULTY OF RENEWABLE NATURAL RESOURCES
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Item Development of Digital Elevation Models for Omo Forest Reserve Nigeria(Commonwealth Forestry Association, 2016) Alo, A.A.Digital Elevation Model (DEM) is a very important geospatial data used in modeling different hydrological and ecological phenomenon which are required in preserving our micro environment. DEMs are typically used to represent terrain relief. DEMs are particularly relevant for many applications such as lake and water volumes estimation, soil erosion volumes calculations, flood estimate, quantification of earth materials to be moved for channels, roads, dams, embankment etc. In this study, a total of 1,849 points coordinates with their respective elevations were obtained covering the entire study area. The algorithm used includes interpolated natural neighbour of Quantum Geographic Information System (QGIS) to generate Digital Elevation Model (DEMs) for the forest reserve. The contour lines were extracted from DEM at interval of 20 m from one another. It was observed that the presence of Omo river at the southern part of the reserve is responsible for the very low altitude obtained. On the other hand, the altitude at the northern part of the reserve is relatively high because of the presence of rock outcrop, which also makes the vegetation to be scanty. Therefore, Geographic Information System was used to develop Digital Elevation Model for Omo forest reserve to serve as baseline information for the study area.Item Land Use Land Cover Dynamics of Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry Practical Demonstration Site, I1eogbo, Osun State, Nigeria(Forests and Forest Products Society, 2018) Ilelakinwa, G. A.; Alo, A.A.Information on land use and land cover is very essential for change detection and monitoring especially where anthropogenic activities prevail like the Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry Practical Demonstration Site at Ileogbo (FAFPDSI). Such formation will help in the management of the site. However, detail information on these changes over time is lacking. Therefore, the land use land cover dynamics of the FAFPDSI was investigated over time in this study. This was with the view of providing information for the sustainable management of the site. Sketch map of Ileogbo was obtained from Physical Planning Unit of University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper imagery of 2002, 2017 and historical image of 20 13 were obtained. These imageries were subjected to spectral enhancement and geometric corrections. The imagery was subjected to supervised classification method using IDRISI Taiga where four land use types were discovered. The four land use types are forest, bare-land, farmland and built-up. The results showed that natural forest reduced from 104.76 ha in 2002 to 81.41 ha in 2013 and to 71.51 ha in 2017 with a percentage change of -31.74%' Farmland, on the other hand. increased from 60.89 ha in 2002 to 66.04 ha in 2013 and to 68.28 ha in 2017 with a percentage change of 12.09%. The rate of deforestation was recorded ~t 2.22 ha/yr. The forest land in the study area is reducing' at an alarming rate. Bare-land and farmland are replacing the forest. The study has revealed the efficiencies of remote sensing and GIS techniques for data capturing to produce reliable information on the land use/land cover and the changes that has occurred over time.Item Land Use Mapping and Change Detection of Abayomi Forest Estate Ikoyi, Osun State, Nigeria(Commonwealth Forestry Association (CFA) Conference, Nigeria Chapter Federal, 2018) Alo, A.A.; Adewale, A.Incessant encroachment of log poachers, bush burning, conversion of forest for agricultural purposes and other land use contribute largely to deforestation in Nigeria. However, adequate information about the changes in most of our forest ecosystem is scarce. Therefore, this study examined the use of Geographic Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) in mapping Land Use Land Cover (LULC) dynamics in Abayomi Forest Estate, Ikoyi, Osun State between 2006 and 2016 with a view to providing information for relevant stakeholders in forestry for sustainable management. Satellite imagery and sketch map of Abayomi Forest Estate were obtained. Coordinates of some benchmark places that could be identified on satellite imagery, sketch map and on ground were obtained. Historical imageries for 2006, 2011 and 2016 of the study area were also obtained. The coordinates of the benchmark places were used to georeference the sketch map. The georeferenced sketch map was used to develop shapefile for the study area. This was superimposed on the satellite imagery to delineate various land use through vectorisation. After vectorisation, the historical imageries of 2006, 2011 and 2016 were analysed using open layer plugin geoalgorithm of quantum GIS to determine the changes in various land use within the forest ecosystem. Geometry algorithm was used to determine the various land use size of each year. It was observed that eight land use land cover; forest (73.16 ha), oil palm plantation (29.96 ha), bareland (0.18 ha), pineapple plantation (0.16), built up area (0.13 ha), forest road, footpaths and water bodies were delineated from a total of 103.59 ha of the study area. Forest recorded absolute change of -0.37 and 0.00 between 2006 and 2011 and between 2011 and 2016 respectively. The Oil palm Plantation recorded absolute change of -0.06 and 0.00 between 2006 and 2011 and between 2011 and 2016 respectively. Bareland and built-up area recorded 0.16 and 0.11 between 2006 and 2011 while between 2011 and 2016, both recorded zero absolute change. The forest estate was maintained in a sustainable manner between 2006 and 2011 and under strict conservation without any iota of deforestation.Item The Use of Forest Inventory in Estimating Illegally Felled Trees of Tectonagrandis Plantation in Agudu Forest Reserve,Lafia, Nasarawa State, Nigeria(Redshine Publication, 2019) Egbewole Z. T.; Rotowa O. J.; Alo, A. A.; Ojo A. S.; Oluwasanmi T. D.; Enenche J. A.; Oluwaseesin, M. BThe aim of this study is to evaluate the Use of Forest Inventory in Estimating Illegally Felled Trees of Tectonagrandis Plantation in Agudu Forest Reserve. Seven (7)plots were randomly selected from different area of the whole plantation. Perimeter measurement for each plot were; Permanent Sample Plot 1 (PSP1) to (PSP3) and Temporary Sample Plot 4 (TSP4) to Temporary Sample Plot 7(TSP7) with size 30m by 30m each totaling 0.63ha. Six (6) mean trees in respect of girth class and height class and 1 plus tree were identified and the stumps of felled trees were measured in each of the 7plots. The study was laid out in a 7 x 6 x 6 factorial experiment in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with a total of 252 treatment combinations in order to facilitate the interpretation of the main and the evolving interaction effect. Treatments were analyzed with respect to 7 Sample plots, 6 girth classes and 6 height classes. It was observed that a total of 640 Teak stand and 250 stumps of felled trees on 7plots of size 30m by 30m each totaling 0.63ha.The average tree height was 14.56m, average merchantable height was 11.56m, total basal area (BA) for the 7plots was 48.15m2 and the mean BA was 0.08m2. Total tree Volume (using Newton’s fomular) was 147.69m3 and the mean volume/tree was 0.23m3. The average stump girth (SG) was 30.54cm, 0.09m2 Stump Basal area, the estimated mean tree height was 14.34m while the average Estimated Stump Volume (ESvol) was 0.62m3. The Total Stump Basal area for the whole 250 felled tree stumps was 21.44m2 on the 0.63ha sampled plots, this will amount to 34.03m2/ha while the Total Estimated Stump Volume (ESvol) was 154.18m3 on 0.63ha sampled plots, this will amount to 244.73m3/ha. Based on ‘International prices for teak: Historical and current, and price forecasts’ the World Market Price of Teak as at 2018 is put at 1221.31USD/m3at N355/USD, this will amount to (N433565.1/m3x 244.73m3/ha x 161.28ha) the sum of N17,112,838,083.00 equivalent to a total loss of about (48,205,177.70USD)of felled Teakat 2018 year ending.Comparing all the models tried in this study using the fit statistics, model2: ESV = -0.26 – 1.71BD + 11.38BAs + 0.03MeanTHp ……………….Eq23.With basal diameter (BD), Basal area and mean Tree Height as the independent variables which had (R2 = 99.80, SEE = 0.02, with a negative intercept of -0.26) is the most appropriate prediction model. For predicting tree stump volume of Teak in Agudu Forest Reserve, the 5 ranked models are considered fit because they meet the basic requirement of a good fit model having negative intercept whereas the rest model with positive intercept may be discarded. The stand volume equations, which incorporated various tree growth variables, will enhance future yield prediction of the trees in the study areas since they provide quantitative basis for estimating stand growth parameters. It is believed that these models and volume prediction equations will enhance sound and informed management decisions and conservation measures for the remaining Tectonagr and is stands.Item Modeling Urban Green Space Dynamics and Associated Proximate Drivers in Ibadan Metropolis, Ibadan, Nigeria(Forest and Forest Products Society, 2018) Alo, A.A.; Nwatu, J. U.However, there is dearth of information on the dynamic of UGS caused by proximate drivers (PD) in Ibadan metropolis of Oyo State, Nigeria having flooded the direct drivers. Therefore, this study was designed to assess UGS changes and the PD that contribute to the changes in the last 34 years. Landsat images of 1984 (TM), 2001 (ETM+) and 2018 (OLI), coordinates of bench mark places of Ibadan metropolis were obtained. Geometric correction and principal component analysis were carried out on the satellite images. Land cover classification was achieved using maximum likelihood classifier method. Shapefile of Ibadan metropolis was super imposed on the classified images for land use/land cover assessment and Kappa statistics was used to carry out accuracy assessment on the image classification. The change detection analysis was carried out on the classified images using geometric geoalgorithm of ArcGIS. Urban green space change (dependent variable) and Proximate Distance (distance from; UGS edges, roads, built-up area and elevation) were extracted from the Landsat images using the distance command in IDRISI with Cramer's V test of association analysis. Four land use/land cover categories were identified; urban green space, built-up, water body and bare-soil. The UGS and water body decreased from 126,344 ha (85.36%) and 233.01ha (0.16%) to 100,481.20 ha (67.88%) and 136.17ha (0.09%) respectively from 1984 to 2018. On the other hand, builtup area and bare-soil increased from 9,250.72 ha (6.25%) and 12,193 ha (8.23%) to 32,227.16 ha (21.77%) and 15,176.20 ha (10.25%) respectively from 1984 to 2018. Distance from built-up (0.59) and UGS edges (0.56) are the dominant PD of UGS dynamics. About 25,863 ha of green space at rate of 760 ha per annum is given up to built-up area and bare-soil between 1984 and 2018. Urban green space decreased with increase in built-up area. The dominant proximate drivers influencing the changes were the distance from the built-up area and urban green space edges.Item Equations for estimating bark thickness of Gmelina arborea (ROXB) trees in Omo forest reserve, Nigeria(Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Development, Nepal, 2018) Alo, A.A.; Ogana, F.N.The measurement of bark thickness is an important factor for computing inside bark volume of a standing tree or log. Bark thickness at breast height can easily be measured. However, when bark thickness at relative height of a standing tree is required, the application of equations becomes imperative. In this study, equations were developed for estimating bark thickness at relative height and at breast height. Stratified random sampling was used to establish 50 sample plots of 0.04 ha size across 10 age series in the Gmelina arborea plantation in Omo Forest Reserve, Nigeria. Eight equations for estimating bark thickness as function of diameter inside bark (dib) and Relative Bark Thickness (RBT) were developed. Equation was also developed for predicting absolute bark thickness at breast height. The equations were assess based on Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Mean Absolute Bias (MAB), Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) and Shapiro-Wilk test of normality. The results showed that six out of the nine equations performed relatively well in estimating bark thickness. The best equation for estimating bark thickness as function of dib had RMSE, MAB and AIC values of 0.065, 0.049 and -125.989, respectively. The best equation for RBT had 0.109, 0.079 and -75.577, respectively. The equation for absolute bark thickness at breast height had 0.204, 0.152 and -12.697. The equations did not violate the assumption of normality as revealed by normality test (p > 0.05). With these equations, any analytic volume equation can be used to compute the inside bark volume of the standing trees. The relative back thickness and diameter inside back functions developed in this study were found to be satisfactory based on the various criteria used for their assessment. Thus, they are recommended for use in estimating the back thickness and diameter inside bark of Gmelina arborea stands in similar ecosystem.Item "Development of digital elevation model for Okomu National Park, Nigeria"(TMKarpiński Publisher, 2018) Chukwu, O.; Alo, A. A.; Ezenwenyi, J. U.The type of soil, fauna and flora species that are found in an environment is affected by the elevation characteristics of the land. However, the ability to provide techniques and model that will effectively explain the elevation patterns of protected areas will aid sustainable management of the forest and its resources. This study developed Digital Elevation Model (DEM) for Okomu National Park, Nigeria. Point coordinates (2,272) with their respective elevations were randomly obtained covering the entire study area. Interpolated natural neighbor algorithm of the Quantum Geographic Information System was used to generate Digital Elevation Model for the National Park from the elevation data. Topographic map was extracted from the DEM at an interval of 10 m from one another. It was observed that the elevation in the study area ranged from 19 m to 105 m with an average of 56.32 m above sea level. Hence, the parkland is regarded as a gentle slope. This study revealed that the study area is not prone to flood or runoff due to its gentle slope nature. Therefore, this study is recommended as baseline information for ecological management as well as guide in the development of conservation strategies for flora and fauna species in the study area.Item Development of Information System for Wood-Based Industries in Ekiti State, Nigeria.(Integrated Publishing Association and Academic Science Publications and Distributions, 2017) Alo, A. A.Development of information system in forestry sector is crucial in order to manage resources in a sustainable manner. Spatial distribution of forest and wood-based industries is important for sustainability. However, geographic location and other information about the wood-based industries in Ekiti state, which can provide baseline information for investors in wood industry, are dearth. To proffer solution to this, information system was developed for wood-based industries in the State using geographic information system. This was done by taking the coordinates and photographs of all wood-based industries in the State. Types of equipment used for different wood conversion were assessed with the aim of determining their strength and capacity. The photographs and coordinates were loaded into ArcView GIS for analysis. The wood-based industries were represented on the State map using their coordinates while respective pictures were hotlinked appropriately. Various local governments in the State were represented with polygons of different sizes and wood industries were represented with points. The results obtained from the analysis were used to produce database in MS SQL server. The database created by Microsoft SQL server formed the data access (back end) of the software developed using C# Programming Language. Appropriate codes were written at the business logic layer for both the back and the front ends. The software was developed in an Interactive Development Environment (IDE) using visual studio. It was observed that most of the wood-based industries were concentrated at the southern part of the State where there were more forest reserves. Gbonyin Local Government has the highest number of wood industry (46) while Efon Local Government has none at all. Over 95% of the existing wood industry was functioning with 91% of them using CD6 machine. The software developed is user-friendly, facilitates efficient data storage and prompt information retrieval, adequate and has provision for regular updates.Item "Spatial Distribution of Forest Reserves and Sawmills in Oyo State, Nigeria"(Forest and Forest Products Society, 2017) Alo, A. A.Geographic Information System (GIS) is a veritable tool for spatial analysis in forestry. The proximity to forest reserves has been considered one of the major factors affecting the spatial distribution of wood-based industries. However, information on number of sawmills and spatial distribution of both the forest reserves and sawmill in Oyo Sate is lacking. Hence, this study employed GIS to develop spatial distribution map of forest reserves and sawmills in Oyo State, Nigeria. The secondary data used in this study included sketch maps and high-resolution satellite imagery of all the forest reserves in Oyo State as well as the shapefile of the State. The primary data included the coordinates of locations of all the sawmills’ location in all the four forestry zones (Ibadan, Oyo, Shaki and Ogbomosho) in the state and coordinates of some bench-mark places within each forest reserve that could easily be identified on ground. Interview guide was used to obtain information on factors responsible for the location of each sawmill. The sketch maps were georeferenced using the coordinates of the bench-mark places and the area covered by forest reserves were digitized. This was superimposed on the satellite imageries and also vectorized. The coordinates of sawmill locations were used to develop spatial distribution map for the sawmills. The shapefile of forest reserves and the point coordinates of the sawmills were superimposed on the shapefile of Oyo State in layers to produce a spatial distribution prediction surface for both the forest reserves and the sawmills in the study area. The mean distance from each sawmill to the forest was determined. This procedure was used to obtain Average Transport Distance (ATD) for local government and finally for forestry zones. It was observed that forest reserves in Oyo State covered a total of 342,461 ha of land which accounted for 12.92% of the total land area of the state. Opara forest reserve recorded the highest area of land (248,640 ha), accounting for about 72.60% of the total land area of forest reserves in the state while the least was Olokemeji forest reserve (75.11 ha), accounting for about 0.02%. About 135 sawmills were recorded in all the forestry zones in Oyo State. Sawmills in Oyo forestry zone is significantly higher than Ibadan zone. ATD was highest in Ibadan forestry zones (12.55 km) with corresponding lowest percentage (3.70 %) of sawmills. Oyo Forestry Zone accounted for about 56.30 % of the total number of sawmills in the state with the least ATD of 4.02 km. Availability of electricity and nearness to source of raw material favoured sawmills location in Oyo and Shaki forestry zones. Spatial distribution of sawmills was more influenced by constant supply of electricity and nearness to free forest areas than the presence of forest reserves.Item Comparison of Four Distribution Functions for Fitting Diameter in Second Rotation Tectona grandis Linn. f. Plantations in Eda Forest Reserve, Nigeria(Forest and Forest Products Society, 2017) Alo, A.A.; Chukwu, O.; Ogunleye, B. C.Tree diameter is a very important variable in forestry; its accurate description is vital to planning if the forest is to be managed in a sustainable manner. Probability density functions are widely used for characterizing tree diameter. However, there is limited information on the diameter distribution for most of plantation in the country especially in the study area. Therefore, this research assesses the performance and suitability of beta, 3-parameter gamma, 3-parameter lognormal and 3-parameter Weibull distribution functions for fitting diameter at breast height (Dbh) of the second rotation of Tectona grandis Linn.F plantation in Eda Forest Reserve, Nigeria. Sixteen (16) temporary sample plots, (each 20 m x 20 m) were randomly selected across four second rotation age series (7, 8, 10 and 11years), whose originalages were 24, 31, 32 and 37 respectively. The distribution functions were fitted using maximum likelihood estimators. The performance of each function was tested using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) statistic, Anderson Darling test, Chi-square, mean absolute error (MAE) and mean square error (MSE). The test results revealedthat 3-Parameter Weibull distribution was the most suitable for characterising Dbh. Weibull distribution had the least Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistic (0.0453), Anderson Darling test (1.231), Chi-square (24.9700), mean absolute error (0.0964) and mean square error (2.1688). Therefore, 3-parameter Weibull distribution is the best and recommended for fitting Dbh of second rotation T. grandis species in the study area for sustainable teak timber management.