FACULTY OF SCIENCE
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Item TLC phytochemical screening in some Nigerian loranthaceae(Academic Journals, 2010-07) Wahab, O. M.; Ayodele, A. E.; Moody, J. O.The phytochemical screening of specimens of the family Loranthaceae collected from the field was carried out with a view to ascertaining chemical constituents present and determining their importance in the taxonomic delimitation of the taxa. Thirty field collections from various localities were screened for secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, anthraquinones, terpenoids and ketones using thin layer chromatography (TLC). Most of the samples tested slightly positive for alkaloids, anthraquinone-related compounds, terpenoids and terpenoidrelated compounds but ketonic compounds were of rare occurrence in all the samples. The chemical profile was useful in separating the collections of Phragmanthera from the other two genera while the collections of Globimetula were found embedded in Tapinanthus. The secondary metabolites obtained however showed the relative affinity of the Nigerian species of Tapinanthus. It is concluded that chemical characters may only be used as supporting evidence in the identification and delimitation of the taxa.Item Scanning electron microscopy of fruits in the West African polygonaceae(Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2010) Ayodele, A. E.; Zhou Z.The fruit morphology of 18 taxa representing seven genera of the family Polygonaceae in West Africa was investigated using scanning electron microscopy. The achenes are trigonous, lenticular, globose, subglobose, heart shaped, ovoid, or cone like. Sizes range from 0.12 × 0.10 cm2 in Polygonum plebeium to 7.87 × 0.58 cm2 in Afrobrunnichia erecta. Colors are brown to black. The cells are isodiametric in P. plebeium, irregular in A. erecta, Antigonon leptopus, and Harpagocarpus snowdenii, and polygonal in other species. The walls are straight, curved, or undulate and are either raised or depressed. Afrobrunnichia erecta is characterized by deeply sinuate lateral walls. The cell surface may be smooth or tuberculate or fibrillate in the family, usually covered with wax deposits. The combination of these characters is mainly taxonomically useful at the tribal level and rarely at the specific or infraspecific level for the delimitation of the taxa.Item Foliar epidermal morphology and anti-diabetic property of andrographis paniculata(burm.f.) wall ex nees(2010) Fasola, T. R.; Ayodele, A. E.; Odetola A. A.; Umotok, N. E.The leaf epidermal features and anti diabetic property of Androgragphis paniculata were investigated. The epidermal cells are polygonal to irregular with curved to undulate anticlinal walls on both surfaces of the leaf. The leaf is hypostomatic with stomata restricted to the abaxial surface. Stomata type is axillocytic. The epidermal cells contain deposits of crystal oxalates while cystoliths are found in a few cells. The leaf extract was evaluated for hypoglycemic effects. There was significant hypoglycemic effect in alloxan induced diabetic rats following administration of the leaf aqueous extract. The result shows that the level of fasting blood sugar was dependent on the previous level of basal blood sugar in the four groups of rats used for this study. Treatment of the rats with A. paniculata showed a dose dependent relationship with the time it took for the blood of the rats to return to the basal blood sugar levels. The study supports the use of the plant in the management and treatment of diabetes.Item An appraisal of the contributions of herbalism to primary health care delivery in south west Nigeria(2010) Kadiri, A. B.; Adekunle, A. A.; Ayodele, A. E.Herbalism contributes significantly to the primary health care delivery system in the southwest Nigeria through sale and administration of different herbal medicinal preparations which are available in a number of ways like tinctures, herbal wine and elixirs, tisanes, decoctions, macerates, topical, poultices, whole herb consumption, syrup, extracts, inhalation, local rings, incision and rubbing, charm belt, and other charm apparels. Medicines may be hawked by the ambulatory vendors (apothecary) or patients consulting practitioners. Charges are relatively cheap, consultation is prompt and the medicines are reportedly efficacious. Non-exclusion of anybody from patronizing and being organized around people’s needs and expectations, which are two of the key elements of WHO to achieve the ultimate goal of primary health care of better health for all are affectively entrenched in the practice. We adopted and employed basic scientific method, anthropological training skills and study approaches in Humanities to elicit our findings. Government support is highly solicitedItem Haematinic potencies of the aqueous crude extracts of ficus mucoso and senna occidentalis in rabbits(2009) Adedapo, A. A.; Ayodele, A. E.; Ogunshe, A. A. O.; Oyeyemi, M.O.; Idowu, S. O.; Ola -Davies, O. E.; Ademola, I. O.A total of 20 domestic rabbits divided into 4 groups of 5 animals per group were used in this study to assess the haematinic potencies of the aqueous crude extracts of Ficus mucoso and Senna occidentalis and this was then compared with that of a proprietary haematinic, Haematopan B12®. Group A animals (control) were not bled but those in groups B, C and D were bled to induce anaemia. Group B animals were treated with Haematopan B12®, a commercially prepared haematinic, and groups C and D were treated with the aqueous crude extracts of Senna occidentalis (Linn) Link and Ficus mucoso Welw. ex Ficalho respectively. The post-haemorrhage treatment haematologic values were obtained at given intervals (7 days) and compared with the pre-haemorrhagic values earlier obtained. The study showed that all the experimental animals showed accelerated recovery since these animals had excellent response in terms of white blood cell (WBC) and its differentials, red blood cell (RBC) count, packed cell volume (PCV) and haemoglobin (Hb) concentration. Thus the extracts of Ficus mucoso and Senna occidentalis have comparative haematinic potencies as Haematopan B12®.Item The taxonomic significance of the micro-morphology and phytochemistry of agelanthus dodoneifolius (DC.) Polh. & Wiens in relation to its hosts(2009-06) Ibrahim, J. A.; Ayodele, A. E.; Okhale, S. E.; Jegede, I. A.; Kunle, O. F.Microscopic, phytochemical and chromatographic studies were carried out on the leaves of the plant Agelanlhits dodimeifolius (DC.) Polh. & Wiens 163 (1992), synonym Tapinanlhus dodoneifolius (DC) Danser 111 (1935), an African mistletoe, occurring on four different host plants. This is to determine the reliability of micro-morphological and phytochemical characters in the taxonomy of this parasite and the phytochemical relationship between the parasite and the hosts. The microscopic examination showed similarities in epidermal characters of the parasite growing on the different hosts studied. They have stomata index of 17.7% to 20.5% on the upper surface while the lower surfaces have stomata index of 16.3% to 19.1%. Phytochemical screening showed presence of various secondary metabolites in the parasite and these varied from host to host, but are intricately related to the phytochemical profile of the host plants. The TLC fingerprinting of A. dodoneifolius leaf extracts also correlated with this variation. This study indicates that A. dodoneifolius present on different hosts might have similar micro-morphological but different chemical characteristics. Therefore, chemical characters might be useful in delineating parasitic taxa in isolation of the host. This will, however, not lead to any good taxonomic conclusion except these chemical characters are supported by characters from other systematic lines of evidence. Meanwhile, such chemical variation might justify the consideration of the parasite on a particular host in the treatment of certain disease(s) by Traditional Medicine Practitioners (TMPs).Item Scanning electron microscopy of leaves in the West African polygonaceae(2008-12) Ayodele, A. E.; Zhou Z. K.The leaf surfaces of the West African taxa of the Polygonaceae were studied using the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Leaf epidermal cells arc polygonal, isodiametric and rarely irregular. Anticlinal walls are straight, curved, undulate or sinuate. Striae are present in a few taxa such as Polygonum plebeium. Rumex abysinaicus, R. bequaertii, Oxygonum sinuatum, Persicaria nepalensis and Afrobrunnichia erecta. The striae may be parallel, radiate, or randomly distributed. Trichomas are unicellular, uniseriate, aggregating together in some species of persicaria, while they may be flagelliform, interwoven and woolly in Persicaria senegalensis forma albotomentosa hence diagnostic for the species. Peltate glands are characteristic of A. arena. Stomata are mainly paracytic or anomocytic although diacytic. cyclocytic and anisocytic types may also be found in some taxa sometimes together with the main types. Stoma’s are sunken in a few species such as Polygonum plebeium and Persicaria attenuata subsp. pulchra, raised or at the same level with epidermal cells in other taxa. Wax deposits arc associated with the stomata in Persicaria attenuata subsp. africana. These characters are discussed in relation to the taxonomy of the family in West Africa.Item Foliar epidermal studies in the family Bignoniaceae Juss. in Nigeria(Academic Journals, 2008-02) Ugbabe, G. E.; Ayodele, A. E.Comparative studies have been carried out on the leaf epidermal features of eleven species of the family Bignoniaceae in Nigeria. The species are relatively uniform in the qualitative macro morphological characters except in the leaf shape, which varies from ovate, elliptic, oblong-elliptic, oblong, oblanceolate to obovate-lanceolate. A more constant macro character for the species is the leaflet length /leaflet width ratio, which ranges from 2:1 to 4:1. The epidermal morphology of the adaxial and abaxial surfaces of the species was studied with the light microscope. The epidermal cells are polygonal, irregular or both. Anticlinal walls are straight, curved or undulate/ wavy. Leaflets of all species are hypostomatic with stomata restricted to the abaxial surface. The Anomocytic stomata type is most prominent except Kigelia africana, which has diacytic stomata. Striae are present on the adaxial surface of Oroxylum indicum and abaxial surface of Spathodea campanulata. Knobs are present on the abaxial and adaxial surfaces of Markhamia lutea, Markhamia tomentosa, abaxial surface of Stereospermum kunthianum and adaxial surface of Tabebuia rosea. Other features of the epidermis that show variation include stomatal size, shape and frequency. Epidermal cell shape, anticlinal wall undulation, striation on the epidermis, stomata type, distribution and stomata index are of taxonomic importance in the family while epidermal size and number are of little diagnostic value. The significance of these observations is discussed in relation to the taxonomy of the family.Item Environmental impact assessment of cement factory production on biodiversity: a case study of UNICEM, Calabar Nigeria(2008) Lameed, G. A.; Ayodele, A. E.The natural forest at the segment of Southeastern state (Cross River State) is losing its primary status due to various types of human development and industrial activities. This is more envisaged with dry process Kiln method that United Cement Company of Nigeria (UNICEM) intend to use for manufacturing of Cement, which will leave the particulate emission rate of cement as high as 20.8Kg / bbl on the atmosphere. Other environmental pollution problems associated with this activity are bad odour, noise, dust and fumes, aesthetic nuisance, smoke, vibration, effluent and glare. A total of eighty-two tree species among which are some economic species were recorded during the assessment. Diversity Indices of between 0.03 and 1.33 were recorded for the vegetations. Many of the trees are medicinal with the barks and roots used for the treatment of diseases such as malaria, diarrhea, High blood pressure, and skin diseases. Others are cultivated for food, and as ornaments. No disease symptoms were found on the plants within the factory site except that most of the lower plants were dehydrated due to lack of rain. Some of the Rhizophora leaves along the coastline showed some leaf spots, yellowing of leaves and the presence of downy meadews. In conclusion, the industrial activity of UNICEM will in no doubt have impact on habitat vegetation of wildlife species; such species will be compelled to migrate or face mortality. And greater concern must be given to endangered and endemic species such as Pan troglodytes (Chimpanzee), Gorilla gorilla, and Pandrillus leucophaeus that can only be found in this rain forest zone of Cross River National Park.Item The pollen morphology of Nigerian bignoniaceae Juss(2007) Ugbabe, G. E.; Ayodele, A. E.; Okogun, J. I.; Inyang, U. S.The Pollen grains of eleven species of the Bignoniaceae represented in Nigeria have been studied by the light Microscope. The pollen grains are mostly circular or elliptic. The circular ones include those of Crescentia cujete Linn. Markhamia tomentosa (Benth.) K.Schum., Newbouldia laevis Seem., Oroxyllum indicum Vent., Spatliodea campanulata P.Beauv., Stereospermum acuminatissimum K.Schum., Stereospermum kunthianum Cham., and Tabebuici rosea (Berthol) DC. while the Elliptic ones are: Kigali a africana (Lam) Benth., Markhamia litlea (Benth.) K.Schum. and Tecoma stans (Linn ) H.B & K. and the shape/class range from prolate, sub-prolate to prolate spheroidal. The Prolate ones are Kigelia africana, Markhamia tomentosa, and Tecoma stans; the Subpralate types includes those of Crescentia cujete, Markhamia lutea, OroxyUum indicum. Spathodea campanulata and Stereospermum acuminatissimum; while the Prolate-Spheroidal types are those of Stereospermum kunthianum and Tabebuia rosea. They are either tefra- colporate or tri-colporate. The pollen of Crescentia cujete is Tetra-Colporaie while tiic others are Tri-colporate (Tri-colporate = Pollen grains with three ectocolpi;). The different pollen types are useful in the identification of the Nigerian Bignoniaceae.