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Hepatitis B and C virus and hepatocellular carcinoma
(1997) Olubuyide, I. O.; Aliyu, B.; Olaleye, O. A.; Ola, S. O.; Olawuyi, F.; Malabu, U. H.; Odemuyiwa, S. O.; Odaibo, G. N.; Cook, G. C.
"Antibody to hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV) was detected in 18.7% of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma ma (HCC)a nd in 10.9% of controls (P<0.001).The corresponding prevalences of hepatitis B surface antigen [HBsAg] were 59.3% and 50.0%(P<0.001). Using paticnts with non-hepatic disease as controls stepwise logistics regression analysis indicated that both anti-HCV (odds ratio 6-88%; 9.5% confidence interval [CI] 1.63-9-77) and HBsAg (odds ratio 6.46; 95% Cl 1.68-18:13) were independent risk factors for HCC. Calculation of the incremental odds ratio indicated no interaction between hepatitis B virus {HBV) and HCV. Blood transfusion was a significant risk factor for acquiring HCV infection with odds ratios of 5.48 (95% CI 1.07-29.0) and 2.86 (95%. CI 1.31-22.72) for HCC cases and controls, respectively. The mean age HCC cases with HBsAg and anti-HCV was lower than that of HCC patients with anti-HCV alone (p<0.01). It is concluded that there is a high rate of HBV infection, and a low rate of HCV infection, among Nigerian patients with HCC. However, HBV and HCV are independent risk factors for the developement of HCC, with HBV having an effect more rapidly. Screening of blood products for transfusion might minimize the risk of HCV transmission."
Hepatitis B and C in doctors and dentists in Nigeria
(Oxford University Press, 1997) Olubuyide, I. O.; Ola, S. O.; Aliyu, B.; Dosumu, O. O.; Arotiba, J. T; Olaleye, O. A.; Odaibo, G. N.; Odemuyiwa, S. O.; Olawuyi, F.
"We surveyed a random sample (n=75) of doctors and dentists at University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria. They were offered anonymous testing for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), hepatitis B antibodies to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) and to hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV) by enzyme immunoassay. The results suggest a high prevelance of hepatitis B virus (HBV) with a high potential of transmissibility, as well as a high prevalence of HCV infection. The majority of the doctors and dentist use universal precaution for protection against viral hepatitis on <50% of the occasion when they carry out procedures on their patients. Infection with HBV was associated with type of specialty (surgeaon, dentists) and lack of HBV vaccination (p<0.05). After logistic regression, these factors, were independently associated. with HBV infection (p<0.05). Sixty (80%) had not hepatitis received prior HBV vaccination. Unvaccinated personnel were more likely to be surgeons, dentists, <37 years of age, and have fewer years of professional activity (p<0.05). After logistic regression, only fewer years of professional activity remained independently associated with lack of vaccination (p<0.05). To reduce the occupational exposure of doctors and dentists use universal precaution must be rigorously adhered to when the doctors and dentists carry out procedures on their procedures on their patients, and all health-care workers should be vaccinated with HBV vaccine and the HCV vaccine, when it becomes available."
Human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 infection in some rural areas of Nigeria
(1998) Odaibo, G. N.; Olaleye, O. D.; Tomori, O.
The prevelence of human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 in rural areas of Nigeria was estimated using 1089 sera collected in 18 locations from 1992 to early 1994. The sera were tested with Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay(ELISA) and confirmed by western immunoblotting technique. Overall, 13 (1.2%) of the 1089 sera were positive for antibodies to HIV-1 and HIV-2. Prevalence of 0.6% and 0.8% were obtained for HIV-1 and HIV-2 (50.0%) were found in Zurhlrrua and Umubuzu. A seroprevalence of 1.2% was obtained for both male and female groups tested. The highest prevalence of HIV was found among individuals 30-39 years age group. An overall increase in prevalence of HIV-1 and HIV-2 infection was obtained over the three years during which samples were collected for this study (0.7% in 1992, 1.0% in 1992 and 3.4% in 1994). In addition, two sera were positive for both HIV-1 and HIV-2. The detection of antibodies to HIV-1 and HIV-2 in the rural areas where blood samples were collected for this study shows that both virus are widespread in the rural communities of Nigeria.
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus types I and II infections in mother-child paris in Nigeria
(Oxford University Press, 1999) Olaleye, D. O.; Omotade, O. O.; Sheng, Z.; Adeyemo, A. A.; Odaibo, G. N.
"A community-based survey to determine the prevalence of human T-cell Iymphotropic type I (HTLV-I) and type II (HTLV-II) virus infections in mothers and children in south-western Nigeria was carried out using blood samples collected in 1993. A multistage cluster, random sampling procedure was used to select 460 mother-child pairs (476 children because there were 16 sets of twills) from 14 enumeration areas. A commercially available, whole HTLV-I lysate antigen-based ELISA method was used to screen for HTLV-I and HTLV-II antibodies in the samples. A synthetic peptide antigen-based ELISA was then used to differentiate between antibody reactivity to either HTLV-I or HTL V-ll. Reactivity to HTLV-I or HTLV -II antibodies was found in 43 per cent (20/460) of mothers and in 1.1 per cent (5/476) of children in both rural and urban communities and all the positive children were males. None of the 16 sets of twins in this study was positive for either HTLV-I or HTLV-ll. Also none of the mother-child paired sera tested showed concordance for either HTLV-I or HTLV-II antibody positivity. The lack of concordance between mother and child sera suggests that vertical transmission may not be the major route of transmission of HTLV infection to children in south-western Nigeria. Other modes of transmission, such as the re-use of unsterilized needles for injections and surgical knives in local scarification, which are common practices in the region, need to be investigated as they may prove to be more important than vertical transmission. These findings have important implications for any control programme for diseases that can be spread by the same routes as HTL V infection (the human immunodeficiency viruses, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C infections)."
Human immunodeficiency seropositivity among mother-child pairs in South west Nigeria: a community-based survey.
(2001) Omotunde, O. O.; Olaleye, D. O.; Saliu, I.; Odaibo, N. G.; Adeyemo, A. A.
A community based survey to determine the prevelence of human immunodeficiency infection in Nigeira women and children in south western Nigeria is reported. A multi-stage cluster random sampling procedure was used to select mother-child pairs from 35 enumeration areas in south western Nigeria. The final study sample consisted of 460 mothers and 476 children (including 16 sets of twins). A commercially available recombinant antigen-based ELISA method was used to test for HIV-I and HIV-2 anti-body in sera and western blotting was used as a confirmatory test for initially reactive samples. Only one mother-child pair (out of 460 mother-child pairs) was found to the positive for HIV antibody giving a mother-child concordance for HIV infection of 0.22%. Antibody to either HIV-1 of HIV-2 was detected in 3.8% (18/476) of the children's sera and in 4.3% (20/460) of mothers sera. HIV-1 reactivity was commoner than HIV-2 reactivity (2.9% versus 0.8% among children and 2.8% versus 1.5% among mothers). There were many more positive samples in the rural than in urban areas among children (7.1% versus 1.1%) and also among mothers (6.8% versus 2.4%),(p<0.001). Ths, HIV infection appears to be a real problem in south western Nigeria. The lack of concordance between mother-child sera suggests that vertical transmission may not be a major route of tansmission of HIV infection in children in South western Nigeria. It suggested that certain high risk practices(such as the re-use of unsterillised hypodermic needles for injections and surgical knives in local scarfication) which are common practices, especially in rural areas, need to be investigated as potential major modes of transmission of the infection. Control programmes need to take note of these finidngs in order to adequatly paln comprhensive health education which will cover the whole population, invluding children.
Multiple presence and heterogeneous distribution of HIV-I subtypes in Nigeria
(Klober Academic Publishers, 2001) Odaibo, G. N.; Olaleye, O. D.; Ruppach, H.; Okafor, G. O.; Dietrich, U.
Human immunodefiency virus types I(HIV) subtypes circulating in Nigeria was determined by using the Peptide based Enzymes Immuno-Assay (PELISA) to anlayze sera or plasma samples collected from 925 individuals in southeastern and nothern) of Nigeria. The synthetic peptides used as the capture antigens in the PELISA were design from the consensus sequence of the thrid hypervariable region. (V3 loop) of HIV-I subtypes A, B, C, D, E and O of HIV-I. The assay was initially validated using plasma samples from individuals infected with various genetically identified HIV-I subtypes in Europe and AFrica. Any serum or plasma samples that reacted with more than one peptide was re-tested using the same antigen panel in a limiting ELISA technique. The result co- circulation of multiple HIV-I subtypes including A, B, C, D, E and O in Nigeria. Varying prevalence of specific antibodies to the six HIV-I subtypes included in the PELISA panel were detected among infected individuals (74), B=2.5%(23) and group O, 2.4%(20). Thirty-six (3.9%) of the samples from the northen and southeastern regions reacted with HIV-I subtype O and B peptides respectively. As far as it can be ascertained, this is the first report of dtection of HIV-I subtypes B, D, and E in Nigeria. Furthermore, the result of this work indicated widespread circulation of multiple HIV-I subtypes in Nigeria. Therefore a polyvalent vaccine will be the best option for effective prophylactic immunization against HIV-I infection in Nigeria.
Phylogenetic analysis of new hepatitis B virs isolates from Nigeria supports endemicity of genotype E in west Africa.
(Wiley-Liss, Inc, 2001) Odemuyiwa, S. O.; Mulders, M. N.; Oyedele, O. I.; Ola, S. O.; Odaibo, G. N.; Olaleye, D. O.; Muller, C. P.
"Isolates of hepatitis B viruses were collected from 20 acute and chronic hepatitis patients in a highly endemic region of Nigeria. Sequencing classified the isolates to the ayw4, as they all contained the amino acid variations characteristic for that serotype. In the pre-S2 region of five isolates, three to seven amino acids were deleted, suggesting that immune escape mutations previously associated only with chronic HBV infection may be observed also in acute disease. Phylogenetic analysis of the complete pre-S2/S (large S) genes (831 nt) demonstrated that all the viruses belonged to the same genotype E. So far, no isolates of genotvpe E have been found in any other region of the world, including the Americas. This may suggest a relatively recent introduction of this genotype into humans and would explain the relatively low genetic diversity of viruses belonging to this genotype. One genotype E virus had been found previously in a chimpanzee, and viruses betonging to the CHIMP genotype are related to other genotype E viruses. These findings are compatible with a transmission of genotype E viruses from chimpanzees to humans. "
Antibodies to lassa virus Z protein and nucleoprtein co-occur in human sera from lassa fever endemic regions
(Medical Microbiology and Immunology, 2001) Gunther, S.; Kuhle, O.; Rehder, D.; Odaibo, G. N.; Olaleye, D. O.; Emmerich, P.; Meulen, J.; Schmitz, H.
It is not known whether the small 11-kDa Z protein of lassa virus is immunogenic during human lassa virus infection. To obtain evidence for the existence of an antibody response and to test the suitability of these antibodies for serosurveys, sera from lassa fever endemic regions(Guinea and Nigeria, n=75) were tested for co-reactivity to Z protein and nuclcoprotein (NP). Sera from a non-epidemic region (Uganda, n=50) served as a specificty control. Z protien and NP were expressed in Escherichia coli, affinity-purified, and used as antigen in western blot. Indiredt immunofluorescence (IIF) with lassa virus-infested cells was performed for comparison. Due to high unspecific reactivity of the African sera, western blot testing was performed with a 1:1,000 serum dilution. Under these conditions, none of the control sera but 12% of the sera from endemic regions co-reacted with both Z protein and NP. REactivity to Z protien was significantly associated with NP reactivity (p<10-6). Np and Z protein- specific antibodies were co-detected in 33% of the IIF-positive sera and in 5% of the IIF-negative sera (P=0.001). These data provides evidence for apperance of antibodies to Z protien and NP following Lassa virus infection. A recombination blot for detection of both antibody specificities seems to be specific but less sensitive than IIF.
Prevalence of HIV-I subtypes in infected concordant and discordant couples in Nigera
(Klober Academic Publishers, 2001-08) Odaibo, G. N.; Olaleye, O. D.; Ruppach, H.; Fasanmade, A. A.; Olubuyide, S. O.; Dietrich, U.
The peptide binding immunoassay (PELISA) was used as previously described to determine HIV-I subtypes among 60 married HIV-I sero-positive individuals and their spouses identified at the University College Hospital, Ibadan in order to investigate the rate of heterosexual partners by different HIV-I subtypes in Nigeria. Out of the 60 couples whose blood samples were analyzed, 33 (55%) were both positive HIV while only one spouse of the couples was sero-positive among the other 27. Using the McNemer test for discordant paired samples, an insignificant (P=0.0636) differnce was obtained between male to female and female to male transmission. Subtypes A, B, C and E were dtected among these individuals. Most (82.3%) of the subtypes C and all of the subtype E(12) were detected among the tranmitters (couples with concordant sero-positive status). This study indicates that HIV-I subtypes C and E may be more efficiently transmitted heterosexually than the other subtypes.
Serum Hepatitis C virus and hepatitis B surface antigenaemia patients with acute icteric hepatitis
(2002) Ola, S. O.; Otegbayo, G. N.; Odiabo, G. N.; Olaleye, O. D.; Olubuyide, O. I.
Acute hepatitis is common in Nigeria and hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection has been a major aetiological factor. However, the role of Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is yet undetermined. Forty-five consecutive Nigerian patients with Acute Icteric hepatitis (AIH) attending the medical clinic of the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria and 45 health adult Nigerians (controls) were studied for evidence of infection with both viruses. Questionnaire on risk procedures which predispose to acquisition of both HBV and HCV infections were administered to the patients. Blood samples were collected from all the subjects and tested for antibody to HCB (Anti-HCV) and Hepatitis B surface Antigen (HBsAg) using the second generation enzyme linked Immunoassay (Monosila-R, Sansofi, Pasteur;France). Anit-HCV was detected in 21(47%) and 17 (38%) of the patients and controls respectively. The corresponding prevalences of HBsAg were 38(84%) and 11(24%), p<0.001. Hepatitis B virus infection was found to occur more than the controls. Combined HBV and HCV infection occured more frequently among the patients(42.1%) than in the control (11%)(;<0.001). Although there was no significant difference in the HCV infection between the two groups, isolated HCV infection is commoner in the control than in the patients with AIH, (p<0.001). Similarly, single HCV infection is commoner than lone HBV infection among the control, p<0.05. In summary, this study shows that while both HBV and HCV infections are common in Nigeria, AIH may be more associated with HBV than HCV in the country.
Hepatitis B and C viral markers in patients with sickle cell disease in Ibadan, Nigeria
(2003) Fasola, F. A.; Odaibo, G. N.; Aken'ova, Y. A.; Olaleye, O. D.
Serum samples from 180 Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) patients attending Medical Out patients (MOP) clinic of the Department of Haematology, UCH, Ibadan, Nigeria were tested for the presence of HbsAg and anti-HCV in their blood samples. The result showed that HBV infection was slightly higher (not significant) than HCV infection among SCD patients (P>0.05). In addition, the result showed that the mean number of transfusion was higher among patients who were sero-positive for both HbsAg (5.0 +/- 6.6) and anti-HCV (4.6 +/- 6.7) when compared to patients who were negative for both viruses (2.7 +/- 3.0 and 2.9 +/- 3.2) for HBsAg and anti-HCV respectively. These observations is an indication that there is an urgent need to screen blood units for hepatitis B and C virus infections prior to transfusion in order to reduce HCV infection among SCD patients in Nigeria. Furthermore, it suggests the need to vaccinate SCD patients against HBV in this environment.
Epidemioogical evidence of recent introduction of HIV-1 subtypes B and O into Nigeria
(2003) Odaibo, G. N.; Olaleye, D. O.; Ruppach, H.; Okafor, G. O.; Dietrich, U.
Peptide based Enzyme Immuno-assay (PELISA) was used to determine HIV-1 subtypes circulating in Nigeria. The synthetic peptide used as the capture antigen were designed from the consensus sequence of the third hypervariable region (V3loop) of 6 HIV-1 subtypes namely A, B, C, D, E and O. A total of 925 ELISA reaactive and western blot confirmed HIV-1 positive plasma or serum samples collected over a 5 year period (1993-1997) from the three broad geographical (south-western, south-eastern and northern) regions of the country were analysed for the stduy. Specific antobodies to the six HIV_! subtypes were identified among the seropositive samples tested. There was an overall increase in the incidence of all the subtypes over the 5 years covered by this study. However, the prevalence of subtypes B and O was relatively low being 2.5% and 2.4% respectively. In addition, subtype B was not detected among HIV-1 positive samples collected before 1995. furthermore, subtypes B and O were not dtected in the samples from the south-eastern and northen regions respectively. Also, the incidence of subtypes B and O decreased with age while there was an increase in the incidence of subtypes E and D with age. On the ohter hand, the incidence of subtypes A and C did not vary significantly with age. Abesence of antibodies to HIV-1 subtypes B among blood samples from confirmed seropositive subjects that were collected during 1993-1994 together with low prevalence of subtypes B and O found in this study indicate their recent introduction. In addition, absence of antibodies to both subtypes in the south-eastern and northen regions respectively and decrease in thier incidence with age are convicing indications f recent introduction of both subtypes into Nigeria. There is therfore a need for continuous monitoring of HIV infection to identify appearance introduction of new variants of the virus into any particular geographical region.
Prevalence of Hepatitis B virus surface Antigen (Hbsag) in patients undergoing extraction at the University College Hospital, Ibadan
(2003) Odaibo, G. N.; Arptiba, J. T.; Fasola, A. O.; Obiechina, A. E.; Olaleye, O. D.; Ajagbe, H. A.
Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infection and its sequelae (liver chirrhosis and hepatic carcinoma) are endemic in Africa. The risk of transmission of the infection during dental treatment is real. This study was carried out to determine the rate of Hepatitis B surface Antigen (HBsAg) as a marker of hepatitis B virus infection in patients undergoing dental extraction in order to highlight the potential risk of nosocomial transmission among the Dental Health Worker (DHW) and their patients. Three hundred (143 males and 157 females) consecutive patients requirng dental extraction who volunteered were enrolled into this study. Their ages ranged from 11 years to 95 years with a mean of 37.2years (SD=16.725) and a median of 36 years. The overall HBsAg infection rate was 18.3% (55/300). A higher infection rate (23.1%) occured among the males patients compared with 14% in females (p=0.0086). The high rate of HBV infection found among this study population suggests that Dental Surgeons in this environment have a high risk of exposure to hepatitis B virus and should be immunized at the beginning of their professional life. Universal biosafety measures should be observed strictly in all invasive procedures.
Total serum complement in chickens experimentally infected with infectious bursal disease virus with or without previous vaccination
(2003) Fagbohun, O. A.; Taiwo, V. O.; Owoade, A. A.; Odaibo, G. N.; Oluwayelu, D. O.; Aiki-raji, C. O; Olaleye, D. O.
Mean titres of serum complement(C') in 100 broiler chicks from day one to week 13 were determined using the complement fixation test. The chicks were assigned to four groups of 25 each namely, unvaccinated unchallenged(UvUc) which served as the controls, vaccinated unchallenged(VUc), unvaccinated challenged (UvC) and vaccinated challenged (VC). The chicks in groups VUc and VC were vaccinated at 3 weeks with locally produced Nigerian fibrogombavac infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) vaccine. The chicks in groups UvC and VC were challenged at week 6 by intraocular inoculation with virulent IBDV. Complement was first detected at 2 weeks of age in chickens while the highest mean titre was observed at 8 weeks. There was a 4-fold increase in the mean titre of C' in the Uvc group and a 3-fold increase in the VC group. The mean titre of C' was lower on the VUc than those of the control(UvUc). Thus, challenges with IBDV significantly increased serum C' levels in chickens while vaccination caused a decrease. The role of C' in the pathogensis of IBD is dicussed.
Human Immuno-deficiency Virus (HIV) infection among oral surgery patients at the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
(2003) Arotiba, J. T.; Odaibo, G. N.; Fasola, A. O.; Obiechina, A. E.; Ajagbe; Olaleye, O. D.
The human immuno-defiency virus is a world-wide epidemic and evidence abound that the infection is spreading rapidly in sub-saharan Africa with little or no control. Nosocomial trans mission of HIV in the Dental surgery has been documented. This study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of HIV among dental patients undergoing extraction at the University College Hospital, Ibadan. Three hundred patients requiring dental extraction at the dental clinic, UCH, Ibadan who consented were enrolled for the study. Blood samples from these individuals were tested for the presence of HIV antobodies using commeercially available ELISA (Monolisa Sanofi, Pasteur, France). All initially reactive samples were confirmed by a commerical Western immunoblot assay (Bio-Rad Norapath HIV kit). Aprevalence of 2.3 % (7/300) was obtained among individuals tested for this study. Four (2.8%) of the 143 males and 3 (1.9%) of 157 females were positive for HIV antibodies. All the seropositive patients except one were within the age range 20-39 years and most of them (6 out of 7) do not use condom during intercourse. More than half (57%) of the patients had more than one sexualy partner. This study shows that the risk of transmitting HIV to DHCW during treatment is also a ptential hazard in ths environment. HEnce, adequate preventive measures should be observed always.
HCV and HBV infection in Nigerian patients with liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carinoma
(2004) Ola, S. O.; Odaibo, G. N.; Olaleye, O. D.
Although efforts have made to determine the significance of Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in Nigerians with chronic liver diseases, the role Hepatitis C virus (HBV) infections in Nigerian patients with Liver Cirrhosis(LC) and Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC). The incidence of HBV and antibodies to HCV was determined by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) in 24 Nigerians Hepatocellular carcinoma (n=14), as well as healthy adult Nigerians who served as controls(n=14) at the University College Hospital, Ibadan. Incidence rates of 50%, 71% and 40% of HBsAg were obtained in patients with LC, HCC and Controls respectively while 20%, 14% and 20% were AntiHCV positive in the respective group (P<0.0005 for HCC). Co-infection by HBV and HCV was found in one patient with HCC. Infection by HCV occured in older age group (57.5_8 years) than HBV infection(47.8+4 years, P<).0.01) while both infections were commoner in male subjects. In summary, HBV infection is commoner than that of HCV in patients with HCC. However, both HBV and HCV might be contributory to the aetiology of LC and HCC. Efforts should be internsified at reducing the high prevalence of HBV infection as well as that of HCV in Nigerians by instituting active preventive measures.
Helicobacter pylori serology and evaluation of gastroduodenal disease in Nigerias with dyspepsia
(2004) Otegbayo, J. A.; Oluwasola, O. A.; Yakubu, A.; Odaibo, G. N.; Olaleye, O. D.
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) has been strongly associated with various gastroduodenal diseases worldwide with only a few studies emanating from developing countries. The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of serum immunoglobulin G (lgG) and underlying gastroduodenal pathology in Nigerian patients with dyspepsia and ascertain the usefulness of H.pylori lgG screening in decreasing endoscopic workload in dyspeptics in Nigeria. fifty-five patients with dyspepsia and 55 age and sex-matched apparently normal control were screened for H.pylori lgG using ImmunocombrII kits. Each of the 55 patients were also examined endoscopically with biopsies taken appropriately. Serology was positive in 94.5% and 92.7% of dyspeptic patients and controls respectivley. Gastroduodenal inflammation was the commonest endoscopic finding, 43 (78.18%). Other findings were malignant gastric tumour 6(10.9%), reflux oesophagitis 3(5.45%), gastric ulcer 2(3.64%), and duodenal ulcer in 1(1.82%). chronic gastritis was the main histopathologic finding in the dyspeptic patients. It is concluded that serum H. pylori lgG cannot be used as a screening procedure to reduce endoscopic workload in Nigerian patients with dyspepsia.
Oro-facial lesions and CD4 counts associated with HIV\AIDS in an adult population in Oyo, state, Nigeria
(Blackwell Munksgard, 2004) Adurogbanga, M. I.; Aderinokun, G. A.; Odaibo, G. N.; Olaleye, O. D.; Lawoyin, T. O.
The objective of this study was to define the oro-facial lesions associated with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) in an adult population in Oyo state, Nigeria and to relate these with the level of immune suppression as measured by the CD4 counts.MATERIALS AND METHOD:The study population consisted of 679 consecutive subjects who were seen at the state-owned blood bank. Information on demography, medical and medication histories were obtained. Oro-facial examinations were carried out according to Greenspan et al [Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol (1992)73:142-144]. HIV sero-prevalence status was determined for all patients. CD4+ T-lymphocyte count was carried out for those sero-positive for HIV and 31 randomly selected HIV-negative subjects. Data were analyzed using the chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, Student's t-test and odds ratio where appropriate.RESULTS:Eighty-one (11.9%) of the entire study sample were confirmed HIV positive. The prevalence of specific oral lesions by HIV sero-status revealed that pseudomembranous oral candidiasis and angular cheilitis occurred significantly and more frequently in HIV-positive subjects (33.3 and 21% respectively) than those who were HIV negative (4.3 and 1.8% respectively, P < 0.05). The mean CD4 count of the HIV-positive subjects was 452 cells mm(-3), s.d. 137, while it was 602 cells mm(-3), s.d. 251, for the HIV negatives. The difference was statistically significant (P = 0.000). Forty-four (66.7%) subjects with CD4 counts <500 cells mm(-3) had oro-facial lesions whereas among those with CD4 counts >500 cells mm(-3) only 22 (33.3%) had oro-facial lesions (OR = 4.57).CONCLUSION:The type of oro-facial lesions most commonly associated with HIV/AIDS in Oyo state, Nigeria, has been shown to be pseudomembranous oral candidiasis. This was followed by angular cheilitis. These lesions, although found in HIV-negative subjects, were in a lower proportion as compared with HIV-positive subjects. Mean CD4 counts were lower in HIV-positive subjects and this was associated with greater prevalence of oro-facial candidiasis and angular cheilitis.
Demographic and laboratory evidence of non sexual transmission of HIV in Nigeria
(MEDIMOND, 2004) Odaibo, G. N.; Bamgbose, G.; Jegede, A. S.; Sankale, J. L.; Omotade, O. O.; Olaleye, D. O.; Kanki, P.
Apart from heterosexual transmission, not much is known about the contribution of the other modes of spread of HIV in Africa. To evaluate the importance of non-sexual/non-vertical transmission in adults and children in Nigeria, data from mother-child pairs (community and hospital) and a community HIV surveillance among adult populations in two communities of Oyo State in SW Nigeria were analysed. In the community-based mother-child pair HIV testing, 18 of 476 (3.8%) under 5 years children were positive for HIV antibodies with only one positive mother-child pair. In the hospital surveillance (1996-1997) 10(7.0%) children of 132 mother-child pairs were positive while three (30%) of the 10 mothers were HIV negative. Similarly, 5(10%) of the mothers of 10 H1V positive children (2004) were HIV negative. In another community study, 5(13.2%) of the 38 adults from Ibadan and 12(4.8%) of 251 from Saki who claimed they never had sexual experience were HIV positive. Use of contaminated instruments and blood transfusion remain important routes of transmission of HIV in Nigeria.
Respiratory syncytial virus infection: denominator-based studies in Indonesia, Mozambique, Nigeria and South Africa
(2004) Robertson, S. E.; Roca, A.; Alonso, P.; Simoes, E. A. F.; Kartasasmita, C. B.; Olaleye, D. O.; Odaibo, G. N.; Collinson, M.; Venter, M.; Zhu, Y.; Wright, P. F.
OBJECTIVE:To assess the burden of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-associated lower respiratory infections (LRI) in children in four developing countries.METHODS:A WHO protocol for prospective population-based surveillance of acute respiratory infections in children aged less than 5 years was used at sites in Indonesia, Mozambique, Nigeria and South Africa. RSV antigen was identified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay performed on nasopharyngeal specimens from children meeting clinical case definitions.FINDINGS:Among children aged < 5 years, the incidence of RSV-associated LRI per 1000 child-years was 34 in Indonesia and 94 in Nigeria. The incidence of RSV-associated severe LRI per 1000 child-years was 5 in Mozambique, 10 in Indonesia, and 9 in South Africa. At all study sites, the majority of RSV cases occurred in infants.CONCLUSION:These studies demonstrate that RSV contributes to a substantial but quite variable burden of LRI in children aged < 5 years in four developing countries. The possible explanations for this variation include social factors, such as family size and patterns of seeking health care; the proportion of children infected by human immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV); and differences in clinical definitions used for obtaining samples. The age distribution of cases indicates the need for an RSV vaccine that can protect children early in life.