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Item Prevalence of rumen impaction with non-biodegrable materials in cattle in Ibadan, Nigeria(Nigerian Society for Animal Production, 2021) Akinrinmade, J. F; Akinrinde, S. A.A study was conducted on 3031 cattle slaughtered in Ibadan over a period of three months to determine the prevalence of rumen impaction with indigestible garbage and evaluate breed, sex, age and some blood indices as risk factors. Thorough antemortem and postmortem examinations were carried out on each of the animals to determine the breed, health status, sex, age and presence of indigestible garbage in the rumen while blood samples were collected and analysed only for animals with indigestible garbage, to determine total serum protein and phosphorus levels. Results showed overall prevalence of rumen impaction was 10.77% and it differed significantly between breeds, but was highest in the Red Bororo (RB). Sex and age had significant influence on the prevalence of rumen impaction. It was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in females than in males and in older animals than in younger ones. Total serum protein and phosphorus levels were significantly lower than reference values in animals with rumen impaction.Item Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome: Phytotherapeutic evidences from intestinal ischemia-reperfusion models(Apple Academic Press, 2023) Akinrinde, A. S.; Akinrinmade, J. F.The gastrointestinal mucosa serves important barrier and defensive function against pathogenic bacteria, aggressive factors, and other inflammatory stimuli present within the lumen of the intestines. A variety of pathological and/or surgical conditions, known to produce intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury (HRI) (e.g., hemorrhagic shock, strangulated bowel, intussusception, and volvulus) has been associated with breaches in gut barrier integrity, increased barrier permeability, and translocation of viable enteric bacteria and their toxins into the portal and systemic circulation. The result of this trans-epithelial movement of enteric microbes and/or toxins is the generalized activation of various inflammatory mediators (e.g., cytokines, reactive oxygen species, leucocytes, and the complement system) in what is often described as the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). One devastating consequence of IIRI and SIRS is widespread injury to remote organs, a condition often referred to as multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), which is the leading cause of mortality in critically ill patients, especially those in intensive care units. From the foregoing, it has been suggested that compounds that combine multiple activities such as antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immune-modulatory roles, may provide new approaches to the prevention and/or treatment of MODS. In this regard, medicinal herbs with their composite nature of bioactivities due to several inherent phytochemicals are being investigated at different levels for their benefits in modulating the pathophysiological mechanisms that give rise to MODS. With particular reference to animal models of IIRL this chapter explores available experimental evidence of the potential prophylactic and/or therapeutic benefits of medicinal herbs in limiting remote organ dysfunction arising from gastrointestinal injury.