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Item In-vitro antimalarial activities of withania somnifera, gymnema sylvestre, ocimum gratisimum and cajanus cajan(Medimond, 2010-08) Morenikeji, O. A.; Pillai, C. R.; Vakcha, N.; Dash, A. P.A study was carried out to determine the efficacy of four plants, Withania somnifera (WS), Gymnema sylvestre (GS), Ocimum gratisimum (OG) and Cajanus cajan (CC) traditionally used in the treatment of malaria in Nigeria and India. Ethanolic extracts of these plants were tested in vitro on choloroquine sensitive (MRC-pf-2) and resistant (MRC-pf-303) strains of Plasmodium falciparum for their anti-malarial activity. The IC(50) values of these plants were calculated and found to be OG (IC(50) = 23.48 µg/ ml), WS (IC(50)= 45.24 µg/ ml), GS (IC(50) = 45.25 µg/ ml) for the pf sensitive strain and CC (IC(50) = 47.52 µg/ ml) in the pf resistant strain. Others, GS IC(50) = 69.70 µg/ ml (resistant strain), CC IC(50) = 72.3lµg/ ml (sensitive strain), WS IC(50)= 88.30 µg/ ml (resistant strain), OG IC(50)= 121.76µg/ ml (resistant strain). Higher concentrations caused total inhibition of the parasite at the ring stage. Ocimum gratisimum showed the most significant antimalarial effect on the parasites sensitive strain. Results lend some credence to the use of medicinal plants in the treatment of malaria and the need to study the active constituents of effective ones.Item In-vitro antimalarial activities of withania somnifera, gymnema sylvestre, ocimum gratisimum and cajanus cajan(Medimond, 2010-08) Morenikeji, O. A.; Pillai, C. R.; Vakcha, N.; Dash, A. P.A study was carried out to determine the efficacy of four plants, Withania somnifera (WS), Gymnema sylvestre (GS), Ocimum gratisimum (OG) and Cajanus cajan (CC) traditionally used in the treatment of malaria in Nigeria and India. Ethanolic extracts of these plants were tested in vitro on choloroquine sensitive (MRC-pf-2) and resistant (MRC-pf-303) strains of Plasmodium falciparum for their anti-malarial activity. The IC(50) values of these plants were calculated and found to be OG (IC(50) = 23.48 µg/ ml), WS (IC(50)= 45.24 µg/ ml), GS (IC(50) = 45.25 µg/ ml) for the pf sensitive strain and CC (IC(50) = 47.52 µg/ ml) in the pf resistant strain. Others, GS IC(50) = 69.70 µg/ ml (resistant strain), CC IC(50) = 72.3lµg/ ml (sensitive strain), WS IC(50)= 88.30 µg/ ml (resistant strain), OG IC(50)= 121.76µg/ ml (resistant strain). Higher concentrations caused total inhibition of the parasite at the ring stage. Ocimum gratisimum showed the most significant antimalarial effect on the parasites sensitive strain. Results lend some credence to the use of medicinal plants in the treatment of malaria and the need to study the active constituents of effective ones.Item The guinea worm disease(Textflow Limited, Ibadan, Nigeria, 2015-03) Morenikeji, O. A.Item Prevalence of eustrongylides ignotus in poecilia reticulata obtained from some wastewater drains of Lagos state(Fisheries Society of Nigeria, 2012-11) Akinwale, M.M.A.; Hassan, A. A.Poecilia reticulata is a common ornamental tropical fish‘is fouhd in many wastewater drains in Nigeria. Guppies feed on Oligochaetes which are intermediate hosts of Eustrongylides ignotus which is a parasite of Clarias gariepinus. The potential ban on the importation of ornamental fishes into Nigeria due to dearth of information on the parasite fauna of ornamental fishes .has enhanced the demand for local species, usually sourced from the wild. Sampling was done monthly using a 2 mm mesh-sized scoop net along selected drains at Igi-Olugbin Street, Basil Ogamba Street,, Ahmadu Bello Road and Adenaike Alagbe Street between March, 2004 and February, 2005. The selected drains were abutting residences and varying industrial activities in each of four different local government areas of Lagos State. 60 female and 60 male samples were randomly selected from each drain for dissection and microscopy. Nematodes observed were identified using standard identification guides. Prevalence was determined as percentage infection in guppies examined. Measurements of wastewater temperature, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), pH and transparency were done according to APHA methods: Drain depth was determined using a calibrated pole. Data was analyzed using chi-square test, ANOVA and Pearson correlation coefficient. Out of 4,320 n samples examined only 156 were infected. There was no sex-related difference in the prevalence of E. ignotus and no significant difference in mean monthly pH and DO across drains. The highest prevalence of 12.0% was observed in P. reticulata males obtained from Adenaike Alagbe . Street in June, 2004. Mean monthly physicochemical parameters for drains were: temperature, 25.0 ± 1.1- 26.0 ± 1.1 0 C; DO, 7.8 ± 2.1 - 8.4 ± 1.8 mg 1; pH, 6.9 ± 0.5 - 7.3 ± 0.4; transparency, 3.5 ± 0.8 - 23.0 ± 3.6 cm and drain depth, 9.6 ± 2.3 - 14.8 ± 3.2 cm. The prevalence of E. ignotus in the P. reticulata obtained from the selected Streets should not prevent their exploitation for both import substitution and the export market because it is lowItem Prevalence of camallanus cotti in poccilia reticulata obtained from some wastewater drains in Lagos state(Fisheries Society of Nigeria, 2012-11) Akinwale, M.M.A.; Hassan, A. A.One way to diversify Nigeria’s economy is to improve on agricultural activities with low import input but high export potential such as the promotion of the ornamental fish industry. P. reticulata is one such fish species that enjoys international acceptability. However, a potential bottleneck in its international trade is the decertification of exports from Nigeria in the uncertainty of standing parasite fauna of locally available stock of P. reticulata. Four Streets in different local government areas of Lagos State were identified with existing populations of P. reticulata where collection of samples with a scoop net was done before sorting into 60 male and 60 female individuals per wastewater drain from each Street was carried out monthly between March, 2004 and February, 2005. Temperature, pH, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), water transparency and drain depth were measured with mercury-bulb thermometer, ARH-1 CE electronic meter, Oxyguard electronic probe, secchi disc and calibrated pole respectively. Chi-square was used to test for sex-related differences in prevalence and ANOVA for differences in physicochemical analyses. Only 3.4% of the 4,320 samples examined were infected with C. cotti. There was no sex-related differences in the prevalence of C. cotti while only DO, transparency and drain depth were found to be significantly different among the wastewater drains on the four Streets. The highest prevalence of 15.0% was obtained in P. reticulata females obtained from Igi-Olugbin and Adenaike Alagbe Streets in September, 2004. High prevalence clustering correlated with receding rains. However, mean monthly temperature, transparency and drain depth were significantly different across drain (p < 0.05). P. reticulata obtained from these four Streets can be further exploited for import substitution and export market since this prevalence level can be managed and does not rival records of C. cotti in other popular export sources in AsiaItem SEM study on morphology and surface topography of wenyonia minuta woodland 1923 (cestoda: caryophyllidea) and the histopathological consequences on synodontis filamentosus (boulenger, 1901) from Lekki Lagoon, Lagos - Nigeria(2015) Akinsanya, B.; Hassan, A. A.; Adeogun, A. O.The SEM study on m orphology and surface topography of Wenyonia minuta was undertaken. The parasite was recovered from the intestine of Synodontis filamentosus. A total of two hundred and forty fi ve specimens of the fish host were exam ined.The fem ale specim ens (n =88) has a prevalence of 69.3% while the male specimens (n = 157) had a lower prevalence of 46.4%. The SEM description of the caryophyllidea cestode revealed the scolex to be fluke - like with four shallow longitudina l groove and flat pointed anterior end. The overall length of the scolex is 104250.97pm with a breadth of 653451.20pm .The furrow longitudinal groove were only observed on the dorsal side of the scolex. External protuberances were also reported in this study. The histopathological analysis shows m atting, lym phocytic infiltration of the lamina propria, goblet cell hyperplasia while some sections with no significant pathological changes were also observedItem Morphometries and aspects of bio-ecology of ephestia cautella (lepidoptera: pyralidae) on stored date fruit (phoenix Dactylifera) and hermetic control technique(Faculty of Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria, 2011) Popoola, K. O. K.; Braimah, J. A.Rate of fecundity, life cycle, morphometic characteristics of Ephestia cautella and control were investigated. These were done on sterilized dried date (Phoenix dactylifera) as substrate. Mean daily fecundity of 17 eggs was recorded, while a total of 1117 eggs were laid by 15 adults female E.cautella within 6 days of oviposition in perforated date. In another separate setup the life cycle from egg to adult took 37 ± 1.92 days, under a temperature and relative humidity of 32.5 ± 1 °C and 70 ± 5% respectively. First filial generation (F1) of 1, 217 adults emerged after 30 days of culture using two pairs of E.cautella, from this Fl, 54.7% and 45.3%, were males and females respectively. The morphometric characteristics of E.cautella revealed that female and male adult mean total body length ranges between 8.2 - 10.00mm and 7.9 - 8.9 mm respectively. The control set up on larval stage using varied poly then bag layers of three, two, and one layer with thickness of 0.056mm confirmed that three bags layers was the best treatment. Recorded percentage mortality values of 74.20%, 19.36% and 0.26% were obtained respectively from the set up.Item Raised iron levels in wet- ground vigna unguiculata and capsicum frutescens using domestic grinding techniques(2014) Hassan, A. A.; Salawu, M. A.The biosafety of commonly used domestic grinding techniques was investigated; the effects of attrition mills using new (attrition mill 1) and old (attrition mill 2) plates, wooden mortar and pestle, grinding stone and electric blender on iron content of wet-ground staple foods, Vigna unguiculata (cowpea) and Capsicum frutescens (pepper) were examined in this study. Attrition mill 1 was in use 4 weeks prior to this study while the attrition mill 2 had newly installed grinding plate. The wet-ground pepper and cowpea were analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The iron contents of wet- ground foods (pepper and cowpea) from both attrition mills were significantly higher (p>0.05) than iron content of ground food using other methods of grinding. A 30-40 folds increases in the iron content of ground food samples were detected using attrition mills. Ground pepper from attrition mill 1 showed higher iron contents (4300±474.35mg) than pepper ground in attrition mill 2 (3199±281.68mg). These values are higher than recommended dietary allowances for iron intake. The increased iron content in ground pepper and cowpea observed in the present study confirmed the high risk of iron overloading using attrition milling. The level of contamination of ground food increased with use in attrition mills as a result of wear and tear of grinding plates.Item GENETIC POLYMORPHISMS ASSOCIATED WITH HYPERTENSION IN THE ETHNIC POPULATIONS OF CALABAR AND UYO, NIGERIA(2012-08) KOOFFREH, M.E.Hypertension is a public health challenge due to its high prevalence, and is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Hypertension is a complex disease resulting from an interaction of genes and environmental factors. Inconsistent association between polymorphisms of the renin angiotensin aldosterone, the atrial natriuretic peptide systems and hypertension has been reported among various ethnic groups, but not for the Efiks and Ibibios in south-south Nigeria. This study was designed to determine the frequency of gene polymorphisms of these two systems and their association with hypertension in Calabar and Uyo, Nigeria. A population-based case control design was used. A total of 1224 participants, 612 each of patients and controls were randomly recruited from hypertension clinics and the general population. Genotyping of the M235T allele of the angiotensinogen, Insertion/Deletion allele (I/D) of the angiotensinogen converting enzyme, A1166C allele of the angiotensin II type I receptor and C664G allele of the atrial natriuretic peptide genes to identify variants was performed using polymerase chain reaction and restriction enzyme digestion. The Hardy-Weinberg equation was used to calculate the allele and genotype frequencies. Plasma angiotensinogen levels were measured by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay. Hypertensinogenic factors such as age, familial history, physical exercise and drinking were assessed using questionnaires. Descriptive statistics, chi-square, multiple regression analysis and odds ratio were used to analyze the data. The frequency of the genotypes M235M, M235T, T235T of the M235T allele for the Efiks were 0.4, 7.7, 92 % in patients and 0, 6, 94 % in controls; for the Ibibios were 0.5, 1.2, 87 % in patients and 0, 7, 93 % in controls. The I/D genotypes II, ID, DD frequencies for the Efiks were 11, 44, 46 % in patients and 16, 45, 39 % in controls; for the Ibibios were 11, 40, 49 % in patients and 13, 49, 38 % in controls. The frequency of the A1166C carriers was 1 % while 99 % of the study population had the wild type A1166A genotype for the A1166C allele. Only the CC genotype was observed for the C664G allele. These frequencies did not conform to the Hardy-Weinberg assumptions. There were no significant differences between the genotype frequencies of patients and controls. Plasma angiotensinogen values were significantly higher in the patients with M235T allele than in the controls. Age was a positive predictor for systolic blood pressure (SBP, r = 0.60) in patients and diastolic blood pressure (DBP, r = 0.56) in controls. Other hypertensinogenic variables were not predictors for SBP and DBP in the population (p < 0.05). The Insertion/Deletion allele was a risk factor for hypertension, (O.R = 1.15). A high frequency was observed for the M235T allele and the Insertion/Deletion allele, which was associated with an increased risk for hypertension. The lack of association between the alleles of the M235T, A1166C and the C664G and hypertension suggests that other loci or environmental factors are involved in the disease outcome.Item MOLECULAR ANALYSIS OF MECHANISMS AND IDENTIFICATION OF FACTORS OF PYRETHROID RESISTANCE IN ANOPHELES GAMBIAE SENSU LATO IN SOUTHWESTERN NIGERIA AND SOUTHERN BENIN REPUBLIC(2011) DJOUAKA-FOLEFACK, J. R.The development of resistance to insecticides by Anopheles mosquitoes continues to threaten the success of malaria control programmes in West Africa. Local data on mechanisms and factors causing resistance in the region are scanty. This study was designed to investigate the environmental factors and mechanisms implicated in resistance to pyrethroids by Anopheles gambiae in southwestern Nigeria and southern Benin Republic. Larvae of Anopheles mosquito were collected in 2007 from 19 localities in the six states of southwestern Nigeria and 18 localities in the seven divisions of southern Benin and reared to adults. These were identified morphologically and with Polymerase Chain Reactions (PCR). They were also bioassayed for susceptibility to pyrethroids. Molecular characterisation of pyrethroid resistant phenotypes was carried out using PCR and microarray analyses of the expressed genes. Dissolved Oxygen (DO) and pH were determined using a digital multipurpose meter while physical appearances of breeding sites were assessed visually. Xenobiotic factors such as Spilled Engine Oil (SEO) and agricultural pesticides that might contribute to the emergence of resistance in Anopheles populations were examined through bioassay. Associations between pyrethroid resistance with environmental factors and molecular profiles of Anopheles were evaluated using Chi square. A. gambiae complex genotyped in Nigeria comprised of 73.6 % A. arabiensis and 26.3 % A. gambiae sensu stricto; while those genotyped in Benin were 92.9 % A. gambiae s.s. and 7.0 % A. melas. Pyrethroid resistance in Nigeria and Benin were recorded in 68.4 % and 94.4 % of the localities examined respectively. Breeding sites contaminated with SEO (B-SEO) or Pesticide Residues (B-PR) had low DO (B-SEO = 13.4 ± 1.5 mg/l, B-PR=12.2 ± 1.7 mg/l), the Non-contaminated Breeding sites (B-NC) had higher levels of DO (B-NC=33.1 ± 2.3) and mainly produced pyrethroid-susceptible Anopheles (p<0.05). Significant variations in pH were not recorded. Differences in habitation by resistant-Anopheles in breeding sites contaminated with SEO or pesticide residues were observed. A. gambiae found around the two agricultural sites (Houeyiho, Benin and Ajibode, Nigeria) exposed to synthetic pesticides showed significant levels of pyrethroid resistance with mortality rates of 70.0 % and 89.7% respectively. A. gambiae larvae survived at SEO concentrations below 11.8x10-3 μL/cm2. Ninety six percent of larval mortality resulted from direct cuticle contact with SEO whereas only four percentage mortality was from larval suffocation. A cross resistance phenomenon was recorded with SEO and pyrethroids. A. gambiae showed the presence of elevated frequencies of knock down resistance West (kdr-W) mutations in Benin samples (kdr-W ranged from 0.6 to 0.9) and absence of kdr-W in Nigeria samples. Two detoxification genes (CYP6P3 and CYP6M2) were up-regulated in resistant-Anopheles. Additional detoxification genes specific to agricultural and SEO sites were also over-expressed in the resistant populations. There was an association between residual synthetic pesticides, spilled engine oil and emergence of pyrethroid-resistance in A. gambiae in Nigeria and Benin Republic. The diversified profile of identified metabolic genes reflected the influence of a range of xenobiotics on selection of resistance in mosquitoes.