scholarly works Agriculture Extension & Rural Development
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Item Drivers of vulnerability to climate change and adaptive responses of forest-edge farming households in major agro-ecological zones of Nigeria(Springer, 2022) Fadairo, O.; Olajuyigbe, S.; Adelakun, O.; Osayomi, T.An understanding of forest communities’ risk factors for climate variation, adaptation trajectories, and how agroecological differences shape their responses are critical to future policy formulation in Nigeria. Therefore, drivers of vulnerability to climate change and adaptation options of forest communities’ farming households in major agro-ecological zones of Nigeria were investigated. Data were collected, using an interview schedule, from 183 forest-edge households in savanna, mangrove, and rainforest agro-ecologies. Descriptive statistics and analysis of variance were used to analyse the data. Respondents cultivated 6.4 ± 2.6 acres of farmland. Changes in rainfall patterns were most experienced in the rainforest and savanna whereas, it was temperature fluctuation in the mangrove. Crop farming was the worst hit by climate change among other livelihoods. Crop rotation in the savanna and mangrove (X = 2.12; 2.44, respectively), and mixed farming in the rainforest (X = 2.52) were top adaptation priorities while crop insurance was the least. Low paying livelihood alternatives (X = 1.54), illiteracy (X = 1.73), and lack of infrastructure (X = 1.38) were major social vulnerability drivers of climate change in the savanna, mangrove, and rainforest, respectively. Major political and economic drivers were inconsistent government policy and poverty, respectively. The use of adaptation measures was not significantly different in the agro-ecologies, whereas, the livelihood impact of climate change was (F = 9.990; p < 0.05). Social and environmental drivers of vulnerability to climate change differ in the forest communities, and adaptation priorities varied according to zonesItem Needs assessment of youths Involved in fish farming in Ibadan metropolis, Oyo State, Nigeria(2022) Adeleke, O. A.; Adelakun, O. E.; Adegoke, A. M.This study examined the needs assessment of youths involved in fish farming in Ibadan Metropolis, Oyo State. Nigeria. A multi-stage sampling procedure was used to select 100 youths that were involved in fish farming in the study area. Specific objectives like personal characteristics, enterprise characteristics, accessibility to factors of production, level of involvement in fish farming, constraints to involvement in fish farming and needs towards fish farming were assessed. Data were analysed using frequencies, percentages, mean, Chi-square and Pearson Product Moment Correlation. Results of the study showed that the mean age of respondents was 25.8±6 years and 79.0% were male. About sixty percent of respondents raised both catfish and tilapia and the years of experience of respondents was 4.8±5.0 years. The result further showed that 53.0% of respondent had low access to factors of production and the level of involvement in fish farming activities was high (60.0%). Constraints to involvement in fish farming were weather conditions (x=1.52), high cost of inputs (x=1.49) and high cost of feeds (x=1.48). The needs of respondents were technical (x=29.97), information (x27.10) and agro-service (x=30.64) needs with agro-service being the major need. Chi-square result showed that scale of business (X2 =0.527, p=0.004) was significantly related to the needs of respondents. Also, respondents’ accessibility to factors of production (r=0.328, p=0.001) was significantly related to their needs. The study recommended that government at all levels should provide agro-services to fish farmers and make agriculture a business that is attractive so as to encourage youths to stay in the enterprise and achieve food security in the nation.Item Inclination of young maize farmers to practice climate-smart agriculture(2022) Adelakun, O. E.; Olayemi, O. B.Dependency on rainfall and other climatic factors have exposed farmers to various climate risks. To reduce the effect of climate risk, various climate change adaptive strategies have to be employed including climate-smart agricultural practices. Hence, the study researched the inclination of youth maize farmers to practice climate-smart agriculture. A total of 120 maize farmers were selected in Ogun State, Nigeria through a multi-stage sampling procedure. Data was obtained using a structured questionnaire and interview schedule. The data were described using frequency counts, mean, percentages and ranks. Chi-square and PPMC analyses were used to test the relationship between independent variables and dependent variable. The result shows that most (83.3%) of the respondents rented land used for farming, with a mean farm size of 7.90 ± 9.98 acres and mean years of farming experience of 16.21±9.53 years. Fellow farmers ((x=1.22) were the main source of information on climate smart agricultural practices. There was high level (70.8%) of knowledge of climate smart agriculture. Channel of information for climate change information (x=1.44) and high labour cost x=1.41) ranked first of constraints to practice climate smart agriculture. Willingness (70.8%) to practice climate smart agriculture was high. There was a significant relationship between respondents’ source of labour (χ2=6.001, p< 0.05), farm size (r= 0.338, p<0.05) and inclination to use climate-smart agricultural practices. The study concludes that young farmers involved in maize production are willing to practise climate smart agriculture. Extension agents from government and non-governmental organizations should adopt e-extension for disseminating climate- smart agricultural practices to young farmers.Item Youth farmers’ willingness to Pay for agricultural extension service in Oyo State(2013) Adelakun, O. E.; Adeniyi, J. A.Digital agriculture technologies have the potential to increase the efficiencies and productivity of farmers. However, the use of these digital technologies requires its users to have some level of digital skills – digital literacy. This study, therefore examined the level of digital literacy of crop farmers in Oyo state. A multistage sampling procedure was used in selecting 120 respondents from the study area. A structured questionnaire was used to collect primary data. Data were analysed using descriptive (frequency, percentage, and mean) and inferential statistics (Chi-square and PPMC) were used. Results reveal that majority of the respondents were male (70%), married (90.8%), had no formal education (42.5%), with a mean age of 56 years and average farming experience of 25 years. About 79.0% had between 0.5 and 8 acres of farmland, 68.3% did not practice mixed farming, 73.3%had never used social media, and 72.5% used feature phones. Furthermore, 57.5% had a favourable perception of the use of digital tools with low knowledge (55%) of basic concepts and processes of digital agriculture and platforms. The level of digital literacy (71.7%) among crop farmers in Oyo state was low. Lack of training to develop digital skills ranked the most severe constraint to digital literacy and usage among respondents. However, the perception of the use of digital tools was favourable. The digital literacy level of crop farmers was generally low. There is a need for government to establish a digital literacy initiative specifically targeted at farmers to develop and improve their digital skills through training.Item Lessons from community-led water sanitation and hygiene interventions in selected rural settlements of Oyo-State, Nigeria(2021) Fadairo, O.; .Adelakun, O.Sustainability of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) interventions require a paradigm shift from the supply driven to community-led approach. Achieving this goal requires an understanding of local efforts and challenges faced in solving their WASH-related problems. This study addressed these concerns through a case study of two affected rural communities in Ibarapa East Local Government Area of Oyo State, Nigeria. Using eight focus group discussions with 92 male and female household heads, and key informants’ interviews with four community leaders, the study examined existing WASH situation and the community-led WASH interventions in the study area. Information garnered was audio-recorded, transcribed, and analysed using thematic analysis. Predominant ethnic group in the communities was Yoruba. Most were poorer than the average person. A distant stream, rainwater, and one uncompleted well were the water sources available in study locations and all had poor water quality. Open defecation was common due to the lack of modern toilets or latrines. Starvation, neighbourhood conflict, migration, skipping bathing and meals were major challenges related to WASH. Annual dredging of stream, repair of road linking the communities to the stream, enactment of laws prohibiting open defecating, and partnership with a rural development non-governmental organisation for support were major community-led WASH interventions in the study areas. Rural people tend to require external triggers or support to achieve sustainable solutions to hygiene problems. Collective community action triggered by a sense of disgust for inappropriate behaviours offers a more sustainable solution to WASH challenges.Item Sustained utilisation of acquired entrepreneurial skills among youth in Southwestern Nigeria: National Directorate of Employment’s perspective(Department of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, University of Ibadan, 2019-06) Adelakun, O. E.Entrepreneurial skills are recognized as veritable tools for reducing youth unemployment in Nigeria. However, for it to produce required effects, the extent to which such skills are sustainably used must be ascertained. This study therefore investigated the sustained utilisation of acquired entrepreneurial skills among youth in Southwestern Nigeria from the perspective of National Directorate of Employment. Multistage sampling procedure was used to select 163 respondents for the study from Ogun and Osun States. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The results show that respondents had training on poultry production (17.1%), grasscutter production (11.6%) and trading (9.2%) among others. Also 32.5% of the participants did not diversify into any activity while others diversified into activities such as okada riding, trading, sales of recharge cards, barbing, farming, and computer operator while some also got job. Almost all the participants (99.3%) completed the training, about 88.9% were given take off grant or materials and 96.9% had been able to put the learnt skill to use. Sustained utilisation of acquired NDE entrepreneurial skills was high (73.4%). The study concluded that NDE entrepreneurial skills are sustainably used. It is recommended that the sustainably used components of NDE activities be developed as a package and adapted by organisations engaging in similar training programme.Item Youth farmers’ willingness to Pay for agricultural extension service in Oyo State(CYIAP Network Publishing, 2018) Adelakun, O. E.; Adeniyi, J. A.The sustainability of agriculture calls for effective agricultural extension service delivery. However, the public agricultural extension system is grossly ineffective owing to diverse challenges including lack of funding, therefore in searching for new funding and delivery alternatives in addition to government’s input, issues such as willingness of famers to pay are extremely important. This study assessed the willingness of young farmers to pay for agricultural extension services in Ibarapa Areas of Oyo State. The population of the study consisted of all young farmers in Ibarapa Zone of Oyo State i.e. Ibarapa East, Ibarapa Central and Ibarapa North Local Government Area. Multi-stage sampling procedure was used to select one hundred and twenty young farmers. Data were collected with the aid of interview schedule. Frequency and percentages were used to describe the dependent and independent variables of the study while Pearson Product Moment Correlation (PPMC) and Chi-square were employed for hypotheses testing. The result of the findings revealed that the mean age was 32±2.8 years, majority (80.8%) were male, married (80.8%) with household size of 1-4. More than half of the respondents (54.2%) had tertiary education. Friends and family (1.85) ranked 1st as respondents’ source of information on agricultural practices. Information on credit sources (0.87) ranked 1st as the preferred agricultural service the respondents were willing to pay for. Also, less than half (47.5%) of the respondents had favourable attitude towards public extension services. However, willingness of young farmers to pay for extension services was high (51.7%). The results also revealed that there was a significant relationship between household size (χ2=9.498, p=0.023), level of education (χ2=17.454, p=0.002) and willingness to pay for extension services. Nevertheless, there was no significant relationship between respondents’ attitude towards public extension service (r=--0.150, p=0.102) and willingness to pay for extension services. The study concluded that young farmers in the study area were willing to pay for extension service.Item Effects of national directorate of employment on youth poverty status in Southwestern Nigeria(Departments of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso,, 2017) Adelakun O. E.Youth unemployment is one of the most serious socio-economic problems currently confronting Nigeria. Its effect is felt on the high rate of poverty among the youth. The National Directorate of Employment (NDE) was an initiative, which targeted skills development and job creation among the youth. However, few studies exist on its impact on youth poverty. Therefore, effects of NDE on youth poverty status in Southwestern Nigeria were investigated. A two-stage sampling procedure was used to select respondents for the study. Out of the six Southwestern states, Osun, Oyo and Ogun were randomly selected. Simple random sampling was used to select 244 NDE participants of five years and above, with 155 non-NDE participants selected using snowball technique to give a total sample size of 399 respondents. Data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The findings revealed that majority of the respondents were male with mean age of 31.0±6.1 years. Half of the respondents (50.4%) were married, earning a mean income of N21,831.7 monthly. About 57.0% participated in agricultural training and 85.2% exhibited high knowledge of NDE activities. The greatest challenge faced by 66.0% of participants was insufficient fund (1.6±0.7), with the most important benefit derived being technical skills (1.09±0.71). More participants (27.1%) were better off than non-participants (21.3%) in poverty status. Furthermore, no significant difference (t=1.95; p>0.05) exists in poverty status of participants and non-participants. However, there was a significant difference (t=15.08; p<0.00) in the poverty status of participants in agricultural and nonagricultural training. The NDE activities had a low impact on the poverty status of participants. There should be an upward review of both monetary and material grants given to the participants to create a positive effect on the poverty status of participants,Item Gender disparity in academic performance of students in the Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Ibadan, Oyo State(Departments of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso,, 2017) Adelakun O. E.Gender disparity in schooling is observed among younger population in which men perform better than women in certain settings while women outperform men in other settings. This study examined gender disparity in academic performance among faculty of agriculture and forestry students of University of Ibadan. One hundred and fifty respondents were randomly selected from 200, 300 and 400 levels and structured questionnaire was used for data collection. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics such as frequencies and percentages while T-test was employed for inferential statistics. Results show that majority of the respondents were within the active age of 18-26 years (88.0%), single (86.7%) and were from monogamous family (71.3%). Conduciveness of learning environment (0.44) and parental/guardian attention (0.44) were considered by both male and female students respectively as the major factors that affect academic performance. About 45.2% of male students and Female students had positive attitude to education (53.2%) and larger percentage of female students were in 2nd class upper division (48.1%). Furthermore, there was a significant difference in the academic performance of male (3.9863) and female (4.5870) students (t=6.049, p=0.015). The study concluded that female students perform academically better than their male counterparts. Male students should be given optimum attention in gender mainstreaming advocacy.Item Socioeconomic effects of farmer-pastoralist conflict on agricultural extension service delivery in Oyo State, Nigeria(2015-12) Adelakun, O. E.The study examined the socio - economic effect of farmer-pastoralist conflict on family farming in Oyo State, Nigeria. Multi-stage sampling technique was used to select to 60 farmers and 60 pastoralists for the research and were interviewed with structured questionnaire. Results showed that a little above half (52.6%) were between the ages of 30-50 years. The majority (63.3%) had household size of 5-9 members. Crop damage (63.3%) and indiscriminate bush burning (46.7%) were considered the most common causes of conflict between farmers and pastoralists. The majority (71%) of farmers suffer economic losses from farmer-pastoralist conflicts. About seventy five percent of farmers used more of problem-oriented (e.g. early harvesting/stock disposal) coping strategies while the majority of herdsmen (73%) used more of emotion-oriented strategies (e.g. use of charms/Vengeance. There was a significant difference (p=0.000) in socio-economic losses among farmers and pastoralists. Farmers are the worst hit of Farmer-pastoralist conflicts as it affects their family farming. Setting up of a three-tier farmer-herdsmen conflict management committee is recommended.