FACULTY OF VETERINARY MEDICINE
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Item Review on the principles and current trends in management of hypertension and cardiovascular diseases(International Organization of Scientific Research, 2022) Adejumobi, O. A.; Jeremiah, O. T.; Omobowale, T. O.This review focuses on hypertension, other cardiovascular diseases and some new developments in their managements. Hypertension is a cardiovascular disease of increasing medical and public health importance. It is a risk factor for myocardial infarction, stroke and chronic renal failure. Cardiovascular diseases have been recognized as a major cause of death in man and animals across the globe and it has placed enormous economic burden on patients, families, pet owners and national economy. A great number of pets have hypertension and cardiovascular diseases that are unnoticed until the animals are presented with sudden blindness, kidney failure and other end-organ damages. Many have been lost to cardiovascular diseases because they are under diagnosed. There is therefore, the need for proper diagnosis and management. Current classes of drugs offered in the management of hypertension in dogs include angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blocker, calcium channel blockers, vasodilators and diuretics. Current trend in the management of hypertension is the use of natural plant products and phytocompounds to reduce end organ damage. Therefore, early diagnosis and good management with orthodox anti-hypertensives and novel natural products will save the lives of pets and other animals, with attendant improvements on wellbeing of men and animals.Item In vitro cytotoxicity activity of the methanol leaf extract of Picralima nitida on human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell lines (HT-29)(AkiNik Publications, 2021) Adedapo, A. A.; Yusuff, A. A.; Falayi, O. O.; Ogunmiluyi, I. O.; Ogunpolu, B. S.; Omobowale, T. O.; Oyagbemi, A. A.; Adejumobi, O. A.; Oguntibeju, O. O.; Yakubu, M. A.; Yakubu, F. B.The anti-proliferative effect of the methanol leaf extract of Picralima nitida on Human Colorectal Adenocarcinoma Cell lines (HT-29) was investigated using the Cell Titer 96 MTT assay because Picralima nitida is a therapeutic herb used in ethnomedicine for the management of several disease conditions. Cells were cultured to confluence, trypsinized, and plated in 96-well plates for cell proliferation assay. Twenty four hours after plating, cells were treated with various concentrations (62.5, 125, 250 μm) of the extract along with the control in the presence or absence of Calphostin C (10 μm) or Tyrphostin (10 μm) and cultured for 24–72 h to determine effects of treatment on cell growth. MTT assay was performed at 24, 48 and 72. MTT assay was performed over 3 days. In vitro antiproliferative study showed that the extract at all concentrations caused cytotoxicity of the HT29 cells. The extract in the absence of the enzyme inhibitors caused a higher cell inhibition than in their presence with the 62.5 μm/ml causing a higher inhibitory effect on the cells. The ability of the methanol leaf extract of Picralima nitida with a higher antiproliferative property in the absence of the enzyme inhibitors is a pointer to its cytotoxic efficacy. It was thus concluded from this study that the plant extract from Picralima nitida has anti-proliferative/cytotoxic effect hence further evaluation on the constituents responsible for this effect may be explored.Item Anatomical investigation of the craniofacial and ocular morphometrics of the male western cattle egret (Bubulcus ibis)(Anatomical Society of Africa, 2021) Ayodeji, A. I.; Kazeem, E. O.; Levi, U. I.; Adejumobi, O. A.; Adefunke, A.The heron species, Cattle egret (Bubulcus ibis) can be found all over the world. In the South-Western region of Nigeria, they are colonial, white in colour, and are seen in open lands and around water bodies. Morphometric data are important parameter in the assessment of functional morphology, hence we here present for the first time, data on the craniofacial indices of cattle egret. The cranium, nasal, orbital and beak morphometric indices and correlation data of the cattle egret were investigated on the fresh specimen and macerated skull of the male cattle egrets, using the GraphPad Prism. The height of the cranium was 33.92±0.970 cm, while the cranium length and breadth were 52.92±1.800 and 34.48±1.714, respectively. The right eye socket length, 36.17±5.636 and breadth, 31.67±2.160 were slightly greater than the left eye socket length, 35.92±4.128 and breadth, 31.00±2.757. There was a strong positive correlation between the right eye socket breadth and the left eye socket breadth (r=0.940), and also, a very strong positive correlation was found between the right and the left eye socket length (r=0.981). Results showed the foramen magnum length and breadth to be 19.17±0.753 and 18.83±0.753, respectively, however, a low positive correlation was recorded between the foramen magnum length and breadth (r=0.059). A strong positive correlation was observed between the upper beak length and the lower beak length (r=0.901), while similar values were recorded for the nasal breadth and length, respectively. Data generated from this study will prove useful in comparative, regional and clinical anatomy and could also help in identifying archaeological remains of the cattle egrets.Item The therapeutic potential of the novel angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)(Horizon Publisher India, 2021) Oyagbemi, O. A.; Ajibade, T. O.; Abowa, Y. G.; Gbadamosi, I. I.; Adedapo, A. D. A.; Aro, A. O.; Adejumobi, O. A.; Thamahane-Katenuga, E.; Omobowale, T. O.; Falayi, O. O.; Oyagbemi, T. O.; Ogunpolu, B. S.; Hassan, F. O.; Ogunmiluyi, I. O.; Ola-Davies, O. E.; Saba, A. B.; Adedapo, A. A.; Nkadimeng, S. M.; McGaw, L. Z.; Kayoka-Kabongo, P. N.; Yakubu, M. A.; Oguntibeju, O. O.Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the etiological agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This virus has become a global pandemic with unprecedented mortality and morbidity along with attendant financial and economic crises. Furthermore, COVID-19 can easily be transmitted regardless of religion, race, sex, or status. Globally, high hospitalization rates of COVID-19 patients have been reported, and billions of dollars have been spent to contain the pandemic. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) 2 is a receptor of SARS-CoV-2, which has a significant role in the entry of the virus into the host cell. ACE2 is highly expressed in the type II alveolar cells of the lungs, upper esophagus, stratified epithelial cells, and other tissues in the body. The diminished expressions of ACE2 have been associated with hypertension, arteriosclerosis, heart failure, chronic kidney disease, and immune system dysregulation. Overall, the potential drug candidates that could serve as ACE2 activators or enhance the expression of ACE2 in a disease state, such as COVID-19, hold considerable promise in mitigating the COVID-19 pandemic. This study reviews the therapeutic potential and pharmacological benefits of the novel ACE2 in the management of COVID-19 using search engines, such as Google, Scopus, PubMed, and PubMed Central.Item Comparative study of diminazene aceturate in trypanosomiasis therapy in Nigerian local dogs using intramuscular and intravenous routes of administration(Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, 2021) Adejumobi, O. A.; Jubril, A. J.; Afolabi, J. M.; Omobowale, T. O.; Olopade, J. K.Trypanosoma brucei infection is an important protozoan disease of dogs in tsetse fly infested areas of Africa. It is associated with great economic losses in dogs. Diminazine aceturate (DA) is commonly used in Nigeria for the management of protozoan diseases including trypanosomusis. DA has however been found to have potential harmful effect on the liver, heart, kidney and brain. The need to evaluate the efficacy of DA administered intramuscularly and intravenously in acute infection and evaluate the biochemical and cardiovascular effect warranted this study. In this study, we compared the treatment of single doses of DA intramuscular (1/m), and slow intravenous (i/v) administration. Sixteen local dogs (4-5 months) were used and grouped as Control (C). Trypanosome infested (untreated. T1), Trypanosome infested (i/m treated, T2), and Trypanosome infested (i/v treated, T3). DA was administered to T2 and T3 eight days after inoculation and trypanosome parasitaemia had been established. Daily body weight and body temperature, haematological tests, serological tests, parasitaemia and electrocardiograms of the dogs were evaluated in each group. Results show a steady rise in temperature after parasitaemia which resolved after treatment. There were significant increases in packed cell volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration, and creatinine, in the treated groups when compared with the control and untreated groups. There was significant increase in lymphocyte count in T2 compared to the control as well. There was a reduction in blood pressure of the infected untreated group. The electrocardiogram data showed significant increase in PR interval and QT interval in T1 and QTc intervals in T1, T2, and T3 across groups. We conclude that, though both routes cleared the parasitaemia and the intravenous route was well tolerated, no summative comparative advantage was seen over the intramuscular routes in the parameters observed in this study. Further work is needed to examine if advantage can be observed in long term prevention of relapse by the intravenous route.Item Comparative study of postvaccinal haematological and immunological responses to three brands of rabies vaccines in Nigerian local dogs (Canis lupus familiaris)(Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, 2021) Adejumobi, O. A.; Omobowale, T. O.; Alaba, B. A.; Ohore, O. G.; Adebayo, A. K.; Fagbohun, O. A.; Nottidge, H. O.Rabies is still a public health burden in Nigeria despite vaccination efforts. This may be due to impotent vaccines being administered to dogs. Therefore, this study was conducted to test the immunogenicity of some commonly-used anti-rabies vaccines (ARV) in Nigeria. Twenty four certified healthy local breed puppies were divided into 3 groups of 8 dogs per group, randomly selected equally based on sex. The groups were tagged groups A, B and C. Three brands of ARV coded A, B and C were administered to their respective dog groups. Blood samples of dogs were collected pre-vaccination (Day 0), Days 7, 14, 28 and 90 post vaccination. The blood samples were evaluated for haematological parameters and the serum samples were analysed using indirect ELISA to evaluate seroconversion. Statistical analyses were carried out using ANOVA and Student's t-test. The three brands of vaccines clicited seroconversion by day 7 post-vaccination as there were significant (p<0.05) increases in the antibody titres (IU/ml) A (0.45±0.06), B (0.64±0.14), C (0.784.06) following the administration of the vaccines compared to the titers found in A (3.18+0.16), B (2.78+0.38) and C (4.20+0.17) on day 0. There were also significant increases (P<0.05) in the antibody titres on days 14, 21, 28, 90 compared to day 0. Comparatively, all the vaccines were immunogenic but vaccine C induced the highest level of antibody titre. There was no significant difference in antibody responses on specific days based on gender. All the three brands of evaluated in this study are immunogenicity and suitable for routine vaccination of dogs.Item Target organ damage in canine and feline systemic hypertension: a review(Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, 2021) Adejumobi, O. A.; Oyagbemi, A. A.; Omobowale, T. O.; Ajibade, T. O.; Adedapo, A. A.; Nottidge, H. O.Hypertension is a state of persistent elevation of arterial blood pressure and a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Chronic exposure to blood pressure results in target organs damage (TOD). Hypertension may be primary or essential and symptoms may be subclinical, insidiously causing damages to the target organs. It is often diagnosed when condition relating to the organ dysfunction are presented to the clinic. On the other hand, hypertension can be secondary when it is caused by an underlying condition and it may eventually damage some other vital organs (target organs) in the body of the affected animal. These target organs include the eyes, brain, kidneys and heart causing hypertensive retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy and cardiomyopathy, respectively, in the organs. This review elucidates the occurrence and manifestation of hypertension and pathophysiology and clinical manifestation of target organ damage in small animals. There is therefore, the need for comprehensive cardiovascular examination and measurements of renal function, echocardiography and electrocardiography to diagnose hypertension and target organ damage early in order to promptly and properly manage the health abnormality. This will reduce the economic loss, organ damage and mortality caused by hypertension and its associated organ dysfunctionItem D-ribose-L-cystein prevents oxidative stress and cardiometabolic syndrome in high-fructose, high-fat-fed rats(Elsevier, 2021) Ojetola, A. A.; Adeyemi, W. J.; David, U. E.; Ajibade, T. O.; Adejumobi, O. A.; Omobowale, T. O.; Oyagbemi, A. A.; Fasanmade, A. A.Cardiometabolic syndrome has been linked with dietary modification. Therefore, we investigated the effects of D-ribose L cysteine (DRLC) in rats fed with high fructose high fat (IFF) diet. Twenty rats (n 5), divided into 4 groups were concurrently exposed to IIFIIF and/or DRLC (250 mg/kg, p.o) during the 8 weeks study. The result showed that compared to control group, HFHF group had significant impairment in lipid and glucose homeo- stasis, increased cardiac xanthine oxidase, systolic blood pressure, heart rate, body weight change and fluid intake. Also, there were significant reductions in HDL-C, cardiac (GPX, NO&GGT), feel intake and relative heart weight in the latter, relative to the former. However, there were no significant differences in most of the observed physical and biochemical changes in IIFIIF DRLC group compared to control. DRLC alone did not disrupt the level of biomarkers. Conclusively, DRLC prevented the manifestation of oxidative stress and cardiometabolic syndrome in IIFIIF diet fed rats.Item Compensatory depression of arterial pressure and reversal of ECG abnormalities by Annona muricata and Curcuma longa in hypertensive Wistar rats(Walter de Gruyter GmbH (Germany), 2021) Oridupa, O. A.; Oyagbemi, A. A.; Adejumobi, O. A.; Falade, F. B.; Obisesan, A. D.; Abegunde, B. A.; Ekwen, P. C.; Adegboye, V. O.; Omobowale, T. O.Objectives: Increasing hypertension incidence in Sub-Sahara Africa and the current cost of management of the metabolic disorder has necessitated research on medicinal plants employed in African Traditional Medicine for hypertension. Thus, this study evaluated antihypertensive effect of Annona muricata leaves or Curcuma longa rhizomes in experimentally-induced hypertensive male Wistar rats (n=70) which were unilaterally nephrectomized and daily loaded with 1% salt. Cardiovascular and haematological changes, as well as urinalysis were determined. Methods: Rats were uninephrectomized and NaCl (1%) included in drinking water for 42 days. Extract-treated hypertensive rats were compared to normotensive, untreated hypertensive and hypertensive rats treated with lisinopril (5 mg/70 kg) or hydrochlorothiazide (12.5 mg/70 kg). A. muricata extract or C. longa extract were administered at 100, 200 or 400 mg/kg. Blood pressure (systolic, diastolic and mean arterial) and electrocardiogram was measured on day 41. Twenty-four-hour urine samples were collected from day 42. Blood samples were collected on day 43 for haematology (PCV, red cell indices, WBC and its differentials, and platelets). Results and Conclusions: A. muricata or C. longa extracts caused a decline in elevated blood pressure of hypertensive rats. Heart rate and QT segment reduction coupled with prolonged QRS duration were reversed in extract-treated rats, with significant increases in hemogram parameters indicating increased blood viscosity. Also, leukocyturia, proteinuria and ketonuria with increased urine alkalinity, urobilinogen and specific gravity which are classical indicators of poor prognostic outcomes in hypertension were reversed in extract-treated rats. In conclusion, A. muricata and C. longa have cardioprotective effect with reversal of derangements in haemogram and urinalysis associated with hypertension.Item Efficacy of concurrent administration of hyper immune egg yolk and virus challenge in Newcastle disease infection(Springer-Verlag London Ltd, 2024) Tounkara, C.; Dakouo, M.; Igado, O. O.Newcastle disease (ND), an infectious illness, affects domestic and wild birds. Poultry production in Mali faces significant obstacles due to this disease. An important cause of loss in Mali’s chicken industry, especially in rural areas, is Newcastle dis ease, with the sole method of prevention being vaccination. Unfortunately, in village poultry farms, this vaccination coverage is very low. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of hyper-immune egg yolk in protecting against Newcastle disease in poultry, as a cheaper and more accessible means of prophylaxis. Forty-five-day-old seronegative chickens (Leghorn strain) were divided into three groups (n = 5) housed separately. Groups I and II were inoculated with the virulent Newcastle strain (Ml029/07) titrating 106 EID50/ml intramuscularly, 100 µl per chicken; thereafter, group I was treated with hyper-immune egg yolk intramuscularly, 2 ml for 3 days. Group III (the control group) received neither virus nor treatment. All groups were placed under clinical observation for 14 days. All chickens in groups I and III remained healthy and recorded no mortality during the entire period, while group II showed signs of ND and had 100% mortality. The hyper-immune egg yolk was able to protect poultry against the ML029/07 strain isolated in Mali. Further studies are recommended, with interventions to make this method of prevention more accessible in areas with poultry populations as a means of protection against ND mortalities.