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    The impact of selected heavy metals to dyspermia in Nigeria
    (2014-06) Opurum, H. C.; Abbiyesuku, F. M.; Charles-Davies, M. A.
    Declining male fertility is of global concern and has been linked to the effects of some heavy metals which are recognised as testicular toxins. Selenium and zinc play specific roles in heavy metal detoxification, testosterone metabolism, sperm formation and motility. This study was aimed at identifying the possible contribution of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), selenium (Se) and zinc (Zn) to sperm defects in Nigerian men. 120 males (20-54 years) were recruited after informed consent. These were age-matched 77 dyspermics and 43 normospermics. Semen samples were collected from subjects by masturbation after 3-5 days of abstinence from sexual intercourse. Spermiogram and sperm morphological characteristics were done using WHO guidelines and Tygerberg Strict criteria respectively. 10 ml of blood was obtained from each participant. Serum and seminal plasma were obtained by centrifugation of clotted blood and semen respectively. Cd, Pb, Se and Zn were assayed in serum and seminal plasma by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Data were analysed using t-test, ANOVA and multiple regressions at p=0.05. Increased serum Zn/Cd (p=0.04) and Se/Cd (p=0.03) significantly predicted increased semen volume in dypermics. Increased seminal plasma Se/Pb (p=0.05) significantly predicted increased normal sperm morphology. Increased serum Cd significantly predicted increased tail defects (p=0.008) whereas, increased serum Se/Cd significantly predicted decreased tail defects (p=0.01) in normospermics only. Increased serum Zn/Cd significantly predicted (p=0.048) decreased Teratozoospermia index (TZI). Increased seminal plasma Zn (p=0.04) and Zn/Pb (p=0.04) significantly predicted decreased sperm deformity index (SDI) respectively. Reduced levels of selenium and zinc in dyspermic males may account for the loss of their protective effect against cadmium and lead toxicity to the testes.
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    The serum levels of trace metals in Nigerian males with different PSA values
    (2008-08) Arinola, O. G.; Charles-Davies, M. A.
    Prostate cancer (PCa), the primary disease of men over 50 years of age is on the increase worldwide. Most PCa grows slowly from overt clinical disease to the stage that lead to death. The gradual course of PCA development provides opportunity for intervention. Supplement of diet taken by PCa patients may be an effective intervention because certain micronutrients had been implicated in cancer prevention. The present study is designed to determine the levels of trace metals in 80 Nigeria males having different concentrations of serum prostate surface antigen (PSA) using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The serum levels of PSA were measured with Beckman Coulter Access Immunoassay automated machine. Subjects with PSA values 5-10ng/ml had significantly high serum levels of Zn, Fe, Cd and Mn but significantly low level of Se compared with the controls (PSA 0- 4ng/ml). Subjects with PSA >10ng/ml had significantly low levels of Mn, Mg and Se compared with the controls. Subjects with PSA values 5-10ng/ml had significantly reduced level of Se compared with subjects with PSA >10ng/ml. Only Se was low in all subjects with PSA >4ng/ml, therefore there is a possibility that Se intake may reduce the risk and progression of PCA.
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    THE CONTRIBUTION OF ENDOCRINE DISRUPTING HEAVY METALS TO OESTRADIOL MODULATION AND SEMEN QUALITY NIGERIAN MEN
    (2011-06) CHUKUKA, OPURUM HAMILTON
    Declining male fertility is of global concern and has been linked to the effects of endocrine disruptors on the modulation of oestradiol. These disruptors are also recognised to be toxic to the testes. Selenium and zinc play specific roles in heavy metal detoxification, testosterone metabolism, sperm formation and motility. This study was aimed at identifying the possible contribution of cadmium, lead, selenium and zinc to oestradiol modulation and sperm defects in Nigerian men. One hundred and twenty males (20-54 years) were recruited after informed consent. These were age-matched 77 dyspermics and 43 normospermics recruited from the Urology Clinics of two teaching hospitals in Nigeria. Demographic and anthropometric indices were obtained using a structured questionnaire and standard methods respectively. Semen samples were collected from subjects by masturbation after 3-5 days of abstinence from sexual intercourse. Spermiogram and sperm morphological characteristics were done using WHO guidelines and Tygerberg strict criteria respectively. Ten milliliters of blood was obtained from each participant. Serum and seminal plasma were obtained by centrifugation of clotted blood and semen respectively. Testosterone, oestradiol, prolactin, luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone were estimated in serum while testosterone and oestradiol were estimated in seminal plasma by enzyme immunoassay method. Cadmium, lead, selenium and zinc were assayed in serum and seminal plasma by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Data were analysed using t-test, ANOVA and multiple regressions at p=0.05. Forty-eight (62.3%) dyspermics had reduced sperm motility and abnormal morphology while 17 (22%) and 12 (15.6%) had oligospermia and azoospermia respectively. Seminal plasma UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY iii oestradiol was significantly lower in normospermics (0.7±0.04nmol/L) than dyspermics (1.1±0.07nmol/L) while testosterone/oestradiol ratio was significantly higher in normospermics (10.7±0.60) than dyspermics (7.3±0.70). Serum and seminal plasma cadmium were significantly higher in dyspermics (0.3±0.02μg/L; 2.0±0.07μg/L) than normospermics (0.1±0.01μg/L; 1.2±0.07μg/L) respectively. Serum and seminal plasma lead levels were also significantly higher in dyspermics (34.8±0.55μg/dL; 39.2±0.61μg/dL) than normospermics (28.2±0.74μg/dL; 31.9±0.87μg/dL), respectively. Serum and seminal plasma selenium were significantly higher in normospermics (0.9±0.01mg/L; 0.3±0.01mg/L) than dyspermics (0.8±0.01mg/L; 0.2±0.01mg/L) respectively. Serum and seminal plasma zinc were significantly higher in normospermics (7.9±0.16mg/L; 161.9±5.16mg/L) than dyspermics (7.2±0.12mg/L; 141.9±2.77mg/L) respectively. In dyspermic men, increased serum Cd was significantly associated with increased oestradiol in serum (β=0.42) and seminal plasma (β=0.52). Increased seminal plasma Cd was associated with decreased seminal plasma Zn (β =-0.21), decreased % motility (β =-1.03), increased % tail defects (β =0.08) and decreased sperm deformity index (β =-0.21). Increased serum Pb was significantly associated with serum FSH (β = 0.29). Increased seminal plasma Pb was significantly associated with increased serum FSH (β = 0.21). Increased sperm count was significantly associated with decreased serum oestradiol (β =-0.75) and testosterone/oestradiol ratio (β = -0.54); increased seminal plasma oestradiol (β =0.41) and testosterone/oestradiol ratio (β =0.38). Higher sperm deformity index was significantly associated with decreased serum Se/Pb ratio (β =-0.27). UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY iv Cadmium and Pb may cause depletion of Zn and Se which may account for the loss of their protective effect resulting in dyspermia through direct toxicity, oxidative stress, endocrine disruption or other yet unresolved mechanisms. Keywords: Oestradiol, Endocrine disruptors, Trace elements, Semen quality, Male fertility Word count: 494