Scholarly works in Virology
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Item HBV Infection among HIV-infected cohort And HIV-negative Hospital attendees in South Western Nigeria(African Network for Infectious Diseases (ANID), 2014) Adewumi, M. O.; Donbraye, E.; Odaibo, G. N.; Bakarey, A. S.; Opaleye, O. O.; Olaleye, D. O."Background: Prevalence, association and probable mode of acquisition of HBV and HIV dual infections have not been fully explored. Thus, HBV intervention plan and services are sometimes exclusively targeted towards HIV-infected population. We investigated HBV infection among HIV-infected cohort in comparison with HIV-negative hospital attendees to ascertain dual infectivity pattern; thereby encouraging appropriat allotment of intervention services. A total of 349 (M=141; F=208; Mean=33.98 years; Range= 0.33-80 years) plasma specimens from two virus diagnostic laboratories in south-western Nigeria were analysed. These include 182 HIV-positive and 167 HIV-negative specimens from ART and GDV laboratories respectively. The specimens were initially screened for detectable HIV antigen/antibody, and subsequently HBsAg by ELISA technique. Overall, HBsAg was detected in 20.92% (95% CI: 16.65-25.19%) of the patients. Also, 24.82% (95% CI: 17.69 31.95%) and 18.27% (95% CI: 13.02-23.52%) HBsAg positivity was recorded for males and females respectively. CHI square analysis showed no association (P=0.14) between gender and prevalence of HBsAg. Similarly, comparison of prevalence of HBsAg by age groups shows no significant difference (P=0.24). Overall, no significant difference (P=0.59) was observed in the prevalence of HBsAg among the HIV-infected cohort and HIV-negative hospital attendees. Results of the study confirm endemicity and comparable rates of HBV infection independent of HIV-status.Item Evaluation of immunity against poliovirus serotypes among children in riverine areas of Delta State, Nigeria(Medical Microbiology and Parasitology Society of Nigeria (MMSN), 2011-06-01) Donbraye, E.; Adewumi, M. O.; Odaibo, G. N.; Bakarey, A. S.; Opaleye, O. O.; Olaleye, D. O.Nigeria remains one of the major reservoirs for wild poliovirus transmission despite the reported success in National Immunization Days and acute flaccid paralysis surveillance. Two hundred children aged ≤ 10 years, were enrolled following parental consent from hard-to-reach riverine areas of Delta state of Nigeria to assess the level of protective immunity to poliovirus. Neutralizing antibodies to the three poliovirus serotypes in the serum samples of the children were determined by the beta method of neutralization. Eight (4%) of the children had no detectable antibody, 178 (89%), 180 (90%) and 181 (90.5%) were positive for antibodies to poliovirus types 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Overall, 162 (81%) of the children had antibodies to the three poliovirus serotypes at a titre of at least 1:8. The study shows the need for proper monitoring of vaccination coverage in such hard-to-reach riverine areas to achieve the objective of the global eradication of poliovirus.Item Neutralizing antibodies against poliovirus serotypes among Children in Southwest Nigeria(Oxford University Press, 2005) Adewumi, M. O.; Donbraye, E.; Odaibo, G. N.; Bakarey, A. S.; Opaleye, O. O.; Olaleye, D. O."In May 1988, the World Health Assembly resolved to eradicate poliomyelitis globally by the year 2000. Despite the reported success in national immunization days, acute flaccid paralysis surveillance and accelerated efforts to meet the deadline including ‘mopping-up’ were executed in 1999 and subsequent years. Nigeria remains one of the major reservoirs for wild poliovirus transmission. Neutralizing antibody titre to the three poliovirus serotypes was determined among children from different communities in southwest of Nigeria, and analysed by age, gender and location. About 0.5–2 ml of blood sample was collected by venepuncture from each child. Aliquot of serum from each blood sample was inactivated prior to neutralization test by the beta method for poliovirus antibodies. A total of 347(59.6 per cent) out of 500 and 82 children enrolled for the study had at least antibody titre of 1:8 against each of the three poliovirus serotypes. Immunity level to the three poliovirus serotypes increased with age and peaked in children aged 4–6 years. Seven (53.8 per cent) out of 13 unvaccinated children tested in the study had detectable neutralizing antibody to the three serotypes. Immunity pattern of P2`P1 and P3 was observed but no correlation between gender and antibody to the poliovirus serotypes.The populations had 59.6 per cent herd immunity for the three poliovirus serotypes. In a country with high incidence of poliomyelitis this situation leaves a high number of non-immunized children at the risk of infection with one or more poliovirus serotypes."Item Clinical and immunological profile of pediatric HIV infection in Ibadan, Nigeria(SAGE, 2011) Brown, B. J.; Oladokun, R. E.; Odaibo, G. N.; Olaleye, D. O.; Osinusi, K.; Kanki, P.In spite of the increasing number of children living with HIV in Nigeria, published data on their clinical profile are few. We describe the clinical profile at presentation of HIV-infected children at the University College Hospital, Ibadan, in a prospective study. Among 272 children studied (149 [54.8%] males; mean age 4.2 years [range 2 months to 15 years]), infection was acquired through vertical transmission in 252 (92.6%), blood transfusion in 5 (1.80%), and undetermined routes in 15 (5.5%) cases. Clinical features included weight loss (62.5%), prolonged fever (55.4%), generalized lymphadenopathy (48.6%), chronic cough (45.4%), and persistent diarrhea (28.3%). Tuberculosis was present in 45.3%, World Health Organization (WHO) clinical stages 3 and 4 disease in 70.6% and severe immunosuppression in 44.5% of cases. Pediatric HIV in Ibadan is acquired mainly vertically and most cases present with severe disease. Improved access to prevention services and early diagnosis are recommended.Item HIV infection among patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in Nigeria(2005) Odaibo, G. N.; Gboun, M. F.; Ekanem, E. E.; Gwarzo, S. N.; Saliu, I.; Egbewunmi, S. A.; Abebe, E. A.; Olaleye, D. O.Respiratory problems like Pneumocystic carinni and Pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) are among the common opportunistic infections in patients with HIV/AIDS. The risk of acquiring Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a community becomes greater with increase in the number of HIV positive persons with active tuberculosis. This study was carried out to determine the magnitude of HIV infection among PTB patients in different parts of Nigeria as part of the year 2000 national HIV surveillance programme. Blood samples were collected on blotting paper from a total of 2826 individuals attending TB clinics between 1st of September and 1st November, 2000. Samples were collected from patients with confirmed PTB from 12 states in the 6 geopolitical/health zone (2 states/zone) of Nigeria as part of high risk sentinel population groups. Samples were tested for the presence of HIV antibodies using commercial ELISA (Genescreen HIV-1/2, Sanofi Pasteur, Paris). All initially reactive samples were retested with a rapid EIA (Gene II, Sanofi Pasteur, Paris) according to the WHO recommendations (option II). HIV Prevalence in the states varied from 4.2% in Oyo to 35.1% in Benue States with a median prevalence of 17.0%. HIV Prevalence increased with age to a peak of 23.9% among PTB patients 30-39 years and then declined progressively to 12.8% among those 60 years and above. A relatively high HIV infection rate (13.8%) was found among the young adolescent age group 10-19 years. There was no significant difference in the rate among male and female PTB patients tested. Comparison with results of previous HIV sero-surveys shows a steady increase in HIV prevalence among PTB patients over the years. The high prevalence of HIV among young PTB patients aged 10-19 years in this study is worrisome and must be noted for intervention.Item Human immunodeficiency seropositivity among mother-child pairs in South west Nigeria: a community-based survey.(2001) Omotunde, O. O.; Olaleye, D. O.; Saliu, I.; Odaibo, N. G.; Adeyemo, A. A.A community based survey to determine the prevelence of human immunodeficiency infection in Nigeira women and children in south western Nigeria is reported. A multi-stage cluster random sampling procedure was used to select mother-child pairs from 35 enumeration areas in south western Nigeria. The final study sample consisted of 460 mothers and 476 children (including 16 sets of twins). A commercially available recombinant antigen-based ELISA method was used to test for HIV-I and HIV-2 anti-body in sera and western blotting was used as a confirmatory test for initially reactive samples. Only one mother-child pair (out of 460 mother-child pairs) was found to the positive for HIV antibody giving a mother-child concordance for HIV infection of 0.22%. Antibody to either HIV-1 of HIV-2 was detected in 3.8% (18/476) of the children's sera and in 4.3% (20/460) of mothers sera. HIV-1 reactivity was commoner than HIV-2 reactivity (2.9% versus 0.8% among children and 2.8% versus 1.5% among mothers). There were many more positive samples in the rural than in urban areas among children (7.1% versus 1.1%) and also among mothers (6.8% versus 2.4%),(p<0.001). Ths, HIV infection appears to be a real problem in south western Nigeria. The lack of concordance between mother-child sera suggests that vertical transmission may not be a major route of tansmission of HIV infection in children in South western Nigeria. It suggested that certain high risk practices(such as the re-use of unsterillised hypodermic needles for injections and surgical knives in local scarfication) which are common practices, especially in rural areas, need to be investigated as potential major modes of transmission of the infection. Control programmes need to take note of these finidngs in order to adequatly paln comprhensive health education which will cover the whole population, invluding children.