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Item Comparative analysis of non-medical consumption pattern between insured and uninsured people in Ekiti State, Nigeria(2017) Adeyemi, F. O.; Lawanson, A. O.Health Insurance (HI) brings about welfare improvement through improved health status and maintenance of non-medical consumption by ensuring that medical expenditures are smoothened over time. Notwithstanding, available data show that less than 4% of the Nigerian households are covered by national health insurance scheme.This implies weak ability to smoothen consumption over time whenever there is ailment. This paper aims at studying and evaluating the spillover effect of health insurance on non-medical consumption in Ekiti state. A propensity score matching estimation model was adopted to 1500 households across Ekiti state. This is the mean effect of an intervention through the mean difference in the outcomes of the treated and the control groups. The mean expenditure on non-medical consumption was N6947.03. In addition to that, the sign of the coefficient of the effect of health insurance on non-medical consumption is positive, showing that health insurance increases expenditure of insured households on non-medical consumption. Having recognized that insured households can be financially protected against unforeseen medical bill, federal government should encourage the expansion of health insurance by encouraging state government, local government and private sector to enroll their employees in health insurance programme. The paper concludes that health insurance is consumption increasing and therefore be expended to more people at local government areas to further redistribute income from the healthy to the sick.Item Health expenditure and child health outcomes in Sub-Saharan Africa(Porthologos Press, 2017-06) Novignon, J. N.; Lawanson, A. O.This study sought to understand the relationship between child health outcomes and health spending while investigating lagged effects. The study employed panel data from 45 Sub-Saharan African countries between 1995 and 2011 obtained from the World Bank’s World Development Indicators. Fixed and Random effect models were estimated. Under-five, infant and neonatal mortality were used as child health outcomes while total health spending. The effects of one and two period lags of expenditure were estimated. The results show a positive and significant relationship between health expenditure and child health outcomes with elasticities of -0.11 for infant mortality, -0.15 (under-five mortality) and -0.-8 (ne0natal mortality). Public health expenditure. Positive and significant lagged effects were also estimated between health expenditure and child health. The findings suggests that, while health expenditure is crucial for the improvement of child health, it is equally important for this expenditure to be sustainable as it has delayed effects.Item Entrepreneurial interest and academic performance in Nigeria: evidence from undergraduate students in the University of Ibadan(Sage, 2017) Osakede, U. A.; Lawanson, A. O.; Sobowale, D. A.Entrepreneurial interest among the youth population is a panacea for unemployment especially due to high turnout of educated individuals in the labour force. This paper provides findings on the factors that determine entrepreneurship interest among the youth population in Nigeria using the University of Ibadan as a case study. Empirical results on whether engagement in entrepreneurial activities interferes with academic performance; extent of involvement and gender differences are also presented. The logit and multinomial logit models were used to examine the factors that influence entrepreneurship interest and interference with academic performance, respectively. Descriptive statistics and the T test were employed in examining the extent of involvement and whether there is a statistically significant difference across gender. The results showed that subjective norm, perceived behavioural control and family business background significantly predicts students’ interest in entrepreneurship. Engagement in entrepreneurial activity has no significant effect on students’ academic performance. Findings suggest relatively low entrepreneurial engagement among students with significant differences across gender.Item Equity in healthcare financing in Nigeria(Sciedu Press, 2016) Lawanson, A. O.; Opeloyeru, O. S.Using both graphical and geometric analyses, this paper examines the extent of inequity in healthcare finance among the Nigerian population. One of the acclaimed plans in healthcare in this teeming community is the mix method of financing but the system in practise is dominated with Out-of-Pockets (OOPs) meanwhile the degree of income inequality still remain high. Using the Nigerian Living Standard Survey (NLSS) data conducted in 2004, the framework for this study relies on Kakwani Progressivity Index (KPI). A decomposition of the groups into lower and upper bound however, reveal that health payment for lower bound is regressive while payment for upper bound is progressive. Although, the upper bound result dominates the entire result which finally suggests a progressive system arising from the spending habit of the rich in seeking for healthcare services abroad.Item Willingness to pay for community based health insurance scheme among pregnant women in Lagos State(2016) Osakede, A. U.; Lawanson, A. O.; Amoo, O. R.The Nigerian population has a predominantly rural populace and over 90% of the population do not have access to the National Health Insurance scheme due to the highly informal nature of the economy. The use of the Community Based Health Insurance Scheme (CBHIS) is vital to health status especially among pregnant women given that the Nigerian economy is the second largest contributor to global under-five and maternal deaths. This paper examined the Willingness to pay (WTP) for the use of the CBHIS and premium amounts WTP in rural parts of Lagos State. The study made use of the probit model to examine factors that affect the WTP and measures of central tendency to determine the premium charge that pregnant women are WTP for use of the scheme. Data was obtained from a cross section of 350 pregnant women in three different CBHIS centers in Lagos State Results of the study suggest that income, employment status, household size, marital status and distance to the CBHIS significantly determine the WTP for the use of the CBHIS. Use of the CBHIS would be relatively high when monthly premium is set at N 500. The average amounts that pregnant women are WTP for use of the scheme was about N1,186.40 (US $6.02) per month. Efforts meant to raise the use of the CBHIS in rural communities by pregnant women, should incorporate strategies that will reduce premium payment below existing rate and create enlightenment of benefits of the scheme particularly for women in self-employment.Item Inequity in healthcare utilization: analysis of the Nigeria situation(Center for Promoting Ideas (CPI), USA, 2016-05) Lawanson, A. O.; Opeloyeru, O. S.This paper analysis the extent of inequity in the utilization of healthcare services in Nigeria, and the determinants of healthcare utilization inequity. Applying the concept of horizontal inequity, the paper used the Nigeria Living Standard Survey (NLSS) 2010 data set to investigate the disproportionality in healthcare utilization. The result shows that inequity in utilization of healthcare in the country is generally skewed against the poor, as the analysis established evidence about the poor with similar medical needs as the rich having access to lesser healthcare service. The observed inequality in utilization of healthcare is mainly driven by the differences in health expenditure, residence location (rural or urban), and morbidity rate. The utilization rate of healthcare services is found to be positively related to household expenditure It is recommended that government should intensify greater equity measure to guarantee healthcare to all with minimal discrimination. While the private facilities may not be attracted to rural area, due to weak patronage arising from the poor economic fortune of the people, government will be in better position to argument and fill the deficiency gap in the rural area. Utilization of healthcare services, especially by rural dwellers can be promoted by establishing more health facilities in the rural areas.Item Efficiency of health systems in Sub-Sahara Africa: a comparative analysis of time varying stochastic frontier models(2016-06) Lawanson, A. O.; Novignon, J.The purpose of the current study was to estimate efficiency of health systems in sub-Sahara Africa (SSA) and to compare efficiency estimates from various time-varying frontier models. The study used data for 45 countries in SSA from 2005 to 2011 sourced from the Word Bank World Development Indicators. Parametric time varying stochastic frontier models were used in the analysis. Infant survival rate was used as the outcome variable, while per-capita health expenditure was used as main controllable input. The results show some variations in efficiency estimates among the various models. Estimates from the ‘true’ random effect model were however preferable after controlling for unobserved heterogeneity which was captured in the inefficiency terms of the other frontier models. The results also suggest a wide variation in the efficiency of health systems in sub-Sahara Africa. On average health system efficiency was estimated to be approximately 0.80 which implies resource wastage of about 0.20. Cape Verde, Mauritius and Tanzania were estimated to be relatively efficient while Angola, Equatorial Guinea and Sierra Leone were among the least performers in terms of health system efficiency. The findings suggest that the omission of unobserved heterogeneity may lead to bias in estimated inefficiency. The ‘true’ random effect model was identified to address the problem of unobserved heterogeneity. The findings also suggest a generally poor performance of health systems in terms of efficiency in the use of resources. While resource commitment to the health sector is critical, it is important to also ensure the efficient use of these resources. Improving the performance of institutions in the health sector may go a long way in improving the general health status of the African population.Item Cost burden of malaria: evidence from Nigeria(2016-08) Osakede, U. A.; Lawanson, A. O.This paper provides findings on cost burden of malaria in Nigeria. Cost computations were extrapolated to monthly income fraction and GDP lost to the illness. Results of the study are shown across different employment groups. Computations for indirect and direct costs were conducted using the Human capital and Bottom up approach respectively. The results show that one in two persons employed in the labour force will experience loss in labour contribution as a result of malaria with indirect cost of about N5,532.59($37.16) and N4,828.73 ($32.43) per person per day for the patient and care giver, respectively. Individuals spend approximately N2,730.46($18.34) on the average for treatment of one bout of the illness which translates to approximately 3% of monthly income. Overall, indirect and direct costs related to one episode of malaria in Nigeria sum up to approximately N1, 906.08 billion ($12,801.07 million) implying about 8% of GDP. GDP fraction lost to malaria is higher for the informal sector particularly self-employment in agriculture. Strategies to enhance welfare, labour contributions and economic output in Nigeria should focus on adequate measures to reduce malaria prevalence or complete eradication.Item External debt accumulation and economic growth: evidence from West African countries(Faculty of The Social Sciences, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, 2015-03) Lawanson, A. O.This paper investigates how indebtedness has affected the growth of 14 West African countries directly, and via investment and fiscal balance mechanisms, using data from 1970 to 2012. This task was approached through a standard growth framework through which debt indicators were incorporated. Two econometric specifications (linear and non-linear.) were used, and evaluated with the fixed effects and GMM estimation techniques on the relationship between debt and growth. The hypothesis that external debt affects growth is well-supported by the results. All debt variables have the expected signs and were statistically significant. The results reveal that debt appears to have a non-linear effect on growth. The debt overhang hypothesis is affirmed, given the existence of a threshold beyond which debt negatively contributed to growth. The average impact of debt on per capita growth becomes negative for debt levels above 60% to 74% of GDP. Thus, increasing debt beyond this threshold yields a negative marginal contribution to growth. There is a pressing need to take measures to not only stabilize external debts, but to place them on a downward trajectory in the future.Item Economic growth experience of West African region: does human capital matter?(Center for Promoting Ideas (CPI), USA, 2015-12) Lawanson, A. O.This paper empirically investigates the relevance of educational and health components of human capital to economic growth, using a panel data from sixteen West African countries over the period 1980 to 2013. GDP per capita is linked to health and education capital while accounting for population growth, physical capital, trade openness, and other growth control variables. To correct for endogeneity and other estimation problems this paper employs Diff-GMM dynamic panel technique. Empirical findings indicate that coefficients of both education and health have positive statistically significant effects on GDP per capita. The paper affirms the strong relevance of human capital to economic growth of West Africa. It is recommended that increased resources and policy initiatives to motivate and enhance access to both health and education by the population should be pursued by policy makers.