FACULTY OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES
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Item Challenges of endocrine function testing in resource poor settings (letter to the editor) (peer-reviewed)(2009) Charles-Davies, M. A.Item The serum levels of trace metals in Nigerian males with different PSA values(2008-08) Arinola, O. G.; Charles-Davies, M. A.Prostate cancer (PCa), the primary disease of men over 50 years of age is on the increase worldwide. Most PCa grows slowly from overt clinical disease to the stage that lead to death. The gradual course of PCA development provides opportunity for intervention. Supplement of diet taken by PCa patients may be an effective intervention because certain micronutrients had been implicated in cancer prevention. The present study is designed to determine the levels of trace metals in 80 Nigeria males having different concentrations of serum prostate surface antigen (PSA) using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The serum levels of PSA were measured with Beckman Coulter Access Immunoassay automated machine. Subjects with PSA values 5-10ng/ml had significantly high serum levels of Zn, Fe, Cd and Mn but significantly low level of Se compared with the controls (PSA 0- 4ng/ml). Subjects with PSA >10ng/ml had significantly low levels of Mn, Mg and Se compared with the controls. Subjects with PSA values 5-10ng/ml had significantly reduced level of Se compared with subjects with PSA >10ng/ml. Only Se was low in all subjects with PSA >4ng/ml, therefore there is a possibility that Se intake may reduce the risk and progression of PCA.Item Oestrogen levels and humoral immune parameters in Nigerian breast cancer patients(2009-09) Etuk, A. I.; Charles-Davies, M. A .; Arinola, O. G.Objectives: Endocrine and immune interactions mediate breast cancer which is currently incurable. This study attempts at elucidating mechanisms by which breast cancer progresses by determining the levels of oestradiol and humoral immune parameters at different stages of breast cancer compared with women without breast cancer. Patients and Methods: 59 subjects (29 breast cancer attending Surgery Clinics of 2 teaching hospitals in Lagos State, Nigeria and 30 controls) aged 23-82 years were recruited using convenience sampling. Serum was obtained from 10ml of fasting blood from each subject and stored frozen at -20“C until analysis. Oestradiol and albumin were estimated using commercial kits (Adaltis Italia S.P.A and Biolab SA, Maizy, France) respectively. Haptoglobin, alpha-2- macroglobulin, caeruloplasmin, IgG, IgA, IgM were analysed by single radial iinmuno-diffusion method. SPSS version 10 was used for statistical analysis. Main Results: Oestradiol, haptoglobin and caeruloplasmin were significantly increased in premenopausal breast cancer patients compared with premenopausal controls, while only oestradiol was significantly increased in postmenopausal breast cancer patients compared with postmenopausal controls. Moreover, IgM, haptoglobin and caeruloplasmin were significantly reduced in stage III breast cancer patients compared with stages II and IV breast cancer patients. Conclusions: Although inflammation is common to all stages of breast cancer, immunosuppression is most pronounced in breast cancer patients in stage III of the disease.Item Micronutrient levels in the plasma of Nigerian females with breast cancer(Academic Journals, 2008-06) Arinola, O. G.; Charles-Davies, M. A.Background: Breast milk is important for the overall well-being of infants. Although lactation is relatively robust in the face of poor nutrition, the implication of poor nutrition on non-nutritive factors in breast milk is inconclusive. Objective: This study was designed to find associations between nutritional and immune factors in maternal blood and breast milk with the aim to improve the needed public and individual strategies for a healthy infant. Method: A cross sectional study was conducted on 61 lactating Nigerian women aged 23-40years within the first 3 months postpartum. Anthropometric measurements were obtained while nutritional factors (total protein, albumin) and immunoglobulin classes (IgG, A and M) were estimated by Biuret, Bromocresol green and single radial immunodiffusion methods respectively in maternal plasma and breast milk. Results: Most (73.5%) of the lactating mothers had normal mean body mass index (i.e. not under weight nor obese) and the mean levels of plasma total protein, albumin, IgG, IgA and IgM were within normal reference ranges in these mothers. Nutritional and immunological indices increase in the plasma with length of lactation but decrease in breast milk with lactation. There were no correlation between BMI, plasma indices and milk indices in these lactating mothers. Conclusion: This study supports the superiority of colostrum over transitional or matured milk for the protection and nourishment of infants.Item Immunologlubulin classes and nutritional factors in plasma and breast milk of lactating Mothers in Nigeria(Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, 2006) Charles-Davies, M.; Arinola, G.; Sanusi, R.; Osotimehin, B. O.Background: Breast milk is important for the overall well-being of infants. Although lactation is relatively robust in the face of poor nutrition, the implication of poor nutrition on non-nutritive factors in breast milk is inconclusive. Objective: This study was designed to find associations between nutritional and immune factors in maternal blood and breast milk with the aim to improve the needed public and individual strategies for a healthy infant. Method: A cross sectional study was conducted on 61 lactating Nigerian women aged 23-40years within the first 3 months postpartum. Anthropometric measurements were obtained while nutritional factors (total protein, albumin) and immunoglobulin classes (IgG, A and M) were estimated by Biuret, Bromocresol green and single radial immunodiffusion methods respectively in maternal plasma and breast milk. Results: Most (73.5%) of the lactating mothers had normal mean body mass index (i.e. not under weight nor obese) and the mean levels of plasma total protein, albumin, IgG, IgA and IgM were within normal reference ranges in these mothers. Nutritional and immunological indices increase in the plasma with length of lactation but decrease in breast milk with lactation. There were no correlation between BMI, plasma indices and milk indices in these lactating mothers. Conclusion: This study supports the superiority of colostrum over transitional or matured milk for the protection and nourishment of infants.Item Zinc in infertility and infection(Klobex Academic Publishers, 2002-06) Charles-Davies, M. A.; Osotimehin, B. O.Seminal zinc may be associated with seminal and prostatic function. The role of zinc in genital tract infection and infertility is controversial. The study was undertaken to elucidate the role of zinc in infertility and infection in order to explain the increasing rise in male infertility. Eighty-three adult males aged 18-56 years participated in the study. 25 were fertile, 45 were infertile while 15 had sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Zinc was estimated by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Students t-test and ANOVA- one way were used for analysis of data. Seminal zinc values were not significantly different between groups tested and within the infertile groups (p > 0.05). It is suggested that seminal zinc may have little or no contribution to infection and infertility.Item Sexually transmitted diseases and male infertility in the Nigerian(Klobex Academic Publishers, 2003-02) Charles-Davies, M. A.; Osotimehin, B. O.Infection related infertility is common in Nigeria. The study was designed to evaluate the involvement of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) in the pathogenesis of male infertility. One hundred and eighty-two male subjects aged 18-56 years were investigated-fertile (85), infertile (50), men with STDs (47). Semen was analysed according to WHO guidelines and appropriate statistical tests performed. Over 65% of subjects with STDs had gonorrhea and non-specific urethritis(NSU). More than two-thirds of STDs subjects (76.4%) were dyspermic and oligospermia was most frequently observed in infertile subjects (30%). Sperm count, percentage motility and morphology were significantly lower in infertile than fertile controls (P<0.001) while percentage motility was significantly lower in men with STDs than fertile controls (P = 0.005). Gonorrhea and NSU are still prevalent in the Nigerian society. STDs may cause infertility in the African male by reducing sperm motility and semen volume.Item Spermatozoal, seminal plasma and blood sperm antibodies in Nigerian males(2001) Charles-Davies, M. A.; Osotimehin, B. O.Infertility is common in Nigeria and the male role is now well recognized. Sperm antibodies (SA) have been observed as a cause of infertility and their production have in some circumstances been attributed to chronic infection of the genital tract. Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and infection-related infertility are reportedly highly prevalent in Nigeria. This study was therefore designed to evaluate the role of sperm antibodies and determine the involvement of STDs in the production of such SA among Nigerians. 122 adult males aged 18-56 years were investigated. 25 were normospermic, fertile males with no evidence of STDs and served as controls. 50 were infertile without STDs while 47 had proven STDs Immunobead binding technique was used for the detection of SA directly on the sperm cell, in seminal and blood plasma. Student’s t-test and anova (one-way) were used for statistical analysis of data obtained. Results showed that SA- IgG, IgA and IgM were present in blood and semen. However, mean percentage binding of these SA on motile sperm was low (<4%). Comparisons of SA in blood and semen between infertile/STDs groups and. fertile controls were not significantly different (p>0.05) The findings suggest that sperm antibodies are present but may not be associated with STDs or infertility in Nigeria males.Item Reproductive hormones in infertility and infection in sub-saharan African males(2001) Charles-Davies, M. A.; Osotimehin, B. O.The male factor is now recognised as a major contributor to a couples’ infertility. The role of reproductive hormones in male infertility is however controversial. This study therefore, was designed to investigate the role of reproductive hormones in male infertility in sub-Saharan Africa. 3 groups of subjects between 18-56 years were investigated. 25, 42 and 45 were recruited in fertile, infertile and sexually transmitted diseases (STDS). Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinising hormone(LH) and prolactin were estimated using the immunoradiometric assay technique while testosterone was estimated using radioimmunoassay technique utilizing commercially available kits (ICN Biomedical Inc.).Statistical analysis was done using students t-test and anova (one way) for comparison of means. FSH, LH, prolactin and testosterone were similar between fertile and infertile groups and between normospermic and dyspennic infertile groups. However, all except, prolactin were similar in STDs and fertile groups. Hormonal abnormalities may not be a major contributor to male infertility. However, role of prolactin in infertility and infection requires further studies.Item Spermatozoal, seminal plasma and blood sperm antibodies in Nigerian males(2001) Charles-Davies, M. A.; Osotimehin, B. O.Infertility is common in Nigeria and the male role is now well recognized. Sperm antibodies (SA) have been observed as a cause of infertility and their production have in some circumstances been attributed to chronic infection of the genital tract. Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and infection-related infertility are reportedly highly prevalent in Nigeria. This study was therefore designed to evaluate the role of sperm antibodies and determine the involvement of STDs in the production of such SA among Nigerians. 122 adult males aged 18-56 years were investigated. 25 were normospermic, fertile males with no evidence of STDs and served as controls. 50 were infertile without STDs while 47 had proven STDs Immunobead binding technique was used for the detection of SA directly on the sperm cell, in seminal and blood plasma. Student’s t-test and anova (one-way) were used for statistical analysis of data obtained. Results showed that SA- IgG, IgA and IgM were present in blood and semen. However, mean percentage binding of these SA on motile sperm was low (<4%). Comparisons of SA in blood and semen between infertile/STDs groups and. fertile controls were not significantly different (p>0.05) The findings suggest that sperm antibodies are present but may not be associated with STDs or infertility in Nigeria males.