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Item Clinical biochemistry as a prognostic tool in the management of the critically-ill patient(Nigerian Veterinary Medical Association, 2014) Akinrinmade, J. F.; Akinrinde, A. S.Item Effect of oral administration of methanolic extract of Ocimum gratissimum on intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury in Rats(Sciencedomain International, 2013) Akinrinmade, J. F.; Akinrinde, A. S.Aim: The effect of the methanolic extract of Ocimum gratisimum (OG) leaves on thetissue damage induced by ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury in the rat intestine wasinvestigated. Study Design: Randomized controlled experiment.Place and Duration of Study: Experimental Animal Unit and Faculty of VeterinaryMedicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria from March to May, 2013. Methodology: 18 rats were divided randomly into 3 groups of 6 rats each. Group I served as control; Group II had IR injury by laparotomy with clamping of the Superior mesenteric artery (SMA) for 30 minutes followed by removal of the clamp for 45 minutes; Group III was pre-treated orally for 7days with methanolic extract of Ocimum gratissimum (MEOG)followed by IR injury. Sections of the duodenum and ileum were cut for histopathological examination. The remaining tissues were processed for the determination of biochemical markers of oxidative stress including Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), Malondialdehyde (MDA) and Glutathione concentrations. Results: Mean values of MDA and H2O2 levels were significantly elevated (P=0.004 and P=0.03, respectively) in intestinal tissues following IR compared to control while reduced glutathione (GSH) levels were not significantly altered. OG (500mg/kg) caused significant reduction (P=0.02 and P=0.04) in MDA concentrations and H2O2 generation, respectively compared with the IR group. Histopathological examination revealed erosions and stunting of the villi tips in the duodenum and ileum, with severe mononuclear infiltration at the mucosal surface in the IR group. No visible lesions were observed in the intestine of the control group, with no significant alterations in the intestinal epithelium of the OG-treated rats. Conclusion: The results suggest that OG may provide some protection against intestinal mucosal injury induced by ischemia-reperfusion, through its anti-oxidative effects.Item Earfly bite wounds in dogs in Ibadan, South-West Nigeria(Academic Journals, 2013) Akinrinmade, J. F.; Akinrinde, A. S.A study was conducted in Ibadan, South-West Nigeria between 2005 and 2009 to determine the prevalence, risk factors and management protocols employed in earfly bite wounds in dogs. Review of case records, physical examinations and administration of structured questionnaire were used to obtain information with regard to the number of cases of earfly bite wounds presented, signalment, anatomical features, treatment modalities and response. Prevalence of earfly bite wounds was 11.73%. Sex, breed, anatomical features and management exhibited significant influence on the incidence of earfly bite wounds. Effectiveness of management protocols was low with significantly high recurrence rate. The results showed a significantly high association between earfly bite wounds and aural hematoma and otitis externa.Item Rumen impaction with foreign indigestible materials in domestic ruminants in Nigeria: A Review(Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, 2012) Akinrinmade, J. F.Rumen impaction due to foreign, indigestible materials has become one of the major gastro-intestinal disorders in ruminant livestock causing severe loss of meat and milk production and high mortality rates. Ingested foreign bodies affect the health of animals and cause economic loss to the owner. Among other factors, the current widespread use of polythene and other non-biodegradable materials with improper waste disposal is a major predisposing factor to the development of rumen impaction. In this paper, the Nigerian situation with regard to the prevalence, reported fatalities, composition of recovered foreign materials, risk factors and clinical signs of foreign body rumen impaction are reviewed, including the clinical management approaches to the condition, the hemato-biochemical, trace element profile and pathology of the rumen in affected animals. The review also provides information on the waste disposal situation in Nigeria as it relates to the development of this condition with emphasis on its economic implications and the preventive strategies to counteract the problem of rumen impaction.Item Hematological and serum biochemical indices of West African dwarf goats with foreign body rumen impaction(Physiological Society of Nigeria, 2012) Akinrinmade, J. F.; Akinrinde, A. S.Hematological and biochemical parameters were determined in 82 West African Dwarf goats with foreign body rumen impaction (FBR) and 40 normal WAD goats without foreign body rumen impaction (WFBR) in order to evaluate their influence on the etio-pathogenesis of rumen impaction. The mean PCV (26.22%), RBC (9.03 X 106/µL), Hb (8.38g/dl) and MCHC (32.20g/dl) were significantly lower (P<0.05) in FBR than in WFBR. The values obtained for serum sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium in FBR goats were not significantly different (P<0.05) from that of WFBR goats. Mean values of serum total protein (4.02gm/dl), phosphorus (3.38mg/dl), glucose (29.33gm/dl), zinc (0.72mmol/L) and copper (0.49mmol/L) in FBR goats were significantly lower than in WFBR goats. The results suggest that foreign body rumen impaction in WAD goats is influenced by some hematological (PCV, RBC, Hb, MCHC) and serum biochemical (total protein, phosphorus, glucose, zinc, copper) parameters and can be used as a basis for formulating preventive measures.Item Aflatoxin status of some commercial dry dog foods in Ibadan, Nigeria(Academic Journals, 2012) Akinrinmade, J. F.; Akinrinde, A. S.The occurrence of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2 in commercial dry dog foods in the city of Ibadan, Southwest Nigeria, was investigated. Dry dog food samples from 6 producers were purchased on five different occasions from retail outlets in Ibadan, Nigeria. High performance liquid chromatography was used for separation and quantification of aflatoxin fractions, after consideration of the limits of detection and quantification of the method. Results indicate that aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2 were detected in all the samples investigated, with B1 being the most abundant. The range of concentration of total aflatoxins was 7.76 to 11.93 µg/kg (mean: 9.61 µg/kg). The results show that dry dog foods marketed in Ibadan are frequently contaminated with aflatoxins, exposing dogs to adverse effects of aflatoxicosis. Scientifically based regulations for the acceptable limit of mycotoxins in pet foods in the country would be beneficial.Item Aflatoxin status of some commercial dry dog foods in Ibadan, Nigeria(Academic Journals, 2012) Akinrinmade, J. F.; Akinrinde, A. S.The occurrence of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2 in commercial dry dog foods in the city of Ibadan, Southwest Nigeria, was investigated. Dry dog food samples from 6 producers were purchased on five different occasions from retail outlets in Ibadan, Nigeria. High performance liquid chromatography was used for separation and quantification of aflatoxin fractions, after consideration of the limits of detection and quantification of the method. Results indicate that aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2 were detected in all the samples investigated, with B1 being the most abundant. The range of concentration of total aflatoxins was 7.76 to 11.93 µg/kg (mean: 9.61 µg/kg). The results show that dry dog foods marketed in Ibadan are frequently contaminated with aflatoxins, exposing dogs to adverse effects of aflatoxicosis. Scientifically based regulations for the acceptable limit of mycotoxins in pet foods in the country would be beneficial.Item Aflatoxin status of some commercial dry dog foods in Ibadan, Nigeria(Academic Journals, 2012) Akinrinmade, J. F.; Akinrinde, A. S.The occurrence of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2 in commercial dry dog foods in the city of Ibadan, Southwest Nigeria, was investigated. Dry dog food samples from 6 producers were purchased on five different occasions from retail outlets in Ibadan, Nigeria. High performance liquid chromatography was used for separation and quantification of aflatoxin fractions, after consideration of the limits of detection and quantification of the method. Results indicate that aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2 were detected in all the samples investigated, with B1 being the most abundant. The range of concentration of total aflatoxins was 7.76 to 11.93 µg/kg (mean: 9.61 µg/kg). The results show that dry dog foods marketed in Ibadan are frequently contaminated with aflatoxins, exposing dogs to adverse effects of aflatoxicosis. Scientifically based regulations for the acceptable limit of mycotoxins in pet foods in the country would be beneficial.Item Prevalence of foreign body rumen impaction in slaughtered goats in Ibadan, Southwest Nigeria(Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University ofMaiduguri, 2012) Akinrinmade, J. F.; Akinrinde, A. S.A study was conducted on 4,488 goals in Ibadan, southwest sub-tropic humid zone, over a 4-month period to determine the prevalence of rumen impaction with indigestible garbage and to evaluate breed, sex and age as risk factors. Ante-mortem and post-mortem examinations were carried out on each of the animals to determine the breed, health status, sex, age and presence of indigestible garbage in the rumen. Prevalence of rumen impaction with indigestible garbage was 9.61%. It was significantly (p<0.05) higher in Red Sokoto breed than other breeds. Sex and age were found to have significant influence on the prevalence of rumen impaction. It was significantly higher (p<0.05) in females and older goats than males and younger ones, respectively.Item Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome: Phytotherapeutic evidences from intestinal ischemia-reperfusion models(Apple Academic Press, 2023) Akinrinde, A. S.; Akinrinmade, J. F.The gastrointestinal mucosa serves important barrier and defensive function against pathogenic bacteria, aggressive factors, and other inflammatory stimuli present within the lumen of the intestines. A variety of pathological and/or surgical conditions, known to produce intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury (HRI) (e.g., hemorrhagic shock, strangulated bowel, intussusception, and volvulus) has been associated with breaches in gut barrier integrity, increased barrier permeability, and translocation of viable enteric bacteria and their toxins into the portal and systemic circulation. The result of this trans-epithelial movement of enteric microbes and/or toxins is the generalized activation of various inflammatory mediators (e.g., cytokines, reactive oxygen species, leucocytes, and the complement system) in what is often described as the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). One devastating consequence of IIRI and SIRS is widespread injury to remote organs, a condition often referred to as multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), which is the leading cause of mortality in critically ill patients, especially those in intensive care units. From the foregoing, it has been suggested that compounds that combine multiple activities such as antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immune-modulatory roles, may provide new approaches to the prevention and/or treatment of MODS. In this regard, medicinal herbs with their composite nature of bioactivities due to several inherent phytochemicals are being investigated at different levels for their benefits in modulating the pathophysiological mechanisms that give rise to MODS. With particular reference to animal models of IIRL this chapter explores available experimental evidence of the potential prophylactic and/or therapeutic benefits of medicinal herbs in limiting remote organ dysfunction arising from gastrointestinal injury.