Scholarly works

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Additive effects of ciprofloxacin on the in-vitro activity of chloroquine against a clinical isolate of Plasmodium falciparum
(Taylor & Francis, 2006) Kazzim, O. J.; Adegbolagun, O. M,; Osho, O.; Anumudu, C. I.
As chloroquine and ciprofloxacin each possess substantial inhibitory activity against the schizonts of Plasmodium falciparum, it seems possible that a combination of the two drugs may be clinically useful. The effects on the erythrocytic stages of P. falciparum of combined treatment with chloroquine and ciprofloxacin were therefore evaluated in vitro, using the World Health Organization’s standardized micro test. When used alone, the median inhibitory concentration (IC50) of chloroquine against the schizonts in the assay mixtures was found to be 7.75 mg/ml, whereas the corresponding value for ciprofloxacin was markedly lower, at 3.35 mg/ml. When they were used together, however, there was marked and statistically significant mutual enhancement of schizont inhibition by the two drugs, indicating that a chloroquine–ciprofloxacin combination may be useful clinically, in the treatment and management of P. falciparum malaria.
Angiotensin II type 1 receptor A1166C gene polymorphism and essential hypertension in the Efiks of Calabar
(Academic Journals, 2009) Kooffreh, M. E.; Anumudu, C. I.; Akpan, E. E.
Hypertension is a multifactoral disorder because of the interaction of risk genes and environmental factors. The angiotensin II is a well known vasoconstrictor that exerts most of its influence through the angiotensin Il type 1 receptor The A 1166C polymorphism is a single base substitution of adenine for cytosine at position 1166 in the 3' untranslated region of the gene. There are conflicting reports on the association of the Al166C polymorphism with cardiovascular diseases such as prevalent hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy, and pregnancy induced hypertension. These variations were attributed to ethnic differences in different populations. We investigated the association of the All66C polymorphism with hypertension in 100 individuals from the Efik tribe who were matched for gender and sample size. PCR-RFLP analysis was carried out to determine the allele frequency of the gene. The genotype frequencies were 48, 2 and 47, 3 for the AA, AC genotypes respectively in the patient and control groups. No individual with the CC genotype was observed in the study population. The frequency or the C allele was 0.03 and 0.02 in the control and the patient population. The genotype and allele frequency did not conform to the Hardy-Weinberg theory. Using regression analysis, age and diastolic were positive predictors for SBP, r=0.0.50; systolic was the only predictor for DBP in the patient group. Diastolic was the only predictor for SBP, r= 0.656 while age and systolic were positive predictors for DBP r= 0.718 in the control group. Gender, BMI, Al166C polymorphism and other independent varilables were not predictors for SBP and DBP in the population. P= 0.05, odds ratio 0.65, 95% CI (0.13 to 3.44). The Al166C polymorphism is not an independent risk factor for essential hypertension in the study population.
Annotation of virulence factors in schistosomes for the development of a SchistoVir database
(Academic Journals, 2013-04) Adebayo, A. S.; Anumudu, C. I.
Scientific efforts in the eradication of neglected tropical diseases, such as those caused by the parasitic helminthes, can be improved if a database of key virulence factors directly implicated in pathogenesis is available. As a first step towards creating SchistoVir, a database of virulence protein factors in schistosomes, in this study, we curated, annotated and aligned sequences of twenty virulence factors identified from the literature, using several bioinformatics tools including UniProtKB, SchistoDB, VirulentPred, InterProScan, ProtScale, MotifScan, TDRtarget, SignalP, MODBASE, PDB and MUSCLE. Among the protein entries, the most frequently occurring amino acid residues were lysine, serine, leucine, glutamine, glycine and cysteine in order of magnitude. Although sequence repeat regions (SRRs) of significant value were identified manually in fifty percent of the proteins (while dipeptide repeats (DiPs) and single amino acid repeats (SAARs) were not), nevertheless, seventy-two percent of the protein entries were classified as virulent by the prediction model, VirulentPred. Most of the entries (eighty percent) did not have target compounds based on the database of available chemical compounds at TDRtargets. Fourteen of the twenty entries (seventy percent) had more than 30 consecutively negative amino acid residues based on the ProtScale’s Kyte and Doolittle hydrophobicity plot. Hence, they would be hydrophobic enough to be transmembrane in location or secretory in nature. Only 7 (tyrosinase, serine protease1, Tspan-1, VAL4, cathepsin b and L and calreticulin) had cleavage sites and signal peptides, while none had a significant signal anchor probability. The annotations and characterization provided by this work and the development of a SchistoVir database will aid in further research of schistosome pathogenesis and control.
Anopheles gambiae complex: Molecular forms and occurrence of the KDR gene in rural Southwestern Nigeria
(Ibadan, Entomological Society of Nigeria, 2011) Noutcha, M. A. E.; Anumudu, C. I.
An investigation focusing on the molecular forms of Anopheles gambiae complex and occurrence of the knockdown resistance (kdr gene) was carried out from June to July 2001 and August to September 2002 at Igbo-Ora, Nigeria usirig aspirator and DNA analyses. Of the 127 An. gambiae s. l. analysed, there were 66 (51:9%)M and 61 (48.03%) S forms, both recorded in An. gambiae s.s. and Anopheles arabiensis. The forms were virtually sympatric throughout the study. Two of the An. gambiae s.s. examined harboured the kdr gene (RR, RS). The occurrence of the kdr gene at Igbo-Ora indicated the existence of the gene in the savanna woodland populations; earlier records were from the rain forest and Guinea savanna. The implications of these results, within the context of incipient speciation in Anopheles gambiae s.s. are discussed.
Anti-nutritional status of uninfested and prostephanus truncatus (horn) (coleptra: bostichidae) infested dried cassava chips
(Maxwell Scientific Organization, 2015-04) Popoola, K. O. K.; Opayele, A. V.; Nkpondion, N. N.
This research study focus on the determination of anti-nutritional content status of the uninfested and infested dried cassava chips by Prostephanus truncatus. Prostephanus truncatus, the larger grain borer, is an alien invasive post harvest pest; with wide spread population all over cassava growing regions. After an infestation period of 10 weeks in the laboratory, proximate analysis revealed increased values for only alkaloids content in the infested dried cassava chips, while all other contents, such as hydrogen cyanide, saponin, tannin, trypsin inhibitor, oxalates and phytate had reduced values when compared to the un-infested dried cassava chips which recorded less anti-nutritional contents.
Antibody specificities of children living in a malaria endemic area to inhibitory and blocking epitopes on MSP-119 of Plasmodium falciparum
(Elsevier, 2009) Omosun, Y. O.; Adoro, S.; Anumudu, C. I.; Odaibo, A. B.; Uthiapibull, C.; Holder, A. A.; Nwagwu, M.; Nwuba, R. I.
Merozoite surface protein-119 (MSP-119) specific antibodies which include processing inhibitory, blocking and neutral antibodies have been identified in individuals exposed to Plasmodium falciparum. Here we intend to look at the effect of single and multiple amino acid substitutions of MSP-119 on the recognition by polyclonal antibodies from children living in Igbo-Ora, Nigeria. This would provide us with information on the possibility of eliciting mainly processing inhibitory antibodies with a recombinant MSP-119 vaccine. Blood was collected from children in the rainy season and binding of anti-MSP-119 antibodies to modified mutants of MSP-119 was analysed by ELISA. The MSP-119 mutant proteins with single substitutions at positions 22 (Leu→Arg), 43 (Glu→Leu) and 53 (Asn→Arg) and the MSP-119 mutant protein with multiple substitutions at positions 27 + 31 + 34 + 43 (Glu→Tyr, Leu→Arg, Tyr→Ser, Glu→Leu); which had inhibitory epitopes; had the highest recognition. Children recognised both sets of mutants with different age groups having different recognition levels. The percentage of malaria positive individuals (32–80%) with antibodies that bound to the mutants MSP-119 containing epitopes that recognise only processing inhibitory and not blocking antibodies, were significantly different from those with antibodies that did not bind to these mutants (21–28%). The amino acid substitutions that abolished the binding of blocking antibodies without affecting the binding of inhibitory antibodies are of particular interest in the design of MSP-119 based malaria vaccines. Although these MSP-119 mutants have not been found in natural population, their recognition by polyclonal antibodies from humans naturally infected with malaria is very promising for the future use of MSP-119 mutants in the design of a malaria vaccine.
Antibody specificities of children living in a malaria endemic area to inhibitory and blocking epitopes on MSP-119 of Plasmodium falciparum
(Elsevier, 2009) Omosun, Y. O.; Adoro, S.; Anumudu, C. I.; Odaibo, A. B.; Uthiapibull, C.; Holder, A. A.; Nwagwu, M.; Nwuba, R. I.
Merozoite surface protein-119 (MSP-119) specific antibodies which include processing inhibitory, blocking and neutral antibodies have been identified in individuals exposed to Plasmodium falciparum. Here we intend to look at the effect of single and multiple amino acid substitutions of MSP-119 on the recognition by polyclonal antibodies from children living in Igbo-Ora, Nigeria. This would provide us with information on the possibility of eliciting mainly processing inhibitory antibodies with a recombinant MSP-119 vaccine. Blood was collected from children in the rainy season and binding of anti-MSP-119 antibodies to modified mutants of MSP-119 was analysed by ELISA. The MSP-119 mutant proteins with single substitutions at positions 22 (Leu→Arg), 43 (Glu→Leu) and 53 (Asn→Arg) and the MSP-119 mutant protein with multiple substitutions at positions 27 + 31 + 34 + 43 (Glu→Tyr, Leu→Arg, Tyr→Ser, Glu→Leu); which had inhibitory epitopes; had the highest recognition. Children recognised both sets of mutants with different age groups having different recognition levels. The percentage of malaria positive individuals (32–80%) with antibodies that bound to the mutants MSP-119 containing epitopes that recognise only processing inhibitory and not blocking antibodies, were significantly different from those with antibodies that did not bind to these mutants (21–28%). The amino acid substitutions that abolished the binding of blocking antibodies without affecting the binding of inhibitory antibodies are of particular interest in the design of MSP-119 based malaria vaccines. Although these MSP-119 mutants have not been found in natural population, their recognition by polyclonal antibodies from humans naturally infected with malaria is very promising for the future use of MSP-119 mutants in the design of a malaria vaccine.
Application of selected bioinsecticides in management of oryzaephilus surinamensis (coleoptera: Silvaridae) on phoenix dactylifera (date fruits)
(Marsland Press, 2013) Popoola, K. O. K.
The boinsecticidal potency of three botanicals, namely: Allium sativum (Garlic), Allium cepa (Onion) and Capsicum annum (Red pepper) were tested on Oryzaephilus surinamensis (Saw- toothed grain beetle) infested with Phoenix dactylifera (Date fruits) at exposure periods of three weeks and six weeks in the Department of Zoology, Entomology Laboratory. The boinsecticides used were in powdered and whole forms at three different concentrations of 1.25g, 2.50g and 5.00g. Potency was determined through, fecundity, emergence and mortality rate of the pest under study. At three and six weeks of exposure, mortality between 5.00g concentration of garlic and the control, onion and control were significantly different at p<.05. Application of whole red pepper as boinsecticide was more potent than powdered form, which was significantly different at p<.05. From the study it may be deduced that the tree botanicals have insecticidal potentials which reduced in potency with increase in time and that garlic was more potent than the onion and red pepper.
Assessment of heavy metal residues in water, fish tissue and human blood from Ubeji, Warri, Delta State Nigeria
(2013-06) Akintujoye, J.; Anumudu, C. I.; Awobode, H. O.
Residual levels of lead, chromium, cadmium and zinc in water and fish tissue from Ubeji River, Warri and blood samples from residents of Ubeji were analysed. Control water and fish samples were obtained from Eleyele River and blood from residents of Ibadan. All the samples collected were digested using a modified procedure from the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) and were subsequently analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. Levels of lead and cadmium in Ubeji river were significantly higher than levels in Eleyele River. Fifty fish samples from five species (Citharinus citharus, Liza falcipinis, Brycinus macrolepidotus, Polydactylus quadrifilis and Tilapia zilli) were analysed. Lead concentration (ppm) was highest in C. citharus (76.07±161.48) and least in T. zilli (23.16±26.30). Chromium was not detected in B. macrolepidotus, P. quadrifilis and T. zilli. Concentrations of all heavy metals detected, except zinc, in the fish species were higher than WHO permissible limit. Lead, Cadmium and Zinc concentrations in the tissues of then control fish were significantly lower (p>0.05) than those recorded in fish from Ubeji River. There were no statistically significant differences in heavy metal concentration in fish gills and muscle (p>0.05). Lead and cadmium levels in Ubeji river significantly exceeded (p=0.0 and p=0.012) the permissible limits for aquaculture and drinking. Levels of Chromium (1737.17±2996.01), Zinc and Lead (149.35±188.28 and 123.49±350.85 respectively) were significantly high (p<0.05) in the 101 human blood samples screened, while concentrations of Cadmium was comparatively low (10.11±10.71). Lower levels of cadmium, zinc and lead (8.54± 7.49, 79.89±62.65 and 53.46±57.17, respectively) were recorded for the control samples from Ibadan. This study highlights the high levels of heavy metals in the Ubeji River and suggests the need for interventions to stem the tide of pollution in the river. It would also be important to assess health problems that may arise as a result of contact and continuous use of the water.
Attitudes and practices towards abate application in a village in Akinyele local government area of Oyo State, Nigeria
(Klobex Academic Publishers, 2001-09) Falode, O. A.; Odaibo, A. B.
A study was carried out in Oyeteju Village in Akinyele Local Government Area of Oyo State to determine attitudes of the villagers to treating their drinking pond with Abate (Temephos). The findings showed that all women respondents fetched all their drinking water from the village pond. They all claimed to filter the drinking water, 83.3% claimed to add alum while 25% claimed to boil water. Only 75% knew why Abate was applied to pond despite previous education on Abate. 41.7% support Abate application because it will kill the guineaworm 'germs’ in water while 25% Support it because it will bring about good health to villagers. All the respondents claimed not to be affected by the application of Abate to pond water despite the fact that 33.3% said the pond water turned black while 8.3% said it turned reddish. Their strong belief in their pond which is their god and the colour change did not make the villagers go against the application of Abate to their pond. This was so because health education on Abate preceded its application. It was unfortunate however that the Abate application was not sustained in the village. Abate application in this village was accepted as a temporary measure while villagers wait expectantly for their own safe source of water preferably a borehole. The study shows the need for health education to proceed the application of Abate and the need to train villagers on how to apply the Chemical in order to sustain the application for effective control.
Cellular responses to modified Plasmodium falciparum MSP 119 antigens in individuals previously exposed to natural malaria infection
(Springer, 2009) Okafor, C. M. F.; Anumudu, C. I.; Omosun, Y. O.; Uthaipibull, C.; Ayede, I.; Awobode, H. O.; Odaibo, A. B.; Langhorne, J.; Holder, A. A.; Nwuba, R. I.; Troye-Blomberg, M.
Background: MSP1 processing-inhibitory antibodies bind to epitopes on the 19 kDa C-terminal region of the Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP119), inhibiting erythrocyte invasion. Blocking antibodies also bind to this antigen but prevent inhibitory antibodies binding, allowing invasion to proceed. Recombinant MSP119 had been modified previously to allow inhibitory but not blocking antibodies to continue to bind. Immunization with these modified proteins, therefore, has the potential to induce more effective protective antibodies. However, it was unclear whether the modification of MSP119 would affect critical T-cell responses to epitopes in this antigen. Methods: The cellular responses to wild-type MSP119 and a panel of modified MSP119 antigens were measured using an in-vitro assay for two groups of individuals: the first were malaria-naïve and the second had been naturally exposed to Plasmodium falciparum infection. The cellular responses to the modified proteins were examined using cells from malaria-exposed infants and adults. Results: Interestingly, stimulation indices (SI) for responses induced by some of the modified proteins were at least two-fold higher than those elicited by the wild-type MSP119. A protein with four amino acid substitutions (Glu27→Tyr, Leu31→Arg, Tyr34→Ser and Glu43→Leu) had the highest stimulation index (SI up to 360) and induced large responses in 64% of the samples that had significant cellular responses to the modified proteins.
Clinical malaria diagnosis in adults: the value of signs symptoms and antibodies
(College of Medical Sciences, University of Benin, 2004-12) Anumudu, C. .; Ukoha, U.; Nwuba, R. I.; Nwagwu, M.
In the absence of microscopic examination, the high prevalence of asymptomatic malaria infections and the non-specific symptoms of the disease make clinical diagnosis difficult in highly endemic areas. Data from daily medical records 0f 111 adult volunteers obtained in a 13-month longitudinal survey were analysed using Pearson's correlation to investigate the relationship between parasitaernia and clinical symptoms and to determine the predictive strength of various clinical symptoms for malaria. Forty three percent of the subjects were blood smear positive at one or more times in the study. Parasite prevalence and clinical symptoms followed a seasonal distribution, being higher and occurring more often in the high transmission periods. High antibody responders to the circumsporozoite protein (CSP) showed lower parasite prevalence and fewer symptoms compared to the other responders. Malaria parasitaemia was significantly correlated with fever (p < 0.01). Fever, joint pain and headaches could be useful in endemic areas as symptom indicators of malaria for adults.
Clinical manifestations and immune response to MSP 119 in severe paediatric malaria in Adeoyo state maternity hospital, Ibadan
(College of Medicine, University of Ibadan and the University College Hospital, 2004) Anumudu, C. I.; Okafor, C. M. F.; Ngwumohaike, V.; Afolabi, K. A.; Nwuba, R. I.; Nwagwu, M.
A 10-week cross-sectional study was carried out at the Adeoyo State Maternity Hospital (Beere, Ibadan), Southwestern Nigeria in order to determine (a) the prevalence of severe malaria, (b) identify the predominant clinical presentations that characterise the disease in children below 5 years and the pattern of antibody responses to MSP 119 elicited in severe malaria complications. Three thousand, one hundred and thirty-one cases reported to the Out Patients' Department; of these, 372 (11.8%) subjects were recruited on the basis of doctors' diagnosis of severe malaria, malaria and other complications. Six per cent (188/3131) of the patients were admitted. Serum samples for 320 of the 372 subjects were analysed for antibodies specific to MSP 119 by ELISA. The highest antibody responses occurred in the age group 2-5 years. Parasite prevalence was 77.9% (290 of 372 subjects) and parasite density ranged from 80 to >100000 parasites/uL blood. Fever (an average temperature of 38.6 ±0.4°C and peak at 41°C) and severe malaria were the major clinical manifestations of rnalaria amongst the study population. Severe malaria was found to be associated with other features such as cough, vomiting and diarrhoea.
Community knowledge and practices as regards malaria in Ilorin city: implications for the elimination plan of the national malaria elimination program
(Elsevier, 2014) Obembe, A.; Oduola, A.; Popoola, K.; Ajao, A.
Objective: To examine malaria-related knowledge and practices among residents in Ilorin City to guide forthcoming malaria elimination action of the recently restructured Nigerian National Malaria Elimination Program. Methods: Community-wide-cross-sectional study was conducted in June 2012 using pretested structured questionnaire and interview schedule to collect information on perception, prevention and treatment of malaria among the residents. Results: Majority of the respondents attributed malaria to mosquito bites and prevented the disease through multiple means including the use of long-lasting insecticide nets (60%), insecticide spray (54%) and mosquito coils (48%) alternatively. All the respondents spraying insecticides in the bedroom shortly before bed time stayed outdoors during night hours. Fifty three percent of the respondents treated the last malaria episode at the hospital/clinic, and the remaining (47%) employed self-medication. Only 6.1% of those who engaged in self-medication used artemisinin combination therapy drugs. Conclusions: Combined use of log-lasting insecticidal nets and insecticidal sprays call for investigation of behavioural and physiological insecticide resistance in the mosquitoes present in this area. Night time outdoor staying behavior mandated by spraying of insecticides and possible switch of the vectors to bite outdoor at early night hour also necessitate incorporation of outdoor mosquito control into the malaria elimination plan for this locality. Likewise, observation of self-medication in spite of high literacy levels implies that campaigns against such practice may not yield the desired result unless quality healthcare service is made affordable and accessible to all.
Composition and abundance of arthropod biodiversity in Aba-Eku and Apete dumpsites, Ibadan, Nigeria
(Federal College of Education, Abeokuta, 2013-05) Amusata, I.; Popoola, K. O. K.
Species composition, abundance and diversity of arthropods in Apete, Aba-Eku dumpsites and control site were examined. Materials used for the collection of sample was pitfall i.e arthropod trap. The pitfall was made of tin of 250g size and was placed in each site with (one third volume level) of 5% formalin inside in order to trap and preserve the arthropods collected from the site. Pitfalls were implanted in each site so as to have adequate representation of the arthropods. Each specimen bottle contains 70% alcohol for preservation of the arthropods harvested before identification. The specimen collected were taken to the laboratory for analysis and identification. Data collected were subjected to statistical analysis, means and percentages were used to determine the values of arthropod. Richness, diversity and abundance were measured by using margalefs specie richness index (D), Shannonweiners diversity index (H) and eveness index (E). A total of 4,763 arthropod were recorded belonging to 17arthropod orders. The higher percentage abundance of dipterans (Musca domestica ) indicated that organic waste materials being deposited on the dumpsites supported the breeding of the houseflies. The results showed that relative humidity and temperature have a greater effect on the abundance of arthropods. The distinct taxa found in Apete and Aba-eku suggested that the organic input from residential areas around the dumpsites has positive effect on the arthropod abundance.
Composition, abundance and diversity of macro-benthic fauna and aquatic insects of Erelu reservoiur and its physical properties
(Oyo State College of Agriculture and Technology, 2015-06) Amusata, A. I.; Popoola, K. O. K.; Adedokun, M. A.; Rafiu, R. A.
Erelu Reservoir was studied between July 2012 and June 2013, to assess the composition, abundance and diversity of macro-benthic fauna, aquatic insects and its physical parameters. The water, benthic and aquatic insects were collected once every month from three stations. Highest mean value of transparency was 94.42± 5.49cm, Temperature 29.08 ± 0.38°C and Hydrogen ion concentration (PH) 7.27 ± O.l5mg/1. The range for transparency was (70-130)cm, (6.40-7.8) Mg/l for pH and (26-32°C) for temperature. Seven families of benthic macro-fauna; Ampullaridae, Viviparidae, Chironomidae, Lymneaidae, Planorbidae, Thiaridae and Margaritiferidae as well as eight families of aquatic insects; Gyrinidae, Notonectidae, Gerridae,Veliidae, Nepidae, Aeshnidae, Coenagrionidae and Libellulidae were recorded. A total number of 4,632 benthic individuals and 8,648 insects were recorded. Melanoides tuberculata dominated the benthic fauna with a total relative abundance of 90.71% while Planorbidae (Biomphalaria pfeifferi) were the least abundant (0.11 %) by number in the reservoir. Notonectidae (Notonecta sp.) dominated the aquatic insects with abundance of 92.43% while Nepidae (Lacotrephes japonensis) was the least abundant, (0.01 %). Margalef's index (H) in stations 1-3 was (0.60-1.14), Shannon Index (D)was (0.23-0.60), Evenness (E) was (0.41-0.90) for the benthic fauna while H= (0.35-0.50), D= (0.21-0.87) and E= (0.50-2.60) for the aquatic insects. The Margalef's index recorded across the stations for both benthic and aquatic insects showed that the reservoir was moderately polluted.
Correlation of chemical compositions of cassava varieties to their resistance to prosiephanus truncatus horn (coleoptera: bostrichidae)
(Entomological Society of America, 2015) Osipitan, A. A.; Sangowusi, V. T.; Lawal, O. I.; Popoola, K. O.
The preference of cassava as a major host by Prostephonus truncotus Horn is a major constraint to ample production of cassava, Manihot esculenta Crantz and storage. This study analyzed the nutritional and secondary metabolite compositions in 15 cassava varieties, evaluated levels of damage and reproduction by P. truncatus, and assessed their resistance to attack. One hundred grams of dried cassava chips in 250-ml Kilner jars were infested with 10 adult larger grain borerof 0-10 days old and held for 3 months. The nutritional and secondary metabolites compositions of the dry cassava chips were determined using the method of Association of Analytical Chemists. Chip perforation rates in the cassava varieties ranged from 17.7 to 71.6%. The weight of cassava powder varied by about threefold. The final number of larger grain borer in the cassava varieties varied by about sixfold with 63 in 01/0040 and 379 in 01/1368. Hydrocyanic acid content varied by over 10-fold and correlated negatively with number of larger grain borer. Flavonoid content varied by ~10%. Tannins and saponin content of the cassava negatively correlated with number of adult P. truncatus. The cassava varieties 95/0166, 92/0326, 01/0040, 05/0024, and 34 91934 had selection index <0.8 and were classified as resistant to larger grain borer damage, while others with selection index >0.8 were classified as susceptible. The resistance to high damage in the resistant varieties was conferred by secondary metabolites such as tannins, saponins, alkaloids, and hydrocyanic acid content. The genetic variation in cassava varieties could be explored to breed resistant cassava varieties for use in larger grain borer-endemic areas.
A cross-sectional study on urogenital schistosomiasis in children; haematuria and proteinuria as diagnostic indicators in an endemic rural area of Nigeria
(Faculty of Medicine, Makerere University, 2014-06) Morenikeji, O.; Qazim, J.; Omoregie, C.; Hassan, A.; Nwuba, R.; Anumudu, C.; Adejuwon, S.; Salawu, O.; Jegede, A.; Odaibo, A.
Background: Rapid and accurate diagnosis is necessary for the management of schistosomiasis in endemic areas. Objective: To assess the burden of urogenital schistosomiasis and the diagnostic efficiency of morbidity indicators of the disease in an endemic rural community of Nigeria. Methods: A cross-sectional school-based study was conducted. Urine samples of 487 pupils were screened microscopically for S. haematobium and tested for haematuria and proteinuria using chemical reagent strips. Results: The prevalence and intensity of infection were 57.1% and 45.0 eggs/10 mL urine respectively. Prevalence of infection in male (54.1%) and female (60.3%) individuals showed no significant variation (P>0.05). However, prevalence of infection was age dependent with those in age groups 3-5 and 12-14 years having the least and highest prevalence of infection respectively (P<0.05). Microhaematuria and proteinuria varied significantly with ages of the pupils with least (14.0, 40.0%) and highest (60.0, 80.0%) prevalence recorded in age groups 3-5 and 15-19 years respectively (P<0.05). Proteinuria showed higher sensitivity (80.3%) compared to microhaematuria (73.3%). Conclusion: Schistosomiasis is highly endemic in the study area and the use of microhaematuria and proteinuria for mapping the infected population prior treatment could be adopted.
Cyclopoid copepods in domestic water sources in three villages in Akinyele local government area of Oyo State, Nigeria
(2002) Falode, O. A.; Odaibo, A. B.
The distribution and infective rates of cyclopoid copepods ( the vectors of guineaworm, Dracunculus medinensis ) in ponds was studied in 3 infected villages in Akinyele Local Government Area of Oyo state, Nigeria during the period of September 1994 to January 1996 (the peak period of guineaworm eradication activities in the country). The density of cyclopoid copepods was highest in the dry season, reaching 149.8 copepods/litre in February 1995. The abate (Temephos) application and amount of rainfall affected the cyclops in ponds. Thermocyclops, Mesocyclops and Halicyclops species of cyclops were recovered from the ponds while none was found to be infected with D.medinensis larvae.
Cytokine profiles among HIV and malaria co-infected pregnant mothers and their babies post delivery
(2012) Adeoti, O. M.; Awobode, H. O.; Olayiwola, O.; Anumudu, C. I.
Malaria and HIV co-infected mothers have an increased risk of poor birth outcome, spontaneous abortion, malaria infection and early progression of HIV to AIDS. This study examines the impact of HIV and malaria on the levels of cytokines in peripheral blood from mothers and their new borns. 149 pregnant mothers and 30 babies born to 63 HIV infected mothers were engaged in longitudinal study for 18 months in the endemic area of Saki and Ibadan. Blood samples collected from mothers and babies’ cord blood were tested for HIV and malaria parasite. ELISA was used to determine the plasma concentration of TNF-α, IL-2, IL-10 and IFN-γ and statistical tests were considered significant at P< 0.05. There was no correlation between HIV status and the profiles of anti-inflammatory cytokines but a direct relationship exists between cytokine levels and malaria infection. The increased levels of IL-10 in HIV-infected mothers could worsen the incidence of falciparum malaria.