FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE
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Item Heavy metal accumulation in Corchorus olitorius L. and Talinum fruticosurp (Jacq) Wild grown on soil from abandoned battery dump site in Ile-Igbon, Oyo State, Nigeria(Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, LAUTECH, Ogbomoso, 2017) Fayinminnu, O. O.; Oyelakin, O.; Idowu, O. D.; Fadina, O. O.Plants are essential component of the natural ecosystems and terrestrial food chains. They have the potential to accumulate toxic metals when grown on such polluted soil, which could have negative health effects on man and livestock, if consumed. This study was conducted to evaluate the heavy metal accumulation in Corchorus olitorius and Talinum fruticosurp grown on soil from abandoned automobile battery dumpsite in Ile-Igbon, Lagelu Local Government Area, Oyo State, Nigeria. Heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Mn, Fe and Ni) concentrations in the soil, and root and shoot of Corchorus olitorius and Talinum fruticosurp were evaluated and the Transfer Factor (TF) of heavy metals in plants were determined. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design with four replicates. The treatments were battery polluted soil from Ile-Igbon and soil (control) from Teaching and Research Farm, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. Seeds and stem cuttings of C. olitorius and T. fruticosurp, respectively were planted into 5 kg pot of polluted and control soils. Heavy metal concentrations of the soil, shoot and root were analysed in the laboratory. Heavy metal concentrations of polluted soil were: Pb (2928 mg/kg), Cd (17.4 mg/kg), Mn (4482 mg/kg) and Fe (1877 mg/kg) as compared to the control: Pb (124 mg/kg), Cd (undetected), Mn (5368 mg/kg) and Fe (25.8 mg/kg). Heavy metals in the root and shoot samples of Corchorus olitorius and Talinum fruticosurp were Pb and Fe. Cadmium, Fe and Pb showed TF>1 for both vegetables. The study concluded that vegetables planted around Ile-Igbon have high concentrations of Pb and Fe. Even though Fe in the vegetables was below WHO permissible level of 425 mg/kg, Pb concentration (3.0 mg/kg) was beyond WHO/FAO permissible level.Item Health Risk of Heavy Metals in Celosia argentea L. Grown on Municipal Waste Soils in Ibadan, Nigeria.(2017) Fadina, O. O.; Ibrahim, M. A.; Fayinminnu, O. O.; Ibrahim, M.; Bulama-Modu, M.; Gangpete, S. I.This paper assessed the appropriateness of dumpsites in Urban and Peri-urban Agriculture (UPA). The bioaccumulation and potential heavy metal-toxicity risk of consuming Celosia argentea L. grown on four different dumpsites soils (Ajibode, Sasa, Moniya and Akinyele) and reference soil from University of Ibadan Training and Research Farm was also evaluated. The soil samples were analysed for Cd, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb and Zn using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). None of the heavy metals was above European Union (EU) guidelines for safe limits of soil heavy metals in agricultural soils. The Pollution Load Indices (PLIS) were mostly>1, which indicated the deterioration of the sites quality in relation to specific heavy metal(s); ranging between 0.92-13.1. The daily intake of heavy metals (DIMs) and Health Risk Indices (HRIS) were evaluated based on the maximum recommended limit (MRL) by WHO/FAO standard. Most of the heavy metals were significantly low, but lead (Pb) was above the MRL. HRIS were between 0.02-0.03, 0.07- 0.11, 0.61-4.43 and 0.03-0.04 for Cu, Fe, Pb and Zn respectively, Ni was found to have insignificant level (<0.0001). Only lead (Pb) has potential health risk (HRI>1) in all the sites except Moniya (0.61; HRI<1, safe) which might be as a result of vehicular exhaust and type of waste disposed. Soil test to ascertain the pollution status and crop type to produce should precede cropping have been recommendedItem Potentials of Aqueous Extract of Pod Husk Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) Benth as a Biopesticide in Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench) Production(2017) Fayinminnu, O. O.; Adeniyi, O. O.; Alabi, O. Y.; Omobusuyi, D. O.Aims: This study evaluated potentials of aqueous extract of pod husk of Parkia biglobosa as a biopesticide in okra production. Study Design: The study employed a radomized complete block design with seven treatments (5, 10, 15 and 20% Parkia biglobosa aqueous pod husk extract (PPHE), 2.5 ml dimethoate +cypermethrin (D+C) – recommended, 5.0 ml (D+C), control – 500 ml of water) and replicated three times. Place and Duration of Study: Crop Garden of Department of Crop Protection and Environmental Biology, University of Ibadan (7° 34’N and 3° 54’E) between April and July 2016. Methodology: The leaves, seeds, pod husks and bark of Parkia biglobosa were collected, authenticated and analyzed for their phytochemical compositions using standard procedures. Aqueous extract of the pod husk of the plant (PPHE) was found to contain the highest phytochemicals qualitatively and quantitatively which formed the basis of using it as a biopesticide. A field study was conducted at the crop garden of Department of Crop Protection and Environmental Biology, University of Ibadan, to assess the potency of the extract as a biopesticide and a synthetic insecticide - Dimethoate 14.5% + Cypermethrin 5.5% (D+C) on the management of flea beetles on NHAe-47-4 okra variety. The seven treatments (5, 10, 15 and 20% Parkia biglobosa aqueous pod husk extract (PPHE), 2.5 ml dimethoate + cypermethrin (D+C) – recommended, 5.0 ml (D+C) (synthetic), control – 500 ml of water) were applied weekly on okra plants from two Weeks After Sowing (WAS) till 12 WAS. Data were collected on growth and yield parameters, dry matter accumulation of A. esculentus and flea beetle populations. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and ANOVA at P = 0.05. Results: Results revealed that treatment 20% PPHE had relatively higher values of growth parameters which compared favorably (p≤0.05) with 2.5 ml and 5 ml (D+C). Yield parameters; Number of fruits and fruit weights from 20%PPHE also compared favorably with 2.5 ml and 5 ml (D+C) with no significant difference (P >0 .05) and with the same trend in dry root weight. While the dry shoot weight of 2.5 ml (D+C) treatment (p≤0.05) was different from other treatments. The control treatment however, revealed significant differences (p<0.05) in having reduced growth and low yield when compared with the treated plots. Conclusion: This study showed the efficacy and potency of Parkia biglobosa aqueous pod husk extract (PPHE) in suppressing the flea beetles due to its highest quantities of phytochemicals. The 20% concentration also enhanced the growth and yield of okra and performed relatively well with the recommended dose (2.5 ml) of D+C. The aqueous pod husk extract, therefore could serve as a biopesticide for food sustainability and safety.Item Toxicity Assessment of Sub Lethal Doses of Chlorpyrifos on the Kidney and Liver Organs of Male Wistar Rats.(2017) Fayinminnu, O. O.; Tijani, S. O.; Fadina, O. O.Chlorpyrifos, an organophosphate pesticide is an important neurotoxic and tissue damage agent. It is one of the most heavily used pesticides in domestic and agricultural applications globally. Repeated doses of chlorpyrifos have been able to cause significant disturbances on the biochemical and physiological functions of the blood, and histological abnormalities in livers and kidneys exposed to this insecticide. The toxicities of sub lethal oral administration of chlorpyrifos daily for 28 days were assessed using a completely randomized design. Twenty five albino Wistar rats weighing between 150-200 g divided into five groups containing five rats each were housed in the Central Animal house of College of Medicine, University of Ibadan. Chlorpyrifos at 0 (control), 18.9, 25.9, 32.2 and 39.2 mg/kg were orally administered to male rats, respectively for four weeks, between the months of May and June, 2014. At the end of the experimental period, the toxicities of chlorpyrifos were assessed in rats using haematology, serum liver enzymes and histopathological assays. Results revealed significant reduction in body weights compared to control. The packed cell volume (PCV), hemoglobin (Hb) and lymphocytes (Lymp) also showed significant reduction at39.2, 25.9 and 32.2 mg/kg (39.33, 45.40 and 44.80%), respectively compared to control (49.67%). Insecticide administration to rats resulted in significant elevation of serum transaminases (AST and ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) from 32.2, 39.2 and 25.9 mg/kg dosages, (ranged from 294.94-542.00 u/L for AST and from 96.25-130.77 u/L for ALT), respectively. Also, experimental treated groups exhibited marked of total protein and altered albumin and globulin contents compared to control. Studies revealed dose dependent increase of histopathological alterations. The livers showed moderate vacuolar change of hepatocytes, having a finely reticulated cytoplasmic and congestion of central veins. The kidneys showed mild focal sloughing off of tubular epithelium of renal cortex, fluid in tubular lumen, tubules appearing dilated and cystic (nephrosis) and proteinaeceous fluid in Bowman`s capsule and compressing the glomerulus tufts (Esinophilic). Different concentrations of chlorpyrifos including the lowest tested dose produced marked alterations in the exposed animals in this study and thereby affecting the overall performance in terms of health and wellbeing. Thus, this could cause similar health and environmental risks to humans even at the lowest dose.Item Assessment of heavy metals and Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons accumulation in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicon L.) grown on Spent Oil polluted soil.(Ecological Society of Nigeria, 2016) Fayinminnu, O. O.; Abimbola, M. O.Oil-polluted soils make agricultural lands less productive and unsuitable for food production particularly increasing toxic levels of certain crops. The environmental concern is exacerbated by indiscriminate discharge of Spent Lubricating Oil (SLO) on agricultural land in Nigeria. This study evaluated the accumulation of heavy metals (Copper (Cu), Nickel (Ni) and Lead (Pb)) and Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPHs) in tomato plants grown on spent oil- polluted soil. The treatments were 0, 75, 150 and 300 mls levels of pollution, replicated five times and laid out in a completely randomized design. Data were collected on plant growth and yield parameters and analysed using ANOVA at p<0.05. There were significant decrease in plant height, number of leaves and stem diameter with increase in levels of spent oil pollution. The control (0ml) recorded significant increase in plant height (40.10cm), number of leaves (15.00) and stem diameter (0.50cm). The average fruit weight in the control was 0.80g while there were no fruits in other treatments. The highest dry weight (0.87g) was from the control while the lowest (0.69 g) was recorded from 75 mls treated plot. There was a general reduction of heavy metal concentrations in the soil with Cu having (7.38mg/kg) and Pb (0.70mg/kg) at 300 mls treatment while Ni was not detected. The control recorded the lowest TPH of 200mg/kg while the 300mls treatment had the highest 2800 mg/kg. In the plant shoot and root; Cu was higher (16.30mg/kg) in the root than in shoot (6.84mg/kg) while Pb (0.41mg/kg) in the shoot was higher than the root (0.21mg/kg) at 300 mls. This study shows that tomato plants could not survive the lowest (75mls) level of pollution; which signifies that small amount of spent oil in soil is unsafe for food crop production and consumers due to high levels of heavy metals and Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons.Item Sub-chronic toxicity study of synthetic Pyrethroids (Lambda-Cyhalothrin) on reproductive organs of male Wistar rats(2016) Pesticides constitute the most widespread environmental contaminants due to their ubiquitous use in all aspect of human endeavors. Lambda-cyhalothrin (LTC), a synthetic pyrethroid has widely been used for pest control. Human and animals are occasionally and unintentionally exposed to lethal and sub-lethal doses of pesticides stemming from its various uses to control pests both in agriculture and public health. The objective of the study was to evaluate the toxicity of LTC in male reproductivity through testicular tests. The study also investigated the haematological, serum biochemistry and histological effects of sub-chronic concentrations of LTC on male rats. Twenty-five 7-weeks-old male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) were randomly assigned to five groups. Group 1 was the control group, which received distilled water. Experimental groups 2, 3, 4 and 5 received by gavage 25, 50, 75 and 100 mg/kg LTC body weight, respectively, of LTC over a period of five weeks. Histopathological studies were carried out on the testes and seminal vesicles at the end of the experiment. A significant decrease in the absolute weight of testes and seminal vesicles, sperm count, sperm motility and L-D ratio was observed. The results obtained also show marked degeneration of spermatogenic cells associated with interstitial necrosis and congestion with interstitial diffuse edema in the testis of the rat treated with LTC. A typical dose-dependent hyperplasia and degeneration of the seminal vesicles was found in all LTC treated rats with 100 mg/kg body weight and 25 mg/kg body weight having the highest and lowest toxicity level respectively, when compared with that of Group 1. It can be concluded that LTC is highly toxic and may induce poor fertility, cell damage and anaemic conditions in exposed rats.Pesticides constitute the most widespread environmental contaminants due to their ubiquitous use in all aspect of human endeavors. Lambda-cyhalothrin (LTC), a synthetic pyrethroid has widely been used for pest control. Human and animals are occasionally and unintentionally exposed to lethal and sub-lethal doses of pesticides stemming from its various uses to control pests both in agriculture and public health. The objective of the study was to evaluate the toxicity of LTC in male reproductivity through testicular tests. The study also investigated the haematological, serum biochemistry and histological effects of sub-chronic concentrations of LTC on male rats. Twenty-five 7-weeks-old male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) were randomly assigned to five groups. Group 1 was the control group, which received distilled water. Experimental groups 2, 3, 4 and 5 received by gavage 25, 50, 75 and 100 mg/kg LTC body weight, respectively, of LTC over a period of five weeks. Histopathological studies were carried out on the testes and seminal vesicles at the end of the experiment. A significant decrease in the absolute weight of testes and seminal vesicles, sperm count, sperm motility and L-D ratio was observed. The results obtained also show marked degeneration of spermatogenic cells associated with interstitial necrosis and congestion with interstitial diffuse edema in the testis of the rat treated with LTC. A typical dose-dependent hyperplasia and degeneration of the seminal vesicles was found in all LTC treated rats with 100 mg/kg body weight and 25 mg/kg body weight having the highest and lowest toxicity level respectively, when compared with that of Group 1. It can be concluded that LTC is highly toxic and may induce poor fertility, cell damage and anaemic conditions in exposed rats.Item Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon and Heavy Metal Remediation with Jatropha curcas L. Seedlings Grown on Spent Oil Polluted Soil(2016) Idowu, O. D.; Fayinminnu, O. O.Soil contamination by Spent Lubricating Oil (SLO) has adverse environmental effect because of its highly toxic constituents including heavy metals and complex mixtures of heavy Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs). The presence of this wide range of toxic metals and compounds is responsible for its perceived adverse effect on flora and fauna in particular and the environment in general. This study employed Jatropha curcas seedlings in phytoremediating organically amended and unamended soil contaminated with 0, 3 and 6% (w/w) SLO for 84 days. Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) and heavy metal concentration of the phytoremediated soil were assessed every 28 days and at the beginning and the end of the experiment respectively. Phytoremediation with J. curcas seedlings was effective in the breakdown of TPH content of the polluted soil. At the end of the study, TPH reduction was higher in phytoremediated soil with up to 91.54% in amended soil and 84.81% in unamended soil at 3% level of pollution. For the three heavy metals investigated, there was a general reduction in their concentration at the end of the phytoremediation process in the order Pb>Cd>Fe. This study has shown that J. curcas seedlings together with organic soil amendment is a veritable tool for phytoremediation of SLO polluted soils.Item Evaluation of heavy metals and health risk index in Amaranthus hybridus L. vegetable grown in selected farms in Ibadan, Nigeria(2015) Fayinminnu, O. O.; Adekunle – Jimoh, J. M."Heavy metals have been mostly evaluated in terms of farm site types and locations, but have not been related to the depth of ill-health they pose to the populace. However, there is inadequate information on human health risk index associated with the consumption of heavy metal contaminated vegetables. This study was conducted to evaluate the heavy metals; Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, Zn and health risk associated with the consumption of Amaranthus hybridus vegetables in different farm sites. Four selected vegetable farms: Mokola, Ojoo, Olorunda Aba and Agbon-Ile in Ibadan, Nigeria were used during rainy and dry seasons for eight weeks, respectively while Soil from Teaching and Research Farm, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria was used to plant the control in the Screen house (control site) of the Department of crop Protection and Environmental Biology. Data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics. The results indicated that heavy metal concentrations in those farm sites were higher in water, soil and vegetables (root and shoot) when compared with the control during dry and rainy seasons. Irrigation water obtained from all the four farms except control had a highly significant amount of Pb concentrations ranging between 96.83 – 116.90mg/L and lower Cd 0.06- 0.12mg/L, while the heavy metals were not detected in the control during both seasons. Results from the soil analysis revealed significantly highest concentration of Pb (128.36mg/kg), while Cd had lower concentration value of 0.40mg/kg and the control had the lowest value (0.12mg/kg) of Pb. Heavy metals detected in vegetables grown in Ojoo farm were significantly higher than those found in other farms including the control. The concentrations of heavy metals in vegetable root samples from all the farms followed the same trend Zn>Cu>Cr>Pb>Cd in both seasons, respectively. The human Health Risk Index (HRI) values were <1 in the vegetable samples (root and shoot) from Agbon-ile, Mokola and Olorunda-Aba in both seasons. However, the HRI was >1 for Pb and Zn (ranged from 1.15-8.32) at Ojoo farm site during the dry and rainy seasons. This study showed that the proximity of Ojoo vegetable farm to heavy traffic road appeared to be the major contributory factor to its high heavy metal accumulation which resulted to high Health Risk Index.Item Phytotoxicity and mode of application of crude cassava water extract as a natural herbicide on weeds of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L) Walp(2014) Fayinminnu, O. O.Two field trials were conducted in 2007 and 2008 to evaluate the toxicity and mode of action of Crude Cassava Water Extract (CCWE) as a natural post - emergence herbicide on cowpea weeds. The study was a factorial trial laid out in split plot design with three replications. The main plot comprised of mode of application: foliage spray (F), soil drench (SD) and foliage+ soil drench (F+SD), sub and sub sub plots were: CCWE at the rates of 50 and 100 % and CCWE herbicide of Bulk source, MS (Manihot Selection),TMS (Tropical Manihot Selection) while weedy check and handweeded served as controls. The results showed contact and systemic action as the phytotoxicity of CCWE. The phytotoxic effects from Bulk and MS at 100% on F and F+SD recorded over 50% on weeds of cowpea. About 77% and 82% for Bulk and MS on F and F+SD reached herbicidal efficacies of weed biomass and density respectively with significant differences (p<0.05). All herbicidal treatments showed statistical differences (p<0.05) in Cowpea Plant Height (CPH) and Leaf Area (LA). The highest CPH and LA were recorded from handweeded, Bulk and MS at 100% on F+SD in the trials. The yield parameters revealed all herbicidal treatments achieved similar high values with statistical differences (p<0.05). The cowpea grain yield recorded in 2007 and 2008 from CCWE were MS (520-600 kg/ha1) and Bulk (520-590kg/ha1) at 50 and 100% on F and F+SD which compared favourably with handweeded (530-600kg/ha1) while TMS was (360-470kg/ha1). Although, TMS CCWE could not compared favourably with MS and Bulk in most parameters, but it was significantly higher than weedy check. Significantly reduced growth and yield parameters with cowpea grain yield of 160-200kg/ha1 were recorded from weedy check in the trials. It is concluded that, hydrogen cyanide (HCN) from CCWE is a causative factor in the herbicidal actions in different mode of application which produced contact and systemic mode of action on weeds of cowpea.Item Screening of chemical compositions of crude water extract of different cassava varieties(2013) Fayinminnu, O. O.; Fadina, O. O.; Adedapo, A. A.Chemical composition of three sources of crude cassava water extract (CCWE) was evaluated in different varieties of cassava (MS6 Manihot Selection (local variety), TMS 30555 Tropical Manihot Selection (Improved variety) and Bulk (crude cassava water from cassava processing site). Crude cassava water extract from the pulp of cassava fresh roots was prepared and the chemical composition was determined in the analytical laboratory. The result of the analysis showed that, hydrocyanic acid (HCN) and with elements such as Magnesium (Mg), Manganese (Mn), Iron (Fe), Sulphur (S), Copper (Cu) and Zinc (Zn). Nitrogen (N), Phosphorous (P) and Potassium (K) were found in the extract. The study showed that due to the presence of hydrocyanic acid in the extract, this waste found around the cassava processing sites possesses phytotoxic effects on weeds/vegetation in form of leaf decoloration (yellowing), wilting and eventually death. Crude cassava water extract showed a probable natural herbicide which can be used by the peasant farmers because it is environmental friendly and easily biodegradable into harmless compounds in the environment.