Browsing by Author "Okunye, O. L."

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A study of bacteriological quality of street-hawked milk in Ilesha Metroplolis, Osun State, Nigeria
(Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), 2021) Okunye, O. L.; Idowu, P. A.; Okanlawan, B. M.; Ojieabu, W. A.; Coker, E. M.
Milk, a nutrient-rich liquid food produced in the mammary glands of mammals, contains low bacterial counts when it leaves the udder, but it may get contaminated from the environment, exterior of udder, water, soil, milkers’ hands and utensils. Contamination can serve as a source of spread of certain harmful human bacterial diseases like tuberculosis, diphtheria, salmonellosis and food poisoning if consumed in raw form. This study, therefore, was designed to evaluate bacteriological quality of milk samples collected from various localities within Ilesha metropolis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty (20) samples of fresh raw milk were collected in sterilized bottles from various nomadic milk hawkers in Ilesha. Methylene blue reductase test, standard plate count on standard plate count agar and isolation of possible pathogens using selective culture media was carried out on the samples. RESULTS Of the 20 samples of raw milk collected for bacteriological analysis, 3 samples were found to be of excellent quality, 5 were very good, 4 were good, 5 were fair and 3 were of poor quality. The actual standard plate count for excellent and very good quality ranged between 33-54 and 62 - 80 colony forming units (cfu). The organisms isolated and biochemically characterized from the raw milk samples were found contaminated with Escherichia coli (4 strains), Staphylococcus aureus (8 strains), Streptococcus pyogenes (5 strains), Streptococcus agalactiae (3 strains) and Enterobacter aerogenes (5 strains). CONCLUSION The results obtained from this study showed that the milk sold in raw form could be hazardous to human health if sold without adopting hygienic measures.
A study of bacteriological quality of street-hawked milk in Ilesha metropolis Osun State, Nigeria
(Kenya Medical Research Institute, 2021) Okunye, O. L.; Idowu, P. A.; Okanlawon, B. M.; Ojieabu, W. A.; Coker, E. M.
INTRODUCTION: Milk, a nutrient-rich liquid food produced in the mammary glands of mammals, contains low bacterial counts when it leaves the udder, but it may get contaminated from the environment, exterior of udder, water, soil, milkers’ hands and utensils. Contamination can serve as a source of spread of certain harmful human bacterial diseases like tuberculosis, diphtheria, salmonellosis and food poisoning if consumed in raw form. This study, therefore, was designed to evaluate bacteriological quality of milk samples collected from various localities within Ilesha metropolis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty (20) samples of fresh raw milk were collected in sterilized bottles from various nomadic milk hawkers in Ilesha. Methylene blue reductase test, standard plate count on standard plate count agar and isolation of possible pathogens using selective culture media was carried out on the samples. RESULTS: Of the 20 samples of raw milk collected for bacteriological analysis, 3 samples were found to be of excellent quality, 5 were very good, 4 were good, 5 were fair and 3 were of poor quality. The actual standard plate count for excellent and very good quality ranged between 33-54 and 62 - 80 colony forming units (cfu). The organisms isolated and biochemically characterized from the raw milk samples were found contaminated with Escherichia coli (4 strains), Staphylococcus aureus (8 strains), Streptococcus pyogenes (5 strains), Streptococcus agalactiae (3 strains) and Enterobacter aerogenes (5 strains). CONCLUSION: The results obtained from this study showed that the milk sold in raw form could be hazardous to human health if sold without adopting hygienic measures.
A Study of microbial infestation of currency notes in circulation from selected handlers with specific professions in Sagamu community of Ogun State
(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Technologique (CNRST), 2022) Okunye, O. L.; Idowu, P. A.; Okanlawon, B. M.; Adejumo, O. E.; Alao, I. O.; Adeyemo, O. M.; Ayedun, J. S.
Bacteria are ubiquitous and the ease of survival, adaptation and transmission of some nutritionally non-exacting species amongst the microbes had made it a force to be reckoned with. This study evaluated bacterial contaminants on selected naira denomination, officially recognized currency of transaction in circulations and determined the resistance of the isolates to conventional antibiotic in use. A total of 160 samples of currency notes 20 each of 8 existing denomination were collected from selected subjects of various professions for bacteriological examination and antibiogram determination with a view to identifying possible risk factors associated with these contaminated notes. Equal percentage of polymers to paper currency was collected, the microbial load was found to be higher in lower denominations irrespective of their polymer status. The total bacterial count per milliliter variedbetween 2.28x104 and 4.20x107. The ratios of percentage distributions of isolates;Staphylococcus aureus (36.8%), Escherichia coli (31.5%), Bacillus spp (3.7%) andPseudomonas aeruginosa (27.5%) and varied resistance to antibiotics used were recorded. The alarming resistance of bacterial of clinical status obtained from thisstudy to conventional antibiotics, serves an indication of potential threat of contaminated currency notes to the public health.
A study of microbial infestation of currency notes in circulation from selected handlers with specific professions in Sagamu community of Ogun State.
(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Technologique (CNRST), Burkina Faso, 2022) Okunye, O. L.; Idowu, P. A.; Okanlawon, B. M.; Adejumo, O. E.; Alao, I. O.; Adeyemo, O. M.
Bacteria are ubiquitous and the ease of survival, adaptation and transmission of some nutritionally non-exacting species amongst the microbes had made it a force to be reckoned with. This study evaluated bacterial contaminants on selected naira denomination, officially recognized currency of transaction in circulations and determined the resistance of the isolates to conventional antibiotic in use. A total of 160 samples of currency notes 20 each of 8 existing denomination were collected from selected subjects of various professions for bacteriological examination and antibiogram determination with a view to identifying possible risk factors associated with these contaminated notes. Equal percentage of polymers to paper currency was collected, the microbial load was found to be higher in lower denominations irrespective of their polymer status. The total bacterial count per milliliter varied between 2.28x104 and 4.20x107 . The ratios of percentage distributions of isolates; Staphylococcus aureus (36.8%), Escherichia coli (31.5%), Bacillus spp (3.7%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (27.5%) and varied resistance to antibiotics used were recorded. The alarming resistance of bacterial of clinical status obtained from this study to conventional antibiotics, serves an indication of potential threat of contaminated currency notes to the public health.
A study of skin sepsis amongst abattoir workers in Moniya, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
(Association of Resident Doctors, University College Hospital, Ibadan, 2022) Okunye, O. L.; Babalola, C. O.; Adeleke, O. E.; Idowu, P. A.; Coker, E. M.; Ayedun, J. S.; Durowaye, M. T.
Background: Skin sepsis is a pyodermal infection caused by Lancefield’s group streptococci and Staphylococcus aureus. It is characterized by discolored and mottled skin, cellulitis, impetigo and multi-systemic collagen muscularitis and can be transmitted from person to person. Objective: This study sampled the skin of consented abattoir workers in Moniya Ibadan, for clinical sepsis, with a view to establishing a causal relationship between the infection obtained and the abattoir workers examined. Methodology: A total of 100 meat handler’s hands and forearms were examined. Swabs were taken from lesions which appeared clinically to be infected and then propagated on selective culture media designed for staphylococci and streptococci. Conventional biochemical tests and Lancefield determination were carried out as considered appropriate. Results: Of the 100 swabs from the categories of abattoir workers examined, 43 streptococci (35 from lesion 8 from wound) and 36 Staphylococcus aureus (20 from lesion and16 from wound) were obtained. The regression analysis from the grouping of gender, causative agents and specific infection as a predictor of infection were recorded to be significant ( = 0.18; t = 1.74; p < 0.05) for the nature of but non-significant ( =-0.067; t =-0.649; p> 0.05) for the gender. In-vitro antigen antibody reaction on StreptexM kit elicited varied reactions to Lancefield’s serological grouping (A (56%), B (9%) C (7%) G (22%) and L (7%). Resistance of Staphylococcus aureus in varying percentages (Tetracycline and gentamicin 62%, meropenem and ceftriaxone 100%, amikacin, 10%, and vancomycin 80%) to conventional antibiotics were observed. Conclusion: From this study point of view, the causal relationship between the infection and the infected has been establish from the pathogens of pyodermal origin contacted from cows, that causes sepsis across all the category of abattoir worker studied. There is a need to provide an ideal functioning abattoir fully equipped with required facilities for safety and ease of execution of duties.
A study of skin sepsis amongst abbatoir workers in Moniya, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
(Association of Resident Doctors (ARD), University College Hospital (UCH), Ibadan, 2022) Okunye, O. L.; Babalola, C. O.; Adeleke, O. E.; Idowu, P. A.; Coker, E. M.; Ayedun, J. S.; Durowaye, M. T.
Background: Skin sepsis is a pyodermal infection caused by Lancefield’s group streptococci and Staphylococcus aureus . It is characterized by discolored and mottled skin, cellulitis, impetigo and multi-systemic collagen muscularitis and can be transmitted from person to person. Objective: This study sampled the skin of consented abattoir workers in Moniya Ibadan, for clinical sepsis, with a view to establishing a causal relationship between the infection obtained and the abattoir workers examined. Methodology: A total of 100 meat handler’s hands and forearms were examined. Swabs were taken from lesions which appeared clinically to be infected and then propagated on selective culture media designed for staphylococci and streptococci. Conventional biochemical tests and Lancefield determination were carried out as considered appropriate. Results: Of the 100 swabs from the categories of abattoir workers examined, 43 streptococci (35 from lesion 8 from wound) and 36 Staphylococcus aureus (20 from lesion and16 from wound) were obtained. The regression analysis from the grouping of gender, causative agents and specific infection as a predictor of infection were recorded to be significant ( = 0.18; t = 1.74; p < 0.05) for the nature of but non-significant ( =-0.067; t =-0.649; p> 0.05) for the gender. In-vitro antigen antibody reaction on StreptexM kit elicited varied reactions to Lancefield’s serological grouping (A (56%), B (9%) C (7%) G (22%) and L (7%). Resistance of Staphylococcus aureus in varying percentages (Tetracycline and gentamicin 62%, meropenem and ceftriaxone 100%, amikacin, 10%, and vancomycin 80%) to conventional antibiotics were observed. Conclusion: From this study point of view, the causal relationship between theinfection and the infected has been establish from the pathogens of pyodermal origin contacted from cows, that causes sepsis across all the category of abattoir worker studied. There is a need to provide an ideal functioning abattoir fully equipped with required facilities for safety and ease of execution of duties.
Antibacterial activity of crude extract Nauclea latifolia Smith (Rubiaceae) and some selected antibiotics on clinical isolates of Salmonella typhi
(Dental Consultants Association of Nigeria, OOUTH, Sagamu, Nigeria, 2020) Okunye, O. L.; Idowu, P. A.; Kolade, T. T.
Background: Nauclea latifolia Smith (Rubiaceae) is a valuable medicinal plant used in folkloric medicine in the treatment of Typhoid fever. The public health significance of Salmonella typhi, the aetiologic agent in typhoid fever lies in the increasing resistance to antimicrobial agents. Objectives: To determine the antimicrobial potentials of the crude extracts of the leaves of Nauclea latifolia on clinical isolates of Salmonella typhi compared with some conventional antibiotics. Methods: Antibiogram was carried out on 25 biochemically confirmed clinical isolates of Salmonella typhi using disc diffusion method of Kirby Bauer. Nauclea latifolia leaves extracted with ethyl acetate and methanol in a Soxhlet apparatus were screened for secondary metabolites. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the extracts were determined by agar dilution method on the isolates. Results: The antibiogram of Samonella typhi showed the following resistance patterns: Augmentin (24.0%), amoxicillin (44.0%), chloramphenicol (32.0%), gentamicin (20.0%), cloxacillin (96.0%), ciprofloxacin (8.0%), erythromycin (60.0%), tetracycline (32.0%) and cotrimoxazole (60.0%). The extracts showed good antibacterial activity on the clinical isolates including those resistant to antibiotics. The MIC of methanol extract ranged from 1.56mg/ml to 6.25mg/ml and 3.13mg/ml to 25.0 mg/ml for ethyl acetate extract with the exception of isolates 11, 12, 19 and 20 with high MIC values as 50mg/ml. The methanol and ethyl acetate extracts gave a yield of 11.7% and 3.5% respectively. Bioactive secondary metabolites were detected from the extracts. Conclusion: The crude extracts of the leaves of Nauclea latifolia contained antimicrobial agents that were active on Salmonella typhi which could be used alone and in supportive with conventional antibiotics for therapeutic management of typhoid fever.
Antibacterial activity of crude extracts of the leaves of Nauclea latifolia Smith (Rubiaceae) and some selected conventional antibiotics on clinical isolates of Salmonella typhi
(The medical and dental consultant association of Nigeria, OOUTH, 2020) Okunye, O. L.; Idowu P. A; Kolade, T. T.
Background: Nauclea latifolia Smith (Rubiaceae) is a valuable medicinal plant used in folkloric medicine in the treatment of Typhoid fever. The public health significance of Salmonella typhi, the aetiologic agent in typhoid fever lies in the increasing resistance to antimicrobial agents. Objectives: To determine the antimicrobial potentials of the crude extracts of the leaves of Nauclea latifolia on clinical isolates of Salmonella typhi compared with some conventional antibiotics. Methods: Antibiogram was carried out on 25 biochemically confirmed clinical isolates of Salmonella typhi using disc diffusion method of Kirby Bauer. Nauclea latifolia leaves extracted with ethyl acetate and methanol in a Soxhlet apparatus were screened for secondary metabolites. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the extracts were determined by agar dilution method on the isolates Results: The antibiogram of Samonella typhi showed the following resistance patterns: Augmentin® (24.0%), amoxicillin (44.0%), chloramphenicol (32.0%), gentamicin (20.0%), cloxacillin (96.0%), ciprofloxacin (8.0%), erythromycin (60.0%), tetracycline (32.0%) and cotrimoxazole (60.0%). The extracts showed good antibacterial activity on the clinical isolates including those resistant to antibiotics. The MIC of methanol extract ranged from 1.56mg/ml to 6.25mg/ml and 3.13mg/ml to 25.0 mg/ml for ethyl acetate extract with the exceptionof isolates 11, 12, 19 and 20 with high MIC values as 50mg/ml. The methanol and ethyl acetate extracts gave a yield of 11.7% and 3.5% respectively. Bioactive secondary metabolites were detected from the extracts. Conclusion: The crude extracts of the leaves of Nauclea latifolia contained antimicrobial agents that were active on Salmonella typhi which could be used alone and in supportive with conventional antibiotics for therapeutic management of typhoid fever
Antimicrobial activity of crude extact of Grewia Mollis Smith (Malvaceae) on clinical isolates of Escherichia Coli from cases of Diarrhea
(College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, 2021) Okunye, O. L.; Idowu, P. A.; Ike, W. E.; Ojieabu, W. A.; Fasuyi, O. C.
Background: Escherichia coli is one of the leading causes of primary intestinal infections, particularly diarrhoea and other types of opportunistic infections of humans. The antimicrobial, phytochemical contents and minimum inhibitory concentration of Grewia mollis Smith (Malvaceae) were determined in a quest to evaluate their potentials as sources of alternative medicine for the treatment of diarrhoea. Methods: The bacteriological investigation was carried out on 25 clinical isolates of Escherichia coli from cases of diarrhoea which includes; sub-culturing onto eosin methylene blue agar and incubated at 370C for 24 hours. Gram staining, lactose fermentation, indole formation from tryptophan, gelatin liquefaction and Voges - Proskauer test were carried out on the isolates. The antimicrobial, phytochemical analysis and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Grewia mollis extract were determined using Evans and Trease method. Results: Grewia mollis leave methanol, ethyl acetate and N- hexane extracts gave extraction yield 8.40, 3.86 and 2.55 respectively. Tannins, saponins, flavonoids and alkaloids were detected as bioactive compounds from the leave of Grewia mollis investigated. The minimum inhibitory and minimum bactericidal concentration of the extract elicited remarkable antimicrobial activity in correlation to the polarity of each solvent.
Antimicrobial Activity of Crude Extract of Grewia mollis Smith (Malvaceae) on Clinical Isolates of Escherichia coli from Cases of Diarrhoea
(College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, 2021) Okunye, O. L.; Idowu, P. A.; Ike, W. E.; Ojieabu, W. A.; Fasuyi, O. C.
Background: Escherichia coli is one of the leading causes of primary intestinal infections, particularly diarrhoea and other types of opportunistic infections of humans. The antimicrobial, phytochemical contents and minimum inhibitory concentration of Grewia mollis Smith (Malvaceae) were determined in a quest to evaluate their potentials as sources of alternative medicine for the treatment of diarrhoea. Methods: The bacteriological investigation was carried out on 25 clinical isolates of Escherichia coli from cases of diarrhoea which includes; sub-culturing onto eosin methylene blue agar and incubated at 370C for 24 hours. Gram staining, lactose fermentation, indole formation from tryptophan, gelatin liquefaction and Voges–Proskauer test were carried out on the isolates. The antimicrobial, phytochemical analysis and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Grewia mollis extract were determined using Evans and Trease method. Results: Grewia mollisleave methanol, ethyl acetate and N- hexane extracts gave extraction yield 8.40, 3.86 and 2.55 respectively. Tannins, saponins, flavonoids and alkaloids were detected as bioactive compounds from the leave of Grewia mollis investigated. The minimum inhibitory and minimum bactericidal concentration of the extract elicited remarkable antimicrobial activity in correlation to the polarity of each solvent. Conclusion: Therefore, Grewia mollis leave extracts hold the potential for clinical application.
Antimicrobial activity of garlic (Allium sativum) on selected uropathogens from cases of urinary tract infection
(Wolters Kluwer - Medknow, 2021) Okunye, O. L.; Idowu, P. A.; Ezekiel, A. O.; Babalola, C. O.
Introduction: The etiologic agents of urinary tract infection (UTI) occur among both the Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria including those that exhibit resistance to commonly used standard antibiotics. Both the male and female individuals can be prone to developing UTI. Garlic (Allium sativum) has been associated with antibacterial activity, though with scanty reports on uropathogens. This study was, therefore, carried out to determine the antibacterial efficacy of aqueous and methanol extracts of garlic (A. sativum) in vitro against six uropathogens(Escherichia coli, Staphylococcussaprophyticus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus spp., Klebsiella spp., and Serratia marcescens) and a reference strain, E. coli ATCC-25922. Materials and Methods: The bacterial isolates were collected from the Routine Microbiology Laboratory, University College Hospital, Ibadan, and were authenticated by Gram staining and some conventional biochemical tests. The isolates were then subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing against both the aqueous and methanol extracts of garlic. Phytochemical screening was also carried out on the plant. Results: Both aqueous and methanol extracts had maximum zones of growth inhibitions of 22 mm at 200 mg/mL and 25 mm at 200 mg/mL against E. coli, followed by P. aeruginosa with zones of growth inhibitions of 21 mm and 25 mm at the same concentration. Proteus spp., exhibited the lowest zones of growth inhibition of 16mm at 200mg/mL.and 10mm at 25mg/mL to methanol and aqueous extracts respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentrations MICs and MBCs of the aqueous and ethanol extracts of garlic varied for each organism. Escherichia coli had the MICs’ of 100mg/mL and MBC of 220mg/mL while the MIC and MBC of the aqueous extract on the Proteus spp. are 100mg/mL and 320mg/mL respectively. The MBCs recorded were relatively higher in comparison to the MIC values. Conclusion: These findings showed that garlic could be of therapeutic use in the management of bacterial mediated UTI.
Antimicrobial activity of Garlic (Allium sativum) on selected Uropathogens from cases of urinary tract infection
(Wolters Kluwer - Medknow, 2020) Okunye, O. L.; Idowu, P. A.; Adeleke, O. E.; Babalola, C. O.
Introduction: The etiologic agents of urinary tract infection (UTI) occur among both the Gram‑positive and Gram‑negative bacteria includingthose that exhibit resistance to commonly used standard antibiotics. Both the male and female individuals can be prone to developingUTI. Garlic (Allium sativum) has been associated with antibacterial activity, though with scanty reports on uropathogens. This study was,therefore, carried out to determine the antibacterial efficacy of aqueous and methanol extracts of garlic (A. sativum) in vitro against sixuropathogens (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus spp., Klebsiella spp., and Serratia marcescens)and a reference strain, E. coli ATCC‑25922. Materials and Methods: The bacterial isolates were collected from the Routine MicrobiologyLaboratory, University College Hospital, Ibadan, and were authenticated by Gram staining and some conventional biochemical tests. Theisolates were then subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing against both the aqueous and methanol extracts of garlic. Phytochemicalscreening was also carried out on the plant. Results: Both aqueous and methanol extracts had maximum zones of growth inhibitions of 22mm at 200 mg/mL and 25 mm at 200 mg/mL against E. coli, followed by P. aeruginosa with zones of growth inhibitions of 21 mm and 25 mm at the same concentration. Proteus spp., exhibited the lowest zones of growth inhibition of 16mm at 200mg/mL.and 10mm at 25mg/mLto methanol and aqueous extracts respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentrations MICs and MBCs of the aqueous and ethanol extractsof garlic varied for each organism. Escherichia coli had the MICs’ of 100mg/mL and MBC of 220mg/mL while the MIC and MBC of theaqueous extract on the Proteus spp. are 100mg/mL and 320mg/mL respectively. The MBCs recorded were relatively higher in comparisonto the MIC values. Conclusion: These findings showed that garlic could be of therapeutic use in the management of bacterial mediated UTI.
Antimicrobial activity of Pseudocedrela kotschyi Schw. Hams (Meliaceae) and Longrich branded toothpaste on Streptococcus mutans from dental caries
(Lagos University Medical Society, 2022) Okunye, O. L.; Idowu, P. A.; Okanlawon, B. M.; Ayedun, J. S.; Osungunna, O. M.; Adeyemo, O. M.; Kolade, T. T.
Background: Oral health has a significant impact on overall quality of human life. The rising prevalence of dental caries, demand for effective and cost-efficient treatment products. Objective: This study determined the antimicrobial activities of crude aqueous and ethanol extracts of Pseudocederalla kotschyi and Longrich branded toothpastes on isolates of Streptococcus mutans from dental caries. Methods: Fifteen (15) Isolates of biochemically confirmed Streptococcus mutans were challenged with aqueous and methanol extract of Pseudocedrela kotschyi using broth dilution method to determine their minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentrations of the aqueous extract of Longrich branded toothpastes. The chewing sticks extract were also screened for secondary metabolite using standard methods. Results: The aqueous extract of Pseudocedrela kotschyi and Longrich branded toothpaste elicited minimum inhibitory concentration range from 25 pg/mL - 100 pg/mL while the minimum inhibitory concentration of 3 pg/mL -100 pg/mL and 25pg/mL - 100 pg/mL were recorded for Pseudocedrala kotschyi and Longrich branded toothpaste respectively. Each of the sample investigated elicited antimicrobial activity but methanol extract of Pseudocedrela kotschyiv/as remarkably higherthan the antimicrobial potency of the Longrich branded toothpastes. Conclusion: Although, the aqueous extract of the Longrich branded toothpasteexhibited antimicrobial activity,the methanol extracts of Pseudocedrela kotschyi holds the potential for clinical application if incorporated in conventional tooth paste that are readily available in the market
Antimicrobial activity of the obromacacao pod husk extract on isolates of trychophyton species from cases of tinea capitisand related keratinized infections
(Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 2020) Okunye, O. L.; Idowu, P. A.; Igbokwe, C. O.; Kasim, L. S.; Ike, W. E.
This study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of Theobroma cacao pod husk extract on isolates of Trichopyton species; T. mentagrophytes, T. tonsurans, T. rubrum and Microsporum canis from Tinea capitis and keratinized infection in Ibadan. Fifty (50) clinical isolates of Trychophyton species in varied ratios were collected fromdermatology unit of the University College Hospital Ibadan. The isolates were subcultured on to Saboraud Dextrose Agar medium fortified with 0.05mg of chloramphenicol and 0.2mg of cyclohexidime and then incubated aerobically at 25-300C for 72 hours and were biochemically differentiated with Urea broth. Phytochemical analysis of the extract and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC’s) were determined. The gender distribution ratios of the primary source of isolates were 70% males to 30% females. The N-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of the CPH gave a yield of 1.29, 2.05 and 3.89 percent respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of methanol ranged from 1.625 -3.125mg/mL, while the MIC‘s range of 12.5-50mg/mL and 0- 12.5mg/mL were recorded for N-hexane and ethyl acetate extracts respectively. Tannins, saponins, flavonoids alkaloids were detected as bioactive compounds from the CPH extract investigated. The presence of bioactive compounds coupled with varied remarkable MIC's values recorded against the isolates in this study, is indicative of an antifungal potential of the cacao pod husk extract investigated.
Antimicrobial activity of Theobroma cacao pod husk extract on isolates of Trychophyton species from cases of Tinea capitis and related keratinized infections
(Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 2020) Okunye, O. L.; Idowu, P. A.; Igbokwe, C. O.; Kasim, L. S.; Ike, W. E.
This study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of Theobroma cacao pod husk extract on isolates of Trichopyton species; T. mentagrophytes, T. tonsurans, T. rubrum and Microsporum canis from Tinea capitis and keratinized infection in Ibadan. Fifty (50) clinical isolates of Trychophyton species in varied ratios were collected from dermatology unit of the University College Hospital Ibadan. The isolates were subcultured on to Saboraud Dextrose Agar medium fortified with 0.05mg of chloramphenicol and 0.2mg of cyclohexidime and then incubated aerobically at 25-300C for 72 hours and were biochemically differentiated with Urea broth. Phytochemical analysis of the extract and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC’s) were determined. The gender distribution ratios of the primary source of isolates were 70% males to 30% females. The N-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of the CPH gave a yield of 1.29, 2.05 and 3.89 percent respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of methanol ranged from 1.625 -3.125mg/mL, while the MIC‘s range of 12.5-50mg/mL and 0- 12.5mg/mL were recorded for N-hexane and ethyl acetate extracts respectively. Tannins, saponins, flavonoids alkaloids were detected as bioactive compounds from the CPH extract investigated. The presence of bioactive compounds coupled with varied remarkable MIC's values recorded against the isolates in this study, is indicative of an antifungal potential of the cacao pod husk extract investigated.
Antimicrobial drug resistance, a 'triad' of epidemiological factors (review)
(Lagos University Medical Society, 2022) Okunye, O. L.; Idowu, P. A.; Okanlawon, B. M.; Ayedun, J. S.
Over the years, as understanding of the factors associated with antimicrobial drug resistance has progressed, epidemiological study has broadened to include human behaviours, complexity of environment as well as pathogens as a triad of epidemiological factors responsible for the alarming upsurge of antimicrobial drug resistance. The effect on humans and how these challenges can be resolved need immediate attention. Antimicrobial resistance is the reduction in the efficacy of a drug such as antimicrobial drug in curing a microbial mediated infection. The use and misuse of antimicrobial drugs in human medicine and animal husbandry has been implicated as one of the causes of the unabated rise in the number and types of microorganism resistance leading to deaths of millions of people worldwide. Organisms that elicited drug resistant against many antibiotics are numerous and also the drugs(antibiotics) that were once known as 'magic bullets' have become metabolic precursor pools for these microorganisms to thrive, irrespective of their nomenclature as broad spectrum, narrow spectrum, extended spectrum etc and this has increase the morbidity and mortality rate and incurred higher healthcare cost. This review X-rayed the expanding scope of antimicrobial resistance, examined the triads of epidemiological factors in relation to social, economic and disease burdens that promotes the upsurge of resistance to conventional antibiotics and therapeutic failures and proffers useful recommendations that could be helpful in alleviating the problem.
Antimicrobial drug resistance, A 'Triad' of epidemiological factors.
(Lagos University Medical Society, 2021) Okunye, O. L.; Idowu, P. A.; Okanlawon, B. M.; Ayedun, J. S.
Over the years, as understanding of the factors associated with antimicrobial drug resistance has progressed, epidemiological study has broadened to include human behaviours, complexity of environment as well as pathogens as a triad of epidemiological factors responsible for the alarming upsurge of antimicrobial drug resistance. The effect on humans and how these challenges can be resolved need immediate attention. Antimicrobial resistance is the reduction in the efficacy of a drug such as antimicrobial drug in curing a microbial mediated infection. The use and misuse of antimicrobial drugs in human medicine and animal husbandry has been implicated as one of the causes of the unabated rise in the number and types of microorganism resistance leading to deaths of millions of people worldwide. Organisms that elicited drug resistant against many antibiotics are numerous and also the drugs(antibiotics) that were once known as 'magic bullets' have become metabolic precursor pools for these microorganisms to thrive, irrespective of their nomenclature as broad spectrum, narrow spectrum, extended spectrum etc and this has increase the morbidity and mortality rate and incurred higher healthcare cost. This review X-rayed the expanding scope of antimicrobial resistance, examined the triads of epidemiological factors in relation to social, economic and disease burdens that promotes the upsurge of resistance to conventional antibiotics and therapeutic failures and proffers useful recommendations that could be helpful in alleviating the problem.
Antimicrobial susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from contact lenses of some selected individuals in Caleb University, Imota, Lagos State.
(Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 2019) Okunye, O. L.; Idowu, P. A.; Kotun, B. C.; Kolade, T. T.
Contact lenses are ocular prosthetic devices used by over 150 million people worldwide, and they can be worn to correct vision, for cosmetic, or therapeutic reasons. This epidemiological study was performed to determine the prevalence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa on contact lenses of selected students in Caleb University, Imota, Lagos State. A swab of 100 contact lenses from selected volunteers comprising 43 males and 57 females were collected for microbiological examination. Sterile swab sticks moistened with sterile distilled water were used to aseptically swab the lenses and transferred into nutrient broth followed by incubation for 5 hours. Thereafter, the resultant broth culture was subcultured on to cetrimide nutrient agar and incubated at 370C for 24 hours for the isolation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A total of 30 (30%) of the contact lenses sampled were found to have Pseudomonas aeruginosa, of which 13(43.3%) of the isolates were pigmented and 17(56.7%) were non-pigmented. Eighty percent (80%) of the isolates were susceptible to ciprofloxacin, 75% to gentamicin while 50% were susceptible to ofloxacin. The isolates were 90% resistant to nitrofurantoin, 75% resistant to augmentin and 100% to ampicillin. Ciprofloxacin and gentamicin were found to be effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in this study and could be of therapeutic relevance for the management of contact lenses mediated infections.
Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from contact lenses of some selected individuals in Calen university, Imota, Lagos State
(Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 2019) Okunye, O. L.; Idowu, P. A.; Kotun, B. C.; Kolade, T. T.
Contact lenses are ocular prosthetic devices used by over 150 million people worldwide, and they can be worn to correct vision, for cosmetic, or therapeutic reasons. This epidemiological study was performed to determine the prevalence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa on contact lenses of selected students in Caleb University, Imota, Lagos State. A swab of 100 contact lenses from selected volunteers comprising 43 males and 57 females were collected for microbiological examination. Sterile swab sticks moistened with sterile distilled water were used to aseptically swab the lenses and transferred into nutrient broth followed by incubation for 5 hours. Thereafter, the resultant broth culture was subcultured on to cetrimide nutrient agar and incubated at 370C for 24 hours for the isolation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A total of 30 (30%) of the contact lenses sampled were found to have Pseudomonas aeruginosa, of which 13(43.3%) of the isolates were pigmented and 17( 56.7%) were non-pigmented. Eighty percent (80%) of the isolates were susceptible to ciprofloxacin, 75% to gentamicin while 50% were susceptible to ofloxacin. The isolates were 90% resistant to nitrofurantoin, 75% resistant to augmentin and 100% to ampicillin. Ciprofloxacin and gentamicin were found to be effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in this study and could be of therapeutic relevance for the management of contact lenses mediated infections.
Antimicrobial, phytochemical and antioxidant screening of acalypha fimbriata Leaf Extract for alternative antimicrobial therapy
(Faculty of Physical Sciences and Faculty of LifeSciences, Univ. of Ilorin, Nigeria, 2023) Okunye, O. L.; Idowu, P. A.; Okanlawon, B. M.; Adejumo, O. E.; Saka, A. S.; Oyinloye, O. E.; Ayedun, J. S.; Adeyemo, O. M.; Kaseem, L. S.; Idowu, A. O.
In folklore, Acalypha fimbriata have been associated with ‘cure all’ properties, but without sufficient empirical ethnopharmacological scientific backups. This research work is therefore necessitated to determine the antimicrobial, phytochemicals and antioxidant activity of Acalypha fimbriata. The leaf of Acalypha fimbriata were Soxhlet extracted, reconstituted, and screened for phytochemical constituent of antimicrobial importance. Conventional biochemical characterization was carried out on the isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae obtained for the research work and the antimicrobial activity of the plant sample was determined using the agar well diffusion technique. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the extract were determined by broth dilution method on the isolates. The antioxidant activity of the extract was determined using 2,2-diphenyl-1 picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method and Graphpad prism were used to interprets the data. Alkaloids, flavonoid, anthraquinones, tannins and saponins was found in the leaf extract. Staphylococcus aureus exhibited highest zone of growth inhibition (28mm) at 100mg/ml while Pseudomonas aeruginosa had the lowest (14mm) at 100mg/ml from the antimicrobial assay. In the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration, Staphylococcus aureus exhibited MIC and MBC at 0.625μg/ml and 12.5 μg/ml, while Pseudomonas aeruginosa elicited MIC and MBC at 10 μg/ml and >10 μg/ml of MIC and MBC respectively.Themethanol extract of the plant acted as hydrogen/electrons donor or scavenger of radicals with fifty percent inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 59.83 μg/ml while that of Ascorbic acid (standard) was found to be 92.70 μg/ml using.The varied MIC’s and MBC’s obtained coupled with the values recorded for the antioxidant radicals validate the antimicrobial and antioxidant potential of Acalypha fimbriata that can be explored for therapeutic option, if further purified and optimally processed.