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Item Guinea worm disease and its persistence in some rural communities in Nigeria(2007) Morenikeji, O. A.; Alade, A. O.; Odaibo, A. B.Studies were carried out in six villages of Ogun State, Nigeria from January to December 2004 to identify the reasons for the persistence of guinea worm disease in spite of eradication measures. Pre-tested structured questionnaires were administered to 250 head of households in the endemic villages to assess their knowledge attitude and practice (KAP) in the management of guinea worm disease. The overall prevalence of infection for the study-period was 1.0%. 96.0% of the respondents depended solely on ponds for drinking water during the dry season. 80.0% of the respondents had been infected before 68.0% think that the disease is caused by spiritual attack, while 4.0% associated the disease to drinking bad water. 77.5% did not know if it is possible to prevent the disease. It was observed that immigrant farm labourers and apathy on the part of eradication officials may play vital roles in the transmission of the disease in the area. This study shows that there is need to ascertain and specifically address reasons for the persistence of the disease in areas still endemic.Item Evaluation of the effectiveness of abate™ used for the treatment of community drinking ponds in the Nigeria guineaworm eradication program(Tapas Institute of Scientific Research and Development, 2005) Morenikeji, O. A.; Ajulo, B. O.; Odaibo, A. B.A study was carried out to ascertain the effectiveness of the Abate™ (0-0-0(1)-0(1)-tetramethyl - 0-0(1)-thiodi-P-phenylene phosphorothiote) an organophosphorous compound used for the treatment of community drinking ponds in the Nigeria Guinea Worm Eradication Programme in South-West Zone of Nigeria. The Abate™ was used in treating 3 large rectangular concrete tanks lined with pond mud, and filled with pond water harbouring cyclops, the crustacean vector of guinea worm disease. A fourth tank containing untreated water served as control. The initial and final cyclops populations of each tank was determined daily for seven days and then weekly up to the 28th day after Abate™ treatment. The standard concentration used in guinea worm eradication program (0.1ml of Abate™ to 50 litres of water) was added. At this concentration, cyclops is known to become paralysed within 72 hours. It was deduced that the population of cyclops, Thermocydops decipiens, was not effectively controlled since it took more than 5, 6 and 14 days to eliminate them from tanks A, B and C respectively. The population of cyclops however, increased in the control tank over the study period. In the control of guinea worm disease vectors, it is necessary to take into cognisance the potency of the chemical used in order to achieve the desired result.Item Cyclopoid copepods in domestic water sources in three villages in Akinyele local government area of Oyo State, Nigeria(2002) Falode, O. A.; Odaibo, A. B.The distribution and infective rates of cyclopoid copepods ( the vectors of guineaworm, Dracunculus medinensis ) in ponds was studied in 3 infected villages in Akinyele Local Government Area of Oyo state, Nigeria during the period of September 1994 to January 1996 (the peak period of guineaworm eradication activities in the country). The density of cyclopoid copepods was highest in the dry season, reaching 149.8 copepods/litre in February 1995. The abate (Temephos) application and amount of rainfall affected the cyclops in ponds. Thermocyclops, Mesocyclops and Halicyclops species of cyclops were recovered from the ponds while none was found to be infected with D.medinensis larvae.Item Management and attitudes of villagers towards boreholes in guineawarm eradication in Akinyele local government Area of Oyo State, Nigeria(2002) Falode, O. A.; Odaibo, A. B.Studies on the management and attitudes of villagers to boreholes as a source of water in guineaworm eradication was carried out in 4 villages, Alagba, Deinlokun, Iware and Idi-omo in Akinyele Local Government Area of Oyo State, Nigeria.The findings showed that the borehole reduced or eradicated the guineawonn disease in villages studied but its reliability and efficiency was threatened by insufficient borehole water (especially in villages with a population exceeding 500) and lack of a maintenance schedule by the local government area. It was concluded that it is necessary to carefully consider the reliability of the borehole and the size and the distribution of the population they will serve before they are constructed, in order that the full benefit of water supply intervention can be achievedItem Attitudes and practices towards abate application in a village in Akinyele local government area of Oyo State, Nigeria(Klobex Academic Publishers, 2001-09) Falode, O. A.; Odaibo, A. B.A study was carried out in Oyeteju Village in Akinyele Local Government Area of Oyo State to determine attitudes of the villagers to treating their drinking pond with Abate (Temephos). The findings showed that all women respondents fetched all their drinking water from the village pond. They all claimed to filter the drinking water, 83.3% claimed to add alum while 25% claimed to boil water. Only 75% knew why Abate was applied to pond despite previous education on Abate. 41.7% support Abate application because it will kill the guineaworm 'germs’ in water while 25% Support it because it will bring about good health to villagers. All the respondents claimed not to be affected by the application of Abate to pond water despite the fact that 33.3% said the pond water turned black while 8.3% said it turned reddish. Their strong belief in their pond which is their god and the colour change did not make the villagers go against the application of Abate to their pond. This was so because health education on Abate preceded its application. It was unfortunate however that the Abate application was not sustained in the village. Abate application in this village was accepted as a temporary measure while villagers wait expectantly for their own safe source of water preferably a borehole. The study shows the need for health education to proceed the application of Abate and the need to train villagers on how to apply the Chemical in order to sustain the application for effective control.Item Occurrence and distribution of rhabditis axei (rhabditida; rhabditidae) in African giant snails in southwestern Nigeria(De Gruyter Open Ltd., 2000) Odaibo, A. B.; Dehinbo, A. J.; Olofintoye, L. K.; Falode, O. A.African giant snails (Archachatina marginata ovum Pfeffer, 1858; A. marginata saturalis Philippi, 1849 and Achatina achatina Linne, 1758) were examined for the occurrence of Rhabditis axei Cobbold. 1884.Differences in parasite intensity between size groups of snails were highly significant (P < 0.05) for die 3 species compared. The mean egg and larval output per gram of faeces was higher in larger snails. The mean intensity of the nematode eggs excreted was higher (P < 0.05 ) than the mean of larval output for the 3 species of snails. The distribution of R. axei within the snail hosts revealed site preferences. They are mostly (88 %) located in the rectum of the snails.Item Antibody specificities of children living in a malaria endemic area to inhibitory and blocking epitopes on MSP-119 of Plasmodium falciparum(Elsevier, 2009) Omosun, Y. O.; Adoro, S.; Anumudu, C. I.; Odaibo, A. B.; Uthiapibull, C.; Holder, A. A.; Nwagwu, M.; Nwuba, R. I.Merozoite surface protein-119 (MSP-119) specific antibodies which include processing inhibitory, blocking and neutral antibodies have been identified in individuals exposed to Plasmodium falciparum. Here we intend to look at the effect of single and multiple amino acid substitutions of MSP-119 on the recognition by polyclonal antibodies from children living in Igbo-Ora, Nigeria. This would provide us with information on the possibility of eliciting mainly processing inhibitory antibodies with a recombinant MSP-119 vaccine. Blood was collected from children in the rainy season and binding of anti-MSP-119 antibodies to modified mutants of MSP-119 was analysed by ELISA. The MSP-119 mutant proteins with single substitutions at positions 22 (Leu→Arg), 43 (Glu→Leu) and 53 (Asn→Arg) and the MSP-119 mutant protein with multiple substitutions at positions 27 + 31 + 34 + 43 (Glu→Tyr, Leu→Arg, Tyr→Ser, Glu→Leu); which had inhibitory epitopes; had the highest recognition. Children recognised both sets of mutants with different age groups having different recognition levels. The percentage of malaria positive individuals (32–80%) with antibodies that bound to the mutants MSP-119 containing epitopes that recognise only processing inhibitory and not blocking antibodies, were significantly different from those with antibodies that did not bind to these mutants (21–28%). The amino acid substitutions that abolished the binding of blocking antibodies without affecting the binding of inhibitory antibodies are of particular interest in the design of MSP-119 based malaria vaccines. Although these MSP-119 mutants have not been found in natural population, their recognition by polyclonal antibodies from humans naturally infected with malaria is very promising for the future use of MSP-119 mutants in the design of a malaria vaccine.Item IgG Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) for immunodiagnosis of Schistosoma haematobium infected subjects living in an endemic Nigerian village(Academic Journals, 2011-04) Oniya, M. O.; Omosun, Y. O.; Anumudu, C. I.; Nwuba, R. I.; Odaibo, A. B.Schistosoma haematobium infects school children in areas where the disease is endemic. This study was carried out to determine the reliability of IgG Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) as an immunodiagnostic tool, using whole antigen derived from Schistosoma eggs. Children of school going age living in Ipogun village, in south western Nigeria; a schistosomiasis endemic community; were used in this study. The sensitivity of the IgG ELISA in detecting positive cases was 68.0% and there was a significant correlation (P < 0.05) between IgG titres and the intensity of infection. However, the specificity was 59.3%, slightly lower than the sensitivity. Results from this study shows that IgG ELISA can be used as a diagnostic tool for determining S. haematobium infection, as it provides an evidence for the intensity of the infection in the infected individuals.Item Fine specificity of anti MSP 119 antibodies an multiplicity of Plasmodium falciparum merozoite protein 1 types in individuals in Nigeria with submicroscopic infection(Springer, 2010) Ngoundou-Landji, J.; Nwuba, R. I.; Anumudu, C. I.; Odaibo, A. B.; Matando Mayo, W. D.; Awobode, H. O.; Okafor, C. M.; Morenikeji, O. A.; Asinobi, A.; Nwagwu, M.; Holder, A. A.; Ntoumi, F.Background: The absence of antibodies specific for the 19 kDa C-terminal domain of merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP119) has been associated with high-density malaria parasitaemia in African populations. The hypothesis that a high prevalence and/or level of anti-MSP119 antibodies that may inhibit erythrocyte invasion would be present in apparently healthy individuals who harbour a sub-microscopic malaria infection was tested in this study. Methods: Plasma samples were collected from residents in a region in Nigeria hyperendemic for malaria, who had no detectable parasitaemia by microscopy. Using a competition-based enzyme-linked-immunosorbent assay with two invasion-inhibitory monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) 12.10 and 12.8, the levels and prevalence of specific antibodies were measured. The minimum multiplicity of infection was determined using PCR. The prevalence of anaemia was also measured. Results: Plasma samples from 85% of individuals contained antibodies that bound to MSP119. The inhibition of mAb 12.10 binding was strongly correlated with the prevalence (Spearman correlation test, p < 0.0001) and mean titre of anti-MSP119 antibodies (Spearman correlation test, p < 0.001) in the samples. Comparing samples from individuals with multiple infection (group M) and single infection (Group S), group M contained a higher (p = 0.04) prevalence of anti-MSP119 antibodies that competed with mAb 12.10. Using a logistic regression model, it was found that the presence of antibodies competitive with mAb 12.10 was affected negatively by anaemia (p = 0.0016) and positively by the carriage of multiple parasite genotypes (p = 0.04). Conclusions: In the search for correlates of protection against malaria, which will be essential to evaluate clinical trials of malaria vaccines based on MSP1, this study examines some potential assays and the factors that need to taken into account during their evaluation, using samples from individuals naturally exposed to malaria infection.Item Cellular responses to modified Plasmodium falciparum MSP 119 antigens in individuals previously exposed to natural malaria infection(Springer, 2009) Okafor, C. M. F.; Anumudu, C. I.; Omosun, Y. O.; Uthaipibull, C.; Ayede, I.; Awobode, H. O.; Odaibo, A. B.; Langhorne, J.; Holder, A. A.; Nwuba, R. I.; Troye-Blomberg, M.Background: MSP1 processing-inhibitory antibodies bind to epitopes on the 19 kDa C-terminal region of the Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP119), inhibiting erythrocyte invasion. Blocking antibodies also bind to this antigen but prevent inhibitory antibodies binding, allowing invasion to proceed. Recombinant MSP119 had been modified previously to allow inhibitory but not blocking antibodies to continue to bind. Immunization with these modified proteins, therefore, has the potential to induce more effective protective antibodies. However, it was unclear whether the modification of MSP119 would affect critical T-cell responses to epitopes in this antigen. Methods: The cellular responses to wild-type MSP119 and a panel of modified MSP119 antigens were measured using an in-vitro assay for two groups of individuals: the first were malaria-naïve and the second had been naturally exposed to Plasmodium falciparum infection. The cellular responses to the modified proteins were examined using cells from malaria-exposed infants and adults. Results: Interestingly, stimulation indices (SI) for responses induced by some of the modified proteins were at least two-fold higher than those elicited by the wild-type MSP119. A protein with four amino acid substitutions (Glu27→Tyr, Leu31→Arg, Tyr34→Ser and Glu43→Leu) had the highest stimulation index (SI up to 360) and induced large responses in 64% of the samples that had significant cellular responses to the modified proteins.