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Start date: 2010End date: 2019

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    Repositioning Nigerian university system: perspective of an insider. Selected speeches of Professor Emeritus Ayo Banjo in commemoration of his 80th birthday
    (Ibadan University Press Publishing House, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria., 2014) Olayinka, A. I.
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    GEOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISATION OF LEAD IN SOILS, SEDIMENTS AND DUSTS OF IBADAN AND LAGOS, SOUTHWESTERN NIGERIA
    (2018-03) AFOLABI, O.O
    The presence of Heavy Metals (HM) in soils, sediments and dusts are good indicators of contaminations of urban environment. Lead (Pb) is of grave concern amongst other HM because of its toxic impact on the environment and human health. Previous studies on HM have focused on the determination of concentrations and spatial distribution in various Nigerian cities. However, the geochemical fate and nature of Pb in Nigeria's environmental media is relatively unknown. This study was therefore designed to quantify and characterize Pb in soils, sediments and dusts from Ibadan and Lagos, Southwestern Nigeria. A total of seventy-three composite soils, 56 sediments, 17 road dusts and 10 representative rock samples were collected randomly from the cities of Ibadan and Lagos. Soil, sediment and dust samples were air-dried, screened, pulverised and sieved through 63µm nylon mesh. The sieved fractions and pulverised rock samples were digested using standard methods and analyzed for elemental components using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometer, (ICP-MS). The chemical fractionations of Pb in the samples were determined by sequential analysis. Lead isotopes compositions of the samples were determined using quadrupole-based ICP-MS. Petrological and mineralogical analyses of rocks and other samples were determined using X-Ray Diffraction. The geochemical data were subjected to statistical analyses using Pearson correlation and R-mode factor analyses. Lead Isotopic Ratios (LIRs) and geo-accumulation indexes were used in evaluating and discriminating Pb sources. The concentration (ppm) of Pb in soils, sediments and dusts for Lagos were: 21.0-1963.0; 23.0-830.0 and 22.0-830.0; while in Ibadan soils and sediments were: 13.0 - 470.0 and 17.0-3288.0; respectively. For rock samples from Ibadan and Lagos, the values were: 2.9-20.3 and 2.8-7.2 ppm. Chemical fractionation (%) of Pb were: organic-sulphide (42.78-82.45); reducible (8.23-27.20); carbonate (9.00-43.60) and exchangeable (0.01-0.23) phases, respectively. Lead isotopes (ppm) showed that 204Pb ranged 1.72-47.41; 206Pb, 30.69-779.68; 207Pb, 27.00-664.46 and 208Pb, 65.67-1642.27 in Ibadan samples while that of Lagos were: 204Pb, 1.43 - 31.00; 206Pb, 25.26 - 509.74; 207Pb, 21.96-446.22 and 208Pb, 52.61-1089.93. Ibadan and Lagos rocks Pb isotopes (ppm) were: 204Pb, (0.02-0.07 and 0.03-0.06); 206Pb, (0.56-2.33 and 0.56-1.21); 207Pb, (0.38-1.56 and 0.47-1.01) and 208Pb, (1.19-4.13 and 1.22-2.57), respectively. Quartz, microcline, k-feldspar, plagioclase and kaolinite were the preponderant minerals in powdered rocks, soils and sediments. An enrichment of radiogenic Pb (206Pb, 207Pb and 208Pb) were observed in soils, sediments and dusts relative to their local background values, an indication of anthropogenic origin of Pb. The plots (208Pb/207Pb)/(206Pb/207Pb) revealed that over 80% of Pb in the environmental media was derived from anthropogenic sources. The LIRs of soils, sediments and dusts were characterised by lower 208Pb/206Pb ratios while the bedrocks had higher 208Pb/206Pb. Lead contents of the soils, dusts and sediments in most parts of the two cities were significantly higher than the natural background levels and held in chemically active geochemical phases. The lead types are more of the radiogenic types and this portend great risk to the environment and public health.
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    The planning and writing of grant-oriented research proposals
    (The Postgraduate School, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, 2010) Bamiro, O. A.; Oladepo, O.; Olayinka, A. I.; Popoola, L.; Soyibo, A.
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    INTEGRATED METHODS FOR DELINEATING GROUNDWATER RESOURCE IN ADO-EKITI, SOUTHWESTERN NIGERIA
    (2017-04) OYEDELE, AKINTUNDE AKINOLA
    Potable water supply in Ado-Ekiti is inadequate resulting in increased demand for groundwater in the metropolis. Geologically, Ado-Ekiti is underlain by hydrogeologically challenging crystalline basement rocks whose hydraulic properties are characterised by extreme variations over short distances. Prospective groundwater zones are poorly defined in the hard rock terrain. A thorough and definitive evaluation of the overall groundwater resource in such terrain is imperative. This study was therefore designed to use integrated investigations comprising Hydro-geophysics, Remote Sensing and Physicochemistry, in delineating areas suitable for sustainable groundwater development. Landsat imageries were used for landuse and landcover mapping, while lineament analysis was used for groundwater prospecting. Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission Digital Elevation Model (SRTM DEM) was used for drainage network extraction, slope and geomorphological analysis. Well inventory data were obtained from 108 wells with physicochemical analysis of the water samples. One hundred and thirty three Vertical Electrical Soundings (VES) were carried out to generate geoelectric parameters including the Dar Zarrouk Parameters. Application of Geographical Information System (GIS) enabled the preparation of various thematic maps which were analysed in terms of hydrogeologic importance. The thematic maps of the extracted features were re-classified for integration using appropriate software. The groundwater potential maps generated were validated against the existing groundwater yield data. Well yield data were superimposed on the groundwater potential maps. Data were analysed using descriptive method. The light vegetation and bare soil area cover was 110.9 km2, with the rock outcrops covering a total area of 14.9 km2. Hills, pediments, pediplains, alluvium and valley fills were the hydrogeomorphic units delineated. The lineaments showed predominantly, NNW-SSE, ENE-WSW and NNE-SSW orientations and subsidiary NW-SE and W-E trends. The weathered/fractured basement layer revealed a range of resistivity value of 16.5 Ωm – 1214.0 Ωm with thickness varying from 0.2 m to 53.2 m. The overburden thickness, coefficient of anisotropy and groundwater head had values varying from 1.0 m - 63.2 m, 1.0 – 3.0 and 292.2 – 460.4 m amsl, respectively. Groundwater potential maps generated from remote sensing – GIS and VES – GIS gave highest correlation with borehole yield data of 56.7% and 60%, respectively. Integration of the thematic layers of bedrock resistivity, weathered basement iii resistivity, overburden thickness, lineament density, geology, geomorphology and anisotropy yielded a groundwater potential map with a marked improvement of 73.3% correlation. The area was classified into very low, low, medium and high groundwater potential zones covering 61.4 km2, 118.9 km2, 38.2 km2 and 16.8 km2, respectively. Valley fills/basement depressions and major groundwater recharge/discharge zones were delineated as groundwater pockets with the flow approximately lying along the NW-SE direction. The integrated approach has proven to be efficient and effective for delineation of groundwater potential zones in Ado –Ekiti. This approach will minimize the time and cost for identifying groundwater potential zones and suitable recharge structures in basement terrains. Keywords: Basement complex, Geomorphology, Groundwater potential, Lineament extraction Word count: 461
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    GEOPHYSICAL AND HYDROCHEMICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF ABEOKUTA AND IKORODU AREAS OF SOUTHWESTERN NIGERIA
    (2012-06) OLORUNTOLA, MOROOF OLASUNBO
    Most studies on groundwater in Nigeria have always been limited to either their occurrence or chemistry, with insufficient attention on potential, chemical character and evolution. This study therefore was designed to evaluate groundwater in Abeokuta (Basement Complex) and Ikorodu (Sedimentary) areas with the aim of highlighting groundwater potential, chemical characteristics and provenance in the two geologically contrasting terrains. A total of 125 Vertical Electrical Soundings (VES) in Abeokuta (75) and Ikorodu (50) areas were carried out using Schlumberger array. The field data were curve-matched and computer iterated. Fifty groundwater samples were collected from shallow hand-dug wells in Abeokuta area while 50 groundwater samples were collected from shallow wells (16) and borehole (34) from Ikorodu area and analysed using the Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry and Ion Chromatography. Stable isotopes (18O and 2H) of 10 water samples from each geological terrain were determined using the Optima Dual-Inlet Mass spectrometer. Data were analysed using linear regression. Three to five sub-surface geoelectric layers were identified in Abeokuta area. The layer resistivities (Ωm) from top to bottom ranged from 24 - 6428, 9 - 2250, 13 - 11563, 65 - 6655 and 400 - 9095 while the thicknesses (m) were 0.4 - 2.5, 0.6 - 30.0, 1.5 - ∞, 3.4 - ∞ and the undeterminable thicknesses respectively. The bedrock reflection coefficients vary from 0.4 - 1.0 delineating confined, unconfined and weathered/fractured basement aquifers. Areas with confined and weathered/fractured basement aquifers have high groundwater potential. In Ikorodu, three to six sub-surface layers of alternating sequences of clay, sandy-clay, ferruginised sands and sands were identified. The resistivities (Ωm) of these layers are 11.2 - 588.6, 3.3 - 3787.7, 7.4 - 7789.4, 5.7 - 3592, 27.8 - 5785.1 and 9.8 - 822.9 while the thicknesses in metres were 0.5 - 4.4, 0.8 - 60.1, 1.5 - 101.9, 6.6 – 154.1, 35.5 – 112.4 and undetermined respectively. Areas delineated as confined and unconfined aquifers in Ikorodu have high groundwater potential. In Abeokuta, Ca(Na)2(HCO3)2(Cl)2 and NaHCO3(Cl) water types predominate in locations underlain by gneisses and granites respectively, whereas in Ikorodu, the water types were predominantly NaHCO3(Cl) and NaCl (lagoon area) and Ca(Na)2(HCO3)2 (inland) area. These reflected influence of silicate weathering and ion exchange in Abeokuta while dissolution of calcite and dolomite, silicate weathering and ion exchange controlled the chemistry in Ikorodu area. The ∂2H, ∂18O and the deuterium excess respectively vary from -7.6 to -11.1 ‰, -2.3 to -2.7 ‰, 9.6 to 11.4 in Abeokuta and -14.2 to -18.5 ‰, -2.5 to -3.3 ‰ and 5.6 to 7.8 in Ikorodu. In Abeokuta, relationship between 18O and 2H (∂2H = 7.6 ∂18O + 9.3) indicates recharge dominated by precipitation formed by Rayleigh process with little or no influence of evaporation, while in Ikorodu area, the relationship (∂2H = 5.8 ∂18O + 0.8) shows isotopic exchange between groundwater and aquifers. High groundwater potentials were associated with confined and weathered/fractured basement aquifers, with Ca(Na)2(HCO3)2(Cl)2, NaHCO3(Cl), NaCl and Ca(Na)2(HCO3)2 water types. Provenance indicated recharge by precipitation and isotopic exchange between groundwater and aquifer materials. Word count =500 Keywords: Geophysical, Aquifers, Geochemical, Groundwater, Hydrochemical facies
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    MINERALOGICAL AND GEOCHEMICAL ASSESSMENT OF PARTICULATE MATTER (PM10) IN IBADAN METROPOLIS, NIGERIA
    (2015-03) KOLAWOLE, TESLEEM
    Particulate Matter (PM) are suspended solid and liquid particles in the atmosphere, classified into coarse (PM10, 2.5 to 10μm) and fine (PM2.5 <2.5μm) particles. Particulate Matter has been reported to have negative impact on the climate, human health and ecosystems. Previous works in Ibadan had focussed on occurrences and concentrations of PM10 without adequate attention to mineralogical and elemental composition. This study was designed to investigate the mineralogical and elemental composition of PM10 in Ibadan metropolis in order to ascertain their sources and potential hazards to human health. Two hundred and five suspended PM10 samples were purposively collected from Traffic Area (TA) (40), Industrial Areas (IA) (40), Dumpsite/Incinerator (DI) (40) and Residential Area (RA) (85) using high volume air sampler with cellulose filter. The samples were collected in both dry and rainy seasons from February to December, 2011. Rocks (12), soils (25) and deposited dusts (30) within the metropolis were also sampled. The morphology and mineralogy of the PM10, rocks and soils were determined using Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy and X-ray Diffractometry while the elemental compositions were determined using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. The results of PM10 concentration were compared with World Health Organization (WHO), United State Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and National Environmental Standards and Regulation Enforcement Agency (NESREA) standards. Data were analysed using descriptive statistic and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Minimum (32.2 μg/m3) and maximum (627.6 μg/m3) concentrations of PM10 were observed at the peak of the rainy and dry seasons respectively; with daily average concentration of 652.1μg/m3, 377.5 μg/m3, 285.7 μg/m3 and 214.8 μg/m3 for IA, TA, DI and RA respectively. All daily average concentrations exceeded WHO, USEPA and NESREA standards. The morphology of the individual PM10 particle are mostly coarse (>2.5 μm) and irregular in shape with very few being regular and fine (<2.5 μm); an indication of the localised nature of the PM10 particles. The minerals in the PM10 particles are mostly chlorite, illite, kaolinite, smectite, quartz, feldspar, mica and amphibole. Quartz, feldspar, mica and amphibole were the dominant minerals in the rock units while kaolinite and illite were dominant in the soils. The elemental concentrations in the PM10, soils and deposited dusts UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY iii follow the order Ca>Fe>Al>Na>Mg>Si>Zn>Cu>Mo>Mn>Ba>Ti>Pb>Ni>La. The IA showed highest average concentration of all elements in the PM10 except Ba, which was highest in TA. The elemental composition agreed with the mineralogical data as revealed by the PCA. Factor 1 was loaded with Al, Si, Ca, Fe and Mg while Factor 2 was Ca, Mg, and Na, indicating crustal source for these elements. Factor 3 was loaded with Pb, Zn, indicating industrial emission source while Factors 4 (Cu, La, Mo) and 5 (Ba, Mn) indicated traffic related contribution. The mineralogy and elemental composition in the Particulate Matter (PM10) were derived mainly from crustal sources with subordinate contributions from anthropogenic sources. The presence of Pb, Cu, Zn and Si in the coarse particulate matter could pose serious health hazard to the human population. Keywords: Particulate matter, Crustal sources, Principal component analysis, Anthropogenic sources Word count: 492
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    SORPTION OF PHENANTHRENE BY NATURAL ORGANIC MATTER FRACTIONS IN SELECTED ROCKS AND SOILS FROM SOUTHWESTERN NIGERIA
    (2015-02) ADELEYE, MUTIU ADESINA
    Natural Organic Matter (NOM) fractions in rocks, sediments and soils are known to have good sorptive potentials for frequently occurring Hydrophobic Organic Contaminants (HOCs) such as phenanthrene. Despite widespread occurrence of organic matter-rich rocks, sediments and soils in Nigeria, there is limited information on the sorptive potentials of their NOM fractions for HOCs which may be useful in remediation and clean-up design. This study is aimed at investigating the sorption of phenanthrene by NOM fractions in selected rocks and soils from southwestern Nigeria. Coal and mudstone, carbonaceous shale and sandy soils (500 g each) were purposively collected from Ute, Auchi and Lagos respectively. The rocks and soils (250 g each) were demineralised with 1M HCl and mixture of 1M HCl/10%HF (1:3) successively. Lipid and bound-lipid were extracted via solvent extraction and saponification methods respectively. Lignin was extracted from the soils with dioxane-acid hydrolysis method. Organic carbon, hydrogen and oxygen contents of demineralised, lipid free, bound-lipid free and lignin free (NOM fractions) were determined using bulk method. Organic matter type in the rocks and soils were determined from atomic ratios of the elements. Sorption parameters (nonlinearity and organic carbon normalised sorption coefficients, KOC) of the bulk samples (control) and NOM fractions were determined from sorption experiments using phenanthrene concentrations ranging from 10 to 1250 ppb. The skeletal carbons of NOM fractions were determined using 13C Cross Polarisation Magic Angle SpinningNuclear Magnetic Resonance. The ranges of organic carbon and oxygen contents of NOM fractions in the rocks were respectively: 53.0-70.8% and 11.6-23.1% (demineralised), 54.4-70.2% and 12.8-26.1% (lipid free), 33.4-51.6% and 28.3-38.6% (bound-lipid free). Those of NOM fractions in the soils were correspondingly: 27.8-63.1% and 7.0-21.4% (demineralised), 27.2-65.2% and 16.4-22.1% (lipid free), 9.2- 54.7% and 14.7-29.3% (bound-lipid free), 15.2-65.3% and 11.2-17.4% (lignin free). The bound-lipid free has the lowest organic carbon and highest oxygen. The H/C and O/C ratios in the NOM fractions were: 0.6-1.7, 0.6-1.3, 0.7-2.3, 0.5-1.3 and 0.1-0.5, 0.1-0.6, 0.3-1.2, 0.2-0.6 respectively, indicating increasing degree of maturity in NOM fractions with progressive extraction except in bound-lipid free. Higher O/C ratio in bound-lipid free indicates high UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY iii polarity. The plot of H/C and O/C ratios indicated that the rocks contained type III kerogen while the soils contained type II/III kerogen. Phenanthrene sorption isotherms for bulk samples and NOM fractions were nonlinear (n<1). The nonlinearity increases with degree of maturity. The KOC range in bulk rocks, soils, demineralised, lipid free, bound-lipid free and lignin free were: 3305-21241, 751-3133, 570-2883, 2663-14084, 651-28751, 10459-63217 mL/g respectively, indicating higher sorption capacity in rocks than soils, and increasing sorption capacity in NOM fractions except in bound-lipid free. Single point KOC decreased with increasing concentration of phenanthrene in bulk samples and NOM fractions. The skeletal carbons in the NOM fractions showed that aliphatic carbon peak (0-93 ppm) decreased while aromatic carbon peak (93-165 ppm) increased, which further confirmed the degree of maturity. The sorption of phenanthrene by natural organic matter fractions in the rocks and soils depended strongly on the degree of maturity and polarity. Keywords: Natural phenanthrene, Sorption capacity, Natural organic matter, Degree of maturity. Word count: 497
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    ASSESSMENT OF GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION BY PETROLEUM PRODUCTS IN BARUWA COMMUNITY LAGOS, NIGERIA
    (2017-03) ADEGBESAN, Omotolani Morenikeji
    Contamination of petroleum products in groundwater in Baruwa community, Lagos has been widely reported, as a result of ageing pipelines and vandalisation. Information on the types, nature of hydrocarbon and other contaminants that could assist in assessing the level of contamination is lacking. This study was therefore designed to assess the hydrogeochemical settings (delineate aquiferous units, quantify contaminated unit and define types of hydrocarbon present) in the groundwater resources of Baruwa community, Lagos state Nigeria. The study was also carried out to estimate areas that require remediation in the groundwater resources. Based on preliminary studies, two boreholes (depth 36-42 m), one each in uncontaminated and contaminated areas were drilled to determine hydrogeological sequences in the Baruwa community. Twenty four sediment samples from the drilled boreholes were purposively selected for sedimentological analysis and determination of some hydraulic properties using standard methods. Thirty groundwater samples were collected purposively from the two drilled and other available boreholes and were analysed for heavy metals, cation / anions and the hydrocarbon content using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometric, Colorimetric and Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectrometric methods, respectively. Data were compared with the WHO standards for potable water. Various thematic maps were developed using appropriate software. The area of contaminated land and volume of water that would require remediation were estimated hydrogeologically from the thematic maps. Three aquifer units were identified at depths 9.0, 21.0 and 30.0 m. Aquifer grain size graphic mean was 1.64 indicative of medium to coarse grained moderately sorted leptokurtic sands. These were suggestive of materials deposited under low energy condition in a fluvial or tidal environment. The porosity ranged from 15.9 to 19.9%. The permeability coefficients of the aquifer were 9.469 x 10-5, 4.105 x 10-5 and 5.102 x 10-5 mm/sec, respectively. The range of total hardness and pH were 2.6-248.6 mg/L and 4.4-6.7. Heavy metals, cations and anions concentration (in mg/L) in the groundwater samples ranged from 0.0-0.4 (Zn), 0.1-1.6 (Mn), 0.1-2.6 (Fe), 0.4-77.8 (Mg2+), 0.25-13.20 (Ca2+), 24.5-286.3(Cl-), 0.1-1.2 (NO3 -), 1.4- 88.2(SO4 2), 0.0-0.2(PO4 3-), Lead, chromium, cadmium, nickel were below the detection limits. The samples from the contaminated area revealed enhanced concentrations of hydrocarbon, metals and anions when compared with the uncontaminated borehole samples. Data fall within the WHO limits except for Fe and Mn. Compounds identified were C20H34O8, C27H56, C21H44, C24H50, C21H34O3 indicating heavy oils. The estimated area in need of remediation was 9.9 million metre square with an approximate volume of 89.1 million cubic meter of water. Groundwater contaminants in Baruwa community were mainly heavy oils and heavy metals. The area of contaminated land that needs remediation has been calculated and volume of water that needed remediation had also been determined. Keywords: Aquiferous units, Sedimentological analysis, Groundwater Contamination, Hydraulic properties Word count: 428
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    INTEGRATED METHODS FOR DELINEATING GROUNDWATER RESOURCE IN ADO-EKITI, SOUTHWESTERN NIGERIA
    (2017-04) OYEDELE, A. A.
    Potable water supply in Ado-Ekiti is inadequate resulting in increased demand for groundwater in the metropolis. Geologically, Ado-Ekiti is underlain by hydrogeologically challenging crystalline basement rocks whose hydraulic properties are characterised by extreme variations over short distances. Prospective groundwater zones are poorly defined in the hard rock terrain. A thorough and definitive evaluation of the overall groundwater resource in such terrain is imperative. This study was therefore designed to use integrated investigations comprising Hydro-geophysics, Remote Sensing and Physicochemistry, in delineating areas suitable for sustainable groundwater development. Landsat imageries were used for landuse and landcover mapping, while lineament analysis was used for groundwater prospecting. Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission Digital Elevation Model (SRTM DEM) was used for drainage network extraction, slope and geomorphological analysis. Well inventory data were obtained from 108 wells with physicochemical analysis of the water samples. One hundred and thirty three Vertical Electrical Soundings (VES) were carried out to generate geoelectric parameters including the Dar Zarrouk Parameters. Application of Geographical Information System (GIS) enabled the preparation of various thematic maps which were analysed in terms of hydrogeologic importance. The thematic maps of the extracted features were re-classified for integration using appropriate software. The groundwater potential maps generated were validated against the existing groundwater yield data. Well yield data were superimposed on the groundwater potential maps. Data were analysed using descriptive method. The light vegetation and bare soil area cover was 110.9 km2, with the rock outcrops covering a total area of 14.9 km2. Hills, pediments, pediplains, alluvium and valley fills were the hydrogeomorphic units delineated. The lineaments showed predominantly, NNW-SSE, ENE-WSW and NNE-SSW orientations and subsidiary NW-SE and W-E trends. The weathered/fractured basement layer revealed a range of resistivity value of 16.5 Ωm – 1214.0 Ωm with thickness varying from 0.2 m to 53.2 m. The overburden thickness, coefficient of anisotropy and groundwater head had values varying from 1.0 m - 63.2 m, 1.0 – 3.0 and 292.2 – 460.4 m amsl, respectively. Groundwater potential maps generated from remote sensing – GIS and VES – GIS gave highest correlation with borehole yield data of 56.7% and 60%, respectively. Integration of the thematic layers of bedrock resistivity, weathered basement resistivity, overburden thickness, lineament density, geology, geomorphology and anisotropy yielded a groundwater potential map with a marked improvement of 73.3% correlation. The area was classified into very low, low, medium and high groundwater potential zones covering 61.4 km2, 118.9 km2, 38.2 km2 and 16.8 km2, respectively. Valley fills/basement depressions and major groundwater recharge/discharge zones were delineated as groundwater pockets with the flow approximately lying along the NW-SE direction. The integrated approach has proven to be efficient and effective for delineation of groundwater potential zones in Ado –Ekiti. This approach will minimize the time and cost for identifying groundwater potential zones and suitable recharge structures in basement terrains