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Item Human T-cell lymphotropic virus types I and II infections in mother-child paris in Nigeria(Oxford University Press, 1999) Olaleye, D. O.; Omotade, O. O.; Sheng, Z.; Adeyemo, A. A.; Odaibo, G. N."A community-based survey to determine the prevalence of human T-cell Iymphotropic type I (HTLV-I) and type II (HTLV-II) virus infections in mothers and children in south-western Nigeria was carried out using blood samples collected in 1993. A multistage cluster, random sampling procedure was used to select 460 mother-child pairs (476 children because there were 16 sets of twills) from 14 enumeration areas. A commercially available, whole HTLV-I lysate antigen-based ELISA method was used to screen for HTLV-I and HTLV-II antibodies in the samples. A synthetic peptide antigen-based ELISA was then used to differentiate between antibody reactivity to either HTLV-I or HTL V-ll. Reactivity to HTLV-I or HTLV -II antibodies was found in 43 per cent (20/460) of mothers and in 1.1 per cent (5/476) of children in both rural and urban communities and all the positive children were males. None of the 16 sets of twins in this study was positive for either HTLV-I or HTLV-ll. Also none of the mother-child paired sera tested showed concordance for either HTLV-I or HTLV-II antibody positivity. The lack of concordance between mother and child sera suggests that vertical transmission may not be the major route of transmission of HTLV infection to children in south-western Nigeria. Other modes of transmission, such as the re-use of unsterilized needles for injections and surgical knives in local scarification, which are common practices in the region, need to be investigated as they may prove to be more important than vertical transmission. These findings have important implications for any control programme for diseases that can be spread by the same routes as HTL V infection (the human immunodeficiency viruses, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C infections)."Item Human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 infection in some rural areas of Nigeria(1998) Odaibo, G. N.; Olaleye, O. D.; Tomori, O.The prevelence of human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 in rural areas of Nigeria was estimated using 1089 sera collected in 18 locations from 1992 to early 1994. The sera were tested with Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay(ELISA) and confirmed by western immunoblotting technique. Overall, 13 (1.2%) of the 1089 sera were positive for antibodies to HIV-1 and HIV-2. Prevalence of 0.6% and 0.8% were obtained for HIV-1 and HIV-2 (50.0%) were found in Zurhlrrua and Umubuzu. A seroprevalence of 1.2% was obtained for both male and female groups tested. The highest prevalence of HIV was found among individuals 30-39 years age group. An overall increase in prevalence of HIV-1 and HIV-2 infection was obtained over the three years during which samples were collected for this study (0.7% in 1992, 1.0% in 1992 and 3.4% in 1994). In addition, two sera were positive for both HIV-1 and HIV-2. The detection of antibodies to HIV-1 and HIV-2 in the rural areas where blood samples were collected for this study shows that both virus are widespread in the rural communities of Nigeria.Item Hepatitis B and C in doctors and dentists in Nigeria(Oxford University Press, 1997) Olubuyide, I. O.; Ola, S. O.; Aliyu, B.; Dosumu, O. O.; Arotiba, J. T; Olaleye, O. A.; Odaibo, G. N.; Odemuyiwa, S. O.; Olawuyi, F."We surveyed a random sample (n=75) of doctors and dentists at University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria. They were offered anonymous testing for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), hepatitis B antibodies to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) and to hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV) by enzyme immunoassay. The results suggest a high prevelance of hepatitis B virus (HBV) with a high potential of transmissibility, as well as a high prevalence of HCV infection. The majority of the doctors and dentist use universal precaution for protection against viral hepatitis on <50% of the occasion when they carry out procedures on their patients. Infection with HBV was associated with type of specialty (surgeaon, dentists) and lack of HBV vaccination (p<0.05). After logistic regression, these factors, were independently associated. with HBV infection (p<0.05). Sixty (80%) had not hepatitis received prior HBV vaccination. Unvaccinated personnel were more likely to be surgeons, dentists, <37 years of age, and have fewer years of professional activity (p<0.05). After logistic regression, only fewer years of professional activity remained independently associated with lack of vaccination (p<0.05). To reduce the occupational exposure of doctors and dentists use universal precaution must be rigorously adhered to when the doctors and dentists carry out procedures on their procedures on their patients, and all health-care workers should be vaccinated with HBV vaccine and the HCV vaccine, when it becomes available."Item Hepatitis B and C virus and hepatocellular carcinoma(1997) Olubuyide, I. O.; Aliyu, B.; Olaleye, O. A.; Ola, S. O.; Olawuyi, F.; Malabu, U. H.; Odemuyiwa, S. O.; Odaibo, G. N.; Cook, G. C."Antibody to hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV) was detected in 18.7% of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma ma (HCC)a nd in 10.9% of controls (P<0.001).The corresponding prevalences of hepatitis B surface antigen [HBsAg] were 59.3% and 50.0%(P<0.001). Using paticnts with non-hepatic disease as controls stepwise logistics regression analysis indicated that both anti-HCV (odds ratio 6-88%; 9.5% confidence interval [CI] 1.63-9-77) and HBsAg (odds ratio 6.46; 95% Cl 1.68-18:13) were independent risk factors for HCC. Calculation of the incremental odds ratio indicated no interaction between hepatitis B virus {HBV) and HCV. Blood transfusion was a significant risk factor for acquiring HCV infection with odds ratios of 5.48 (95% CI 1.07-29.0) and 2.86 (95%. CI 1.31-22.72) for HCC cases and controls, respectively. The mean age HCC cases with HBsAg and anti-HCV was lower than that of HCC patients with anti-HCV alone (p<0.01). It is concluded that there is a high rate of HBV infection, and a low rate of HCV infection, among Nigerian patients with HCC. However, HBV and HCV are independent risk factors for the developement of HCC, with HBV having an effect more rapidly. Screening of blood products for transfusion might minimize the risk of HCV transmission."