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Item Gastrointestinal protective efficacy of Kolaviron (a bi‑flavonoid from Garcinia kola) following a single administration of sodium arsenite in rats: Biochemical and histopathological studies(Wolters Kluver, 2015) Akinrinde, A. S.; Olowu, E.; Oyagbemi, A. A.; Omobowale, O. T.Background: Arsenic intoxication is known to produce symptoms including diarrhea and vomiting, which are indications of gastrointestinal dysfunction. Objective: We investigated whether Kolaviron (KV) administration protected against sodium arsenite (NaAsO2)-induced damage to gastric and intestinal epithelium in rats. Materials and Methods: Control rats (Group I) were given a daily oral dose of corn oil. Rats in other groups were given a single dose of NaAsO2 (100 mg/kg; intraperitoneal) alone (Group II) or after pretreatment for 7 days with KV at 100 mg/kg (Group III) and 200 mg/kg (Group IV). Rats were sacrificed afterward and portions of the stomach, small intestine and colon were processed for histopathological examination. Hydrogen peroxide, reduced glutathione, malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations as well as activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), glutathione S transferase (GST) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) were measured in the remaining portions of the different gastrointestinal tract (GIT) segments. Results: NaAsO2 caused significant increases (P < 0.05) in MDA levels and MPO activity, with significant reductions (P < 0.05) in GST, GPX, CAT and SOD activities in the stomach and intestines. KV significantly reversed the changes (P < 0.05) in a largely dose-dependent manner. The different segments had marked inflammatory cellular infiltration, with hyperplasia of the crypts, which occurred to much lesser degrees with KV administration. Conclusion: The present findings showed that KV might be a potent product for mitigating NaAsO2 toxicity in the GIT.Item Saponins – A ubiquitous phytochemical: A review of its biochemical, physiological and pharmacological effects(Studium Press LLC, 2014) Soetan, K. O.; Ajibade, T. O.; Akinrinde, A. S.Saponins are ubiquitous phytochemicals widely reported to be present in many species of plants and animals. Some saponin containing plants, mainly legumes, have been used as animal feed, but others are toxic. In this review, the biochemical, physiological and pharmacological effects of saponins in humans and animals have been highlighted. Physiological and biochemical effects examined include the effects on biological membranes, gastrointestinal absorption, blood and liver cholesterol, enzymes and general body metabolism, reproductive, antioxidant and free-radical scavenging effect, smooth muscle activity and effects on ruminant digestion. Pharmacological effects of saponins such as anti-inflammatory, diuretic, hypoglycaemic, antidiabetic, antiulcer and anti-ageing effects are also examined. From the literature reviewed, it can be concluded that saponins, in general, are toxic when administered intravenously but possess a lot of therapeutic potentials especially as cytotoxic agents.Item Clinical biochemistry as a prognostic tool in the management of the critically-ill patient(Nigerian Veterinary Medical Association, 2014) Akinrinmade, J. F.; Akinrinde, A. S.Item Comparative studies on the proximate composition, mineral and anti-nutritional factors in the seeds and leaves of African locust bean (Parkia biglobosa)(Valahia University Press, 2014) Soetan, K. O.; Akinrinde, A. S.; Adisa, S. B.The seeds and leaves of African Locust Bean (Parkia biglobosa) were evaluated for their proximate analysis, minerals and anti-nutritional factors. Atomic absorption spectrometry was used in the determination of the levels of Ca, Mg,K, Na, Mn, Fe, Cu and Zn. Anti-nutritional Factors (ANFs), including Trypsin inhibitor, oxalates, phytates, tannins, saponins, hydrocyanic acid were also determined using appropriate techniques. The result showed that the seeds of P.biglobosa had significantly higher (p<0.05)crude protein (33.50%), crude fat (49.20%) and %dry matter (95.20%) contents compared to the leaves having crude protein(18.40%), crude fat (8.11%) and %dry matter (88.80%), while the leaves had significantly higher (p<0.05) contents of ash (13.60%), crude fibre(18.90%) and moisture (11.20%) as against the seeds havingash (4.81%), crude fibre (4.66%)and moisture (4.89%). The mineral content of the analyzed samples showed that the seeds were richer in Ca (0.703%), Mg (0.356%), K (0.211%), Na (86.729ppm), Mn (54.811ppm), Fe (69.828ppm), Cu (9.766ppm) and Zn (12.156ppm), while the leaves recorded higher Phosphorus level (79.833ppm) than the seeds. For the ANFs, the seeds recorded higher levels of trypsin inhibitor (0.059+0.01),haemagglutinating units (46.00+0.07) and tannins (0.51+0.00) than the leaves, while the leaves recorded higher levels of oxalates (0.97+0.00), phytates (2.16+0.03), saponins (1.24+0.00) and hydrogen cyanide (87.9+0.56)than the seeds. The overall results are suggestive of higher nutritional quality of the seeds than the leaves due to higher mineral contents and lower presence of some anti-nutritional factors.Item Adverse effects of In-Vitro cadmium exposure on quality and antioxidant enzyme status of Boar Spermatozoa(College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, 2014) Akinrinde, A. S.; Ojo, O. O.; Eboh, A. S.; Adedara, I. A.; Farombi, E. O.This study was aimed to evaluate the reproductive toxicity of cadmium chloride (CdCl2. 2.5H2O) in Boar spermatozoa in vitro. Boar spermatozoa obtained from the caudal epididymis of freshly slaughtered boars and dispersed in semen incubation medium (containing tris-hydroxymethyl-aminomethane, citric acid and fructose) were incubated at four different concentrations (0, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0mM) for 3 hours at 370C. Sperm viability, motility and percentage of abnormal spermatozoa were assessed by microscopy every one hour during the 3–hour incubation period, using aliquots from the incubated samples. Samples thus treated with cadmium chloride were centrifuged and the supernatant was used in the assessment of biochemical parameters of oxidative stress including hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), reduced glutathione (GSH) and Lipid peroxidation. The activities of antioxidant enzymes, catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), Glutathione peroxidase (GPX) as well as transaminases (ALT and AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were also assessed. The percentage of motile and viable spermatozoa decreased significantly (p<0.05) after exposure of spermatozoa to CdCl2 in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Cadmium significantly increased (p<0.05) the levels of H2O2 and malondialdehyde (MDA) in the spermatozoa with significant reductions (p<0.05) in the activities of SOD, GPX, and CAT. Slight but insignificant increase in GSH concentration was accompanied with a slight increase in GST activity. ALT, AST and ALP activities were differentially modified. The results of this study revealed that cadmium chloride caused reductions in sperm motility and viability, induction of oxidative stress and impairment of antioxidant enzyme activities.Item Failure of recovery from lead induced hepatotoxicity and disruption of erythrocyte antioxidant defense system in Wistar rats(Elsevier B. V., 2014) Omobowale, T. O.; Oyagbemi, A. A.; Akinrinde, A. S.; Saba, A. B.; Daramola, O. T.; Ogunpolu, B. S.; Olopade, J. O.Lead acetate (PbA) is one of the major environmental contaminants with grave toxicological consequences both in the developing and developed countries. The liver and erythrocyte antioxidant status and markers of oxidative were assessed. Exposure of rats to PbA led to significant decline (p < 0.05) in hepatic and erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione S-transferase (GST), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and reduced glutathione (GSH) content. Similarly, malondialdehyde (MDA) and H2O2 concentrations were significantly (p < 0.05) elevated. Histopathology and immunohistology of liver of rats exposed to PbA showed focal areas of necrosis and COX-2 expression after 6 weeks of PbA withdrawal. Taken together, hepatic and erythrocytes antioxidant defence system failed to recover after withdrawal of the exposed PbA for the period of the study. In conclusion, experimental animals exposed to PbA did not recover from hepatotoxicity and disruption of erythrocyte antioxidant defence system via free radical generation and oxidative stress.Item Effect of oral administration of methanolic extract of Ocimum gratissimum on intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury in Rats(Sciencedomain International, 2013) Akinrinmade, J. F.; Akinrinde, A. S.Aim: The effect of the methanolic extract of Ocimum gratisimum (OG) leaves on thetissue damage induced by ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury in the rat intestine wasinvestigated. Study Design: Randomized controlled experiment.Place and Duration of Study: Experimental Animal Unit and Faculty of VeterinaryMedicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria from March to May, 2013. Methodology: 18 rats were divided randomly into 3 groups of 6 rats each. Group I served as control; Group II had IR injury by laparotomy with clamping of the Superior mesenteric artery (SMA) for 30 minutes followed by removal of the clamp for 45 minutes; Group III was pre-treated orally for 7days with methanolic extract of Ocimum gratissimum (MEOG)followed by IR injury. Sections of the duodenum and ileum were cut for histopathological examination. The remaining tissues were processed for the determination of biochemical markers of oxidative stress including Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), Malondialdehyde (MDA) and Glutathione concentrations. Results: Mean values of MDA and H2O2 levels were significantly elevated (P=0.004 and P=0.03, respectively) in intestinal tissues following IR compared to control while reduced glutathione (GSH) levels were not significantly altered. OG (500mg/kg) caused significant reduction (P=0.02 and P=0.04) in MDA concentrations and H2O2 generation, respectively compared with the IR group. Histopathological examination revealed erosions and stunting of the villi tips in the duodenum and ileum, with severe mononuclear infiltration at the mucosal surface in the IR group. No visible lesions were observed in the intestine of the control group, with no significant alterations in the intestinal epithelium of the OG-treated rats. Conclusion: The results suggest that OG may provide some protection against intestinal mucosal injury induced by ischemia-reperfusion, through its anti-oxidative effects.Item Earfly bite wounds in dogs in Ibadan, South-West Nigeria(Academic Journals, 2013) Akinrinmade, J. F.; Akinrinde, A. S.A study was conducted in Ibadan, South-West Nigeria between 2005 and 2009 to determine the prevalence, risk factors and management protocols employed in earfly bite wounds in dogs. Review of case records, physical examinations and administration of structured questionnaire were used to obtain information with regard to the number of cases of earfly bite wounds presented, signalment, anatomical features, treatment modalities and response. Prevalence of earfly bite wounds was 11.73%. Sex, breed, anatomical features and management exhibited significant influence on the incidence of earfly bite wounds. Effectiveness of management protocols was low with significantly high recurrence rate. The results showed a significantly high association between earfly bite wounds and aural hematoma and otitis externa.Item Rumen impaction with foreign indigestible materials in domestic ruminants in Nigeria: A Review(Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, 2012) Akinrinmade, J. F.Rumen impaction due to foreign, indigestible materials has become one of the major gastro-intestinal disorders in ruminant livestock causing severe loss of meat and milk production and high mortality rates. Ingested foreign bodies affect the health of animals and cause economic loss to the owner. Among other factors, the current widespread use of polythene and other non-biodegradable materials with improper waste disposal is a major predisposing factor to the development of rumen impaction. In this paper, the Nigerian situation with regard to the prevalence, reported fatalities, composition of recovered foreign materials, risk factors and clinical signs of foreign body rumen impaction are reviewed, including the clinical management approaches to the condition, the hemato-biochemical, trace element profile and pathology of the rumen in affected animals. The review also provides information on the waste disposal situation in Nigeria as it relates to the development of this condition with emphasis on its economic implications and the preventive strategies to counteract the problem of rumen impaction.Item Hematological and serum biochemical indices of West African dwarf goats with foreign body rumen impaction(Physiological Society of Nigeria, 2012) Akinrinmade, J. F.; Akinrinde, A. S.Hematological and biochemical parameters were determined in 82 West African Dwarf goats with foreign body rumen impaction (FBR) and 40 normal WAD goats without foreign body rumen impaction (WFBR) in order to evaluate their influence on the etio-pathogenesis of rumen impaction. The mean PCV (26.22%), RBC (9.03 X 106/µL), Hb (8.38g/dl) and MCHC (32.20g/dl) were significantly lower (P<0.05) in FBR than in WFBR. The values obtained for serum sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium in FBR goats were not significantly different (P<0.05) from that of WFBR goats. Mean values of serum total protein (4.02gm/dl), phosphorus (3.38mg/dl), glucose (29.33gm/dl), zinc (0.72mmol/L) and copper (0.49mmol/L) in FBR goats were significantly lower than in WFBR goats. The results suggest that foreign body rumen impaction in WAD goats is influenced by some hematological (PCV, RBC, Hb, MCHC) and serum biochemical (total protein, phosphorus, glucose, zinc, copper) parameters and can be used as a basis for formulating preventive measures.