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Item Adverse effects of In-Vitro cadmium exposure on quality and antioxidant enzyme status of Boar Spermatozoa(College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, 2014) Akinrinde, A. S.; Ojo, O. O.; Eboh, A. S.; Adedara, I. A.; Farombi, E. O.This study was aimed to evaluate the reproductive toxicity of cadmium chloride (CdCl2. 2.5H2O) in Boar spermatozoa in vitro. Boar spermatozoa obtained from the caudal epididymis of freshly slaughtered boars and dispersed in semen incubation medium (containing tris-hydroxymethyl-aminomethane, citric acid and fructose) were incubated at four different concentrations (0, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0mM) for 3 hours at 370C. Sperm viability, motility and percentage of abnormal spermatozoa were assessed by microscopy every one hour during the 3–hour incubation period, using aliquots from the incubated samples. Samples thus treated with cadmium chloride were centrifuged and the supernatant was used in the assessment of biochemical parameters of oxidative stress including hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), reduced glutathione (GSH) and Lipid peroxidation. The activities of antioxidant enzymes, catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), Glutathione peroxidase (GPX) as well as transaminases (ALT and AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were also assessed. The percentage of motile and viable spermatozoa decreased significantly (p<0.05) after exposure of spermatozoa to CdCl2 in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Cadmium significantly increased (p<0.05) the levels of H2O2 and malondialdehyde (MDA) in the spermatozoa with significant reductions (p<0.05) in the activities of SOD, GPX, and CAT. Slight but insignificant increase in GSH concentration was accompanied with a slight increase in GST activity. ALT, AST and ALP activities were differentially modified. The results of this study revealed that cadmium chloride caused reductions in sperm motility and viability, induction of oxidative stress and impairment of antioxidant enzyme activities.Item Protective effects of kolaviron and quercetin on cadmium-induced testicular damage and endocrine pathology in rats(Blackwell Verlag GmbH, 2012) Farombi, E. O.; Adedara, I. A.; Akinrinde, S. A.; Ojo, O. O.; Ebo, A. S.This study evaluated the effects of kolaviron, a biflavonoid from Garcinia kola seed, and quercetin on cadmium-induced reproductive toxicity in rats. Adult male rats were administered with either cadmium (15 mg kg 1 ) alone or in combination with kolaviron (200 mg kg 1 ) or quercetin (10 mg kg 1 ) daily for 5 days. Cadmium-treated rats showed (P < 0.05) decrease in the body weight gain, testis and epididymis weights. However, upon co-administration of kolaviron or quercetin, these changes were significantly reversed in cadmium-treated rats. Also, administration of kolaviron or quercetin significantly prevented cadmium-mediated decrease in sperm motility and epididymal sperm concentration and reversed the increased level of sperm abnormality to near control. In testes and sperm, cadmium treatment resulted in significant decrease in the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase, whereas it increased glutathione S-transferase activity as well as hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde levels. While plasma levels of triiodo thyronine and tetraiodothyronine remained unaffected, the levels of testosterone, luteinising hormone and follicle stimulating hormone were decreased in cadmium-treated rats. Cadmium treatment caused mild congestion of intersti tial vessels and oedema in the testes. Taken together, kolaviron and quercetin inhibited the adverse effects of cadmium on the antioxidant enzymes, markers of oxidative stress, endocrine and testicular structure in rats.