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Item Item MINERALOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF CORROSION PRODUCTS IN PROCESSING MACHINES(THE NIGERIAN SECURITY PRINTING AND MINTING COMPANY (NSPMC) LIMITED, LAGOS RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT, 1997) Nton, M. E.Item Evaluations of turonian limestone formation exposed at nigercem-quarry, Nkalagu, southeastern Nigeria: a geochemical approach.(" The pacific journal of science and technology ", 2009) Ikhane, P. R.; Folorunso, A. F.; Nton, M. E.; Oluwalaanu, J. A" A geochemical study of Nkalagu limestone of the Lower Benue Trough as exposed at Nigeria Cement Company (NIGERCEM) was carried out. The study aims at the determination of major oxides and trace elements of the limestone exposed in the quarry using X–Ray Fluorescence Spectrophotometer (XRF) and Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) respectively as well as reconstructing the depositional history of the deposit. Petrographic study was also done to enhance the determination of biogenic contents of the deposit. Results of fifteen (15) samples collected for analysis put the range major elements as follow: CaO (46.56 – 54.15%), SiO2 (3.12 – 10.04%), Fe2O3 (0.23 – 1.37%), MgO and Al2O3 (0.72 – 1.27%) and (0.65 – 1.90%) respectively. Also, the trace elements contents expressed in ppm were found to be 1653 – 3306 for Fe, 76 – 1543 for Mn, 600 – 1035 for Sn and 4.5 – 53 for Zn. Interpretation of these results suggest a shallow marine possibly an off – shelf depositional model for the formation. "Item Aspects of structures and depositional environment of sand bodies within tomboy field, offshore western Niger Delta, Nigeria(2009) Nton, M. E.; Adesina, A. D." Sand bodies deposited across normal growth faults and associated rollover anticlines are critical reservoirs for the accumulation of oil and gas. This paper addresses aspects of structures and depositional environments of some sand bodies within the Tomboy field, offshore western Niger Delta. Structural interpretation was undertaken to identify and assign faults found in the 3-D seismic volume. Time and depth structure maps in combination with well logs were used to produce for five horizons, namely: H1 to H5 and identify the depositional environments respectively. Two major growth faults (F4 and F7 which are normal, listric concave in nature), three antithetic (F1, F3 and F6) and two synthetic faults (F2 and F5) were identified. Structural closures identified as rollover anticlines, and displayed on the time/depth structure maps; suggest probable hydrocarbon accumulation at the downthrown side of the fault F4. Point bars, distributary channel and mouth bars, barrier island and tidal channels are the depositional environments. This study shows that the Tomboy field is made up of sand bodies deposited in different environments across normal, growth faults and associated rollover anticlinal structures. "Item " Petrophysical evaluation and depositional environments of reservoir sands of x field, offshore Niger delta, Nigeria "(2009) Nton, M. E.; Adebambo, B. A" This study involves the use of geophysical well logs to characterize four reservoir sand bodies contained in four wells offshore Western Niger Delta. The well logs include caliper, SP, gamma ray, resistivity, neutron (NPHI), density (RHOB) and sonic logs. The logs were obtained in digital data format and a Paradigm's petrophysical software, Geolog was used to process the data into log images. This aided the visual identification of lithologies and potential reservoirs. The reservoirs are contained in the Agbada Formation of the Niger Delta and are composed of sandstone and unconsolidated sands. The sands are predominantly medium to coarse grained with shale intercalations in some horizons. Thickness ranges between 33-60ft (10 to 18 metres). The reservoir characteristics are controlled by depositional environment and depth of burial. From gamma ray log motifs, the reservoirs are inferred to be deep sea turbidite fans and tidal ridge sands. Porosity and permeability values are high with average values of 25% and 4500 millidarcies respectively. Shale content is generally low across the reservoir sands with average values of 15%. The sands are characterized by high relative permeability to oil, Km Km is as high as 1.0 in some horizons. This suggests that oil can be produced relative to water. Generally, porosity and permeability are known to decrease with depth of burial in the Niger Delta. However, a situation of increased porosity and permeability with depth of burial was observed in one of the reservoirs. This can attributed to the preservation of secondary porosity in a mechanically stable, compaction resistant framework of quartz grains. . " "Item Hydogeochemical assessment of surface water and ground water quality in Agbowo-Orogun area of Ibadan, southwestern Nigeria(Bachudo Science, 2007) Nton, M. E.; Adejumo, S. A.; Elueze, A. A."The Agbowo-Orogun area of Ibadan, which is within the basement complex of southwestern Nigeria, is underlained by banded gneiss of the migmatites-gneiss complex. A total of thirty-five water sample, made up of thirty-two from groundwater and three from surface water, were analyzed for their physico-chemical characteristics with the aim of assessing their quality and usability. Results of some physico-chemical parameters show average values of 8.61 pH; 749 49ps/cm EC; 218 50 mg/l TDS; 84.40 turbidity; 323.14 pt/co unit colour; 54.94 mg/l Na‘; 49.75mg/l Ca2*; 28.24mg/l Mg , 23 54 mg/l K*. 1 05 mg/l Fe* 229 14 mg/l HCO; 128.23 mg/l Cl'; 14 86mg/l NO3; 7.30mg/l SO<2; 4 60 mg/l PO<3 and 1 31 mg/l F Average values of total hardness (TH) and sodium absorption ratio are 230 68 mg/l and 1 95 respectively. The relative abundance of cations is in the order of Na*>Ca2*>Mg2*>K*>Fe2* while those of anions are; HC03'>Cr>N0j'>S0«2'>P042 --F R-mode factor analysis shows five factor loadings and bi-log plots of TDS versus Na*/ (Na* ♦ Ca2*) all indicate that the bulk of the chemistry of the water is modified by weathering of the associated rocks. Six water groups were identified, based on characterization using the pipor bilinear diagram These include; Ca- (Mg)-Na- HCO3, Ca-(Mg)-Na-CI-(SO<)-HC03, Ca-(Mg)-HC03, Ca-Mg-(S04>-HC03, Ca-(Mg)-SC>4 and Na-(K)-HC03 thus reflecting diverse effects of bedrock lithologies, base exchange processes, precipitation and weathering Both water sources are in general, slightly alkaline with low to medium sodium hazards The pH, Ca2* and SO42' are within tns permissible limits of WHO standard for both water sources. Concentrations of Na*, NO3 Cl', HCO3 conductivity and TDS are higher than maximum permissible limits for the surface water and may be attributed to anthropogenic effects However it can be observed that both the groundwater and surface water sources are suitable for agricultural purposes while the groundwater in particular, is acceptable for domestic uses. "Item Aspects of source rock evaluation and diagenetic history of the akinbo' shale eastern dahomey basin, southwestern Nigeria(Department of Geology, 2006) Nton, M. E.; Ezeh, F. P.; Elueze, A.A."The Akinbo Formation comprises a sequence of mostly dark, pale-greenish grey, laminated shale, slightly glauconitic shale, sandy shale with subordinate claystone lenses. Selected subsurface samples of the shaly facies as penetrated by Akinside 1582 well in eastern Dahomey basin, were investigated by sedimentological, mineralogical and geochemical parameters to ascertain the hydrocarbon potential and deduce the influence of variations of clay mineral indicators on the prospect. Values of total organic carbon (TOC) range from 0.46 to 1.98wt. % while the soluble organic matter (SOM) ranges from 71 to 1940 ppm and portrays that the organic matter is fair to good and adequate. Bitumen ratios have values of 15.25 to 98.98mg ext/gTOC which suggest that the sediments are immature to marginally mature. Average major elemental composition indicates 68.08% SiO2 17.55% Alc23. 4.07%K2O, 1.82%CaO, 1.57%Na2O, 1.29%MgO,• 0.62%Fe,03 and 0.50%MnO. A moderate increase in K2O from 2.26 to 4.92wt. % with depth was observed and this corresponds with increase in illite content. Equally, an increase in AI203/ (Fe203 + MgO) ratio from 7.27 to 22.07 with depth points to increasing diagenetic conditions. Illite and illite/smectite (mixed layer clays) dominate the clay mineral assemblage (>50%) while kaolinite and smectite (ca.35%) are comparatively low. Kaolinite and smectite were observed to disappear with depth as well as an increase in illite crystallinity. Smectite disappearance occurs at approximately vitrinite reflectance of 0.5 %(VRo) and illite crystallinity values are from 0.16 to 1.6°20 , which are within values of normal burial diagenesis. It can be deduced that the shale is a potential source rock varying from immature to marginally mature with prospects to generate gas rather than oil at appropriate thermal maturity. The clay mineral diagenetic indicators show that the hydrocarbon potential might have been affected by geothermal and tectonic history. "Item Organic geochemical appraisal of limestones and shales in part of eastern Dahomey Basin, southwestern Nigeria(Journal of mining and geology, 2004) Elueze, A.A; Nton, M. E."The major lithostratigraphic units of the eastern Dahomey Basin are the Araromi, Ewekoro and Akinbo Formations. Field studies show that the Araromi and Akinbo Formations contain shaly facies, while the Ewekoro Formation contains essentially fossiliferous limestones. The Araromi shales are dark and bituminous, while those of the Akinbo are fissile and concretionary. Selected subsurface and outcrop samples of these lithotypes were analysed to ascertain their palaeodepositional environments and hydrocarbon prospects. Total organic carbon (TOC) of the limestones and shales range from 0.10 to 1.00 wt.% and 0.20 to 1.60wt% respectively. Bitumen yields are 896.20, 108.70 and 376.80ppm correspondingly for Araromi, Ewekoro and Akinbo Formations. Bitumen ratios are 68.70, 28.30 and 72.70mgext/g TOC respectively, for the three succeeding formations. CPI values and pristane/phytane ratios are 1.29, 1.19, 0.99 and 1.53, 1.33, 1.17, respectively for Araromi, Ewekoro and Akinbo Formations. Cross-plots of isoprenoids/n-alkanes show that the organic matter falls within the terrestrial and transitional environments. However, the fossil assemblages of the limestones made up of coralline algae, pelecypods, echinoids, gastropods and few other skeletal debris, indicate a nearshore marine environment. Organic petrography reveals preponderance of vitrinites (Type III O.M.) with subordinate inertinites (Type IV) in all the three formations. The dominance of terrestrial O.M. indicates gas rather than oil proneness of the kerogen. N-alkane profiles, plots of bitumen ratios with depth and the presence of unresolved complex mixture hydrocarbons in most gas chromatograms, indicate immature status for the kerogens. This suggests insufficient cooking of the sediments."Item Hydrochemical assessment of surface water in part of South-eastern Nigeria(Mineral wealth, 2001) Elueze, A. A.; Ephraim, B. E.; Nton, M. E."The area of study occurs mainly within the Calabar Flank and part of the adjacent basement terrain of the Oban Massif. The latter is composed of mainly migmatitic gneisses, phyllites, amphibolites, granites, schists and granodiorites, while the major lithologies of the Calabar Flank include carbonates, shales, claystones and sandstones. This study aims at determining the quality and usability of the water, in addition to ascertaining the possible pollutants and ways to ameliorate their effects. Results of some physical and hydrochemical parameters have average values of 5.53pH, 77.4mg/I TDS, 17.8mg/l Na+, 5.5mg/l Ca2+, 13.2mg/l Cl , 3.3mg/l S042', 0.7mg/I NO'3, and 49.6ms/cm conductivity. The water hardness and sodium absorption ratio (SAR) are respectively 20.5mg/l and fi.fi. The total hardness, Ca2+, S042' are higher for the water draining the carbonate rock environs, while the TDS, Na+, conductivity and Cl"" are greater in the basement rock areas. Hydrochemical parameters in the piper trilinear diagram, as well as the Gibbs plot, respectively suggest that the water is of sodium bicarbonate facies, and dissolved solids are mostly products of weathering. Application of R-mode factor analysis suggests that the main components of the water characteristics are related to hydrological, lithological and environmental controls. The factor containing CO32- and HCO3"", is derived from the carbonate rocks in the area, whereas Na+ and K+ which are possibly transported in solution as base exchange of clay minerals, notably characterize the basement rocks. The group showing enrichment in Cl , Mg2+ and NO3 is considered to be associated with environmental control, through precipitation of meteoric water, while the presence of S042"" is linkable to the aeration of sulfide minerals in the area. On the whole, the water is slightly acidic with low sodium hazard. It therefore satisfies the World Health Organisation (WHO) standards for domestic, agricultural and other industrial uses requiring usual treatment such as filtration and disinfection."