Scholarly works in Virology
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Item Occult hepatitis B Virus Infection among HIV positive patients In Nigeria(Hindawi Publishing Corporation, 2014) Opaleye, O. O.; Oluremi,A, S.||Atiba, A. B; Oluremi,A, S.||Atiba, A. B; Adewumi, M. O.; Mabayoje, O. V.; Donbraye, E.; Ojurongbe, O.; Olowe, O. A."HIV has been known to interfere with the natural history of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. In this study we investigate the prevalence of occult hepatitis B virus infection (OBI) among HIV-infected individuals in Nigeria. Overall, 1200 archived HIV positive samples were screened for detectable HBsAg using rapid technique, in Ikole Ekiti Specialist Hospital. The HBsAg negative samples were tested for HBsAg, anti-HBc, and anti-HCV by ELISA. Polymerase chain reaction was used for HBV DNA amplification and CD4 counts were analyzed by cytometry. Nine hundred and eighty of the HIV samples were HBsAg negative. HBV DNA was detected in 21/188 (11.2%) of patients without detectable HBsAg. CD4 count for the patients ranged from 2 to 2,140 cells/𝜇L of blood (mean = 490 cells/𝜇L of blood). HCV coinfection was detected only in 3/188 (1.6%) of the HIV-infected patients(𝑃 > 0.05). Twenty-eight (29.2%) of the 96 HIV samples screened were positive for anti-HBc. Averagely the HBV viral load was <50 copies/mL in the OBI samples examined by quantitative PCR. The prevalence of OBI was significantly high among HIV-infected patients.These findings highlight the significance of nucleic acid testing in HBV diagnosis in HIV patients.Item HBV Infection among HIV-infected cohort And HIV-negative Hospital attendees in South Western Nigeria(African Network for Infectious Diseases (ANID), 2014) Adewumi, M. O.; Donbraye, E.; Odaibo, G. N.; Bakarey, A. S.; Opaleye, O. O.; Olaleye, D. O."Background: Prevalence, association and probable mode of acquisition of HBV and HIV dual infections have not been fully explored. Thus, HBV intervention plan and services are sometimes exclusively targeted towards HIV-infected population. We investigated HBV infection among HIV-infected cohort in comparison with HIV-negative hospital attendees to ascertain dual infectivity pattern; thereby encouraging appropriat allotment of intervention services. A total of 349 (M=141; F=208; Mean=33.98 years; Range= 0.33-80 years) plasma specimens from two virus diagnostic laboratories in south-western Nigeria were analysed. These include 182 HIV-positive and 167 HIV-negative specimens from ART and GDV laboratories respectively. The specimens were initially screened for detectable HIV antigen/antibody, and subsequently HBsAg by ELISA technique. Overall, HBsAg was detected in 20.92% (95% CI: 16.65-25.19%) of the patients. Also, 24.82% (95% CI: 17.69 31.95%) and 18.27% (95% CI: 13.02-23.52%) HBsAg positivity was recorded for males and females respectively. CHI square analysis showed no association (P=0.14) between gender and prevalence of HBsAg. Similarly, comparison of prevalence of HBsAg by age groups shows no significant difference (P=0.24). Overall, no significant difference (P=0.59) was observed in the prevalence of HBsAg among the HIV-infected cohort and HIV-negative hospital attendees. Results of the study confirm endemicity and comparable rates of HBV infection independent of HIV-status.Item Low and Zero Prevalence Rates of Anti-measles Virus Immunoglobulin G in Mothers and Their Infants Respectively in Health Centers in Osogbo, Nigeria"(SCIENCEDOMAIN international, 2014) Adegboye, O. A,; Adegboye, A. A.; Adewumi, M.O.; Sule, W. F.We undertook this study to determine the susceptibility of mother-infant pair participants to measles virus infection in two health centers in Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria. This is a descriptive, cross-sectional hospital-based study. The study was carried out in Osogbo, southwestern, Nigeria between November, 2012 and February, 2013. With ethical approval and participants’ consents, 83 mothers and their 84 infants were consecutively recruited; blood samples were aseptically collected from them by thumb puncture onto Whatman filter paper. The papers were appropriately labeled; air-dried and kept in brown envelopes which we kept in clean polythene bags and stored at 4ºC until assayed. Freshly prepared PBS was used to elute serum from 5 to 6 punched-out disks from each Whatman filter paper. The supernatant from the spun eluate of each sample was assayed for anti-measles virus IgG using ELISA. Overall, 2.41% and zero percent seroprevalence rates were recorded from the nursing mothers and their infants respectively. We concluded that the seropositivity of anti-measles virus IgG antibody in the nursing mothers from the two health facilities was very low, and that all the infants and most (97.59%) of the nursing mothers were apparently susceptible to measles virus infection.Item Polio Virus neutralizing antibody dynamics among Children In A North-Central And South-Western Nigeria State(Talor&Francis, 2014-09-01) Adeniji, J. A.; Onoja, A. B.; Adewumi, M. O.Northern Nigeria accounts for the highest number of confirmed wild polio viruses globally. Transmission to neighboring countries is worrisome after the country failed to meet several deadlines for polio eradication. Most studies on neutralizing antibody have focused on the Northeastern and Northwestern regions. This study measured polio virus neutralizing antibody levels among children in North-central and South-western Nigeria. Children between the ages of 10 months and 13 yr were randomly selected from Abanishe-lolu Hospital Ilorin (North-central) and Oni Memorial and Adeoyo Hospitals in Ibadan (South-west) Nigeria. The alpha neutralization method was employed. Herd immunity was 1.4% in Ilorin, 36.6% in Oni Memorial Hospital, and 49.5% in Adeoyo Hospital. Out of 299 children studied, 49 (16.4%) children had no protection against all poliovirus serotypes while 100 (33.4%) were fully protected against all three serotypes. Five (7.9%) children in Ilorin and 5 (3.4%) children in Oni Memorial Hospital Ibadan had no detectable neutralizing antibody. A significant difference was observed (p=0.000) when the GMT against poliovirus 1, 2, and 3 was compared. A significant proportion of children were not fully protected. Sero-surveillance is recommended for effective monitoring of vaccination efforts to guide health policy formulators.Item Rubella igg antibody among Nigerian pregnant women without vaccination history(Pan African Society for Clinical and Experimental Microbiology, 2013-01) Adewumi, M. O.; Olusanya, R. B.; Oladunjoye, B. A.; Adeniji, J. A."Rubella is a vaccine-preventable viral infection, its aetiologic agent; rubella virus was identified as human teratogen capable of causing a spectrum of birth defects described as congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). Despite the availability of safe and effective vaccines, significant proportion of the population remains susceptible to rubella infection in developing countries. More significantly, such developing countries including Nigeria have not demonstrated adequate commitment to preventive vaccination; a panacea for intervention. Consequently, this study was designed to determine the prevalence of anti-rubella IgG among pregnant women to ascertain the proportion of susceptible population. A total of 273 consenting rubella vaccine naïve antenatal clinic attendees aged 15-42 years (Median age = 28 years) were randomly selected and their sera analyzed for qualitative and quantitative anti-rubella IgG detection. Overall, 244/273 (89.4%) pregnant women enrolled in this study had protective level (Titre = >10 IU/mL) of anti-rubellaIgG (Median Titre = 165 IU/mL; Range = <10 - >250 IU/mL), while, 29/273 (10.6%) of the study population lack protective antibody titre ( OD = <10 IU/mL). Results confirm previous reports of exposure, infection, and continuous circulation of rubella virus in Nigeria. It emphasizes the need for improved and continuous surveillance for rubella and CRS cases, prompt vaccination of vulnerable populations, and evaluation of health policies to achieve immunization and ultimately ensure control/elimination of rubella virus in Nigeria and beyond."Item High Prevalence Of Anti-Hepatitis A Virus Immunoglobulin G Antibody Among Healthcare Facility Attendees In Osogbo, Nigeria(Talor&Francis, 2013-01-19) Sule, W. F.; Kajogbola, A. T; Adewumi, M. O.The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of anti-hepatitis A virus (HAV) immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody and associated factors among residents of Osogbo, a town in Nigeria with inadequate environmental sanitation and a shortage of potable water. This is a health facility–based study. Ninety one consenting, asymptomatic attendees of public healthcare facilities in Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria, were consecutively selected for this study. Plasma samples of the study participants were tested for the presence of anti-HAV IgG using a HAV Ab Competitive Enzyme Immunoassay test kit. Ninety (98.9%) of the participants were seropositive for anti-HAVIgG antibody; group-specific prevalence was also high, but association of participants’ variables with the prevalence could not be obtained due to limited sample size and high group-specific prevalence. Since the hepatitis A vaccine is not currently used in Nigeria, the chance is high that the HAV IgG antibody–positive individuals were naturally infected; consequently Osogbo can be described as highly endemic for HAV infection.Item Hepatitis B Core IgM antibody (anti-HBcIgM) among Hepatitis B Surface antigen (HBsAg) negative blood donors in Nigeria(Springer Nature, 2011) Japhet, M. O.; Adesina, O. A.; Donbraye, E.; Adewumi, M. O.Background: Transfusion associated Hepatitis B virus (TAHBV) continues to be a major problem despite mandatory screening for Hepatitis B surface Antigen (HBsAg). Presence of HBsAg is the common method for detecting hepatitis B infection. Unfortunately, this marker is not detected during the window period of the infection. Nigeria being a developing country cannot afford DNA testing of all collected units of blood which serve as the only possibility of achieving zero risk of transfusion associated HBV. Five different serological makers of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection were therefore assessed to evaluate the reliability of using HBsAg marker alone in diagnosis of HBV infection among blood donors and to detect the serological evidence of the infection at the window period. This will preclude the possibility of transmitting hepatitis B through transfusion of Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) negative blood in Nigeria. Methods: Between July and August 2009, 92 blood donors were enrolled for the study. The prevalence of 5 different markers of Hepatitis B virus infection was detected using Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Demographic factors were assessed during the study.Results: HBsAg and its antibody (anti-HBs) was detected in 18 (19.6%) and 14(15.2%) of the 92 blood donors respectively. Anti-HBc IgM was found in 12(13.0%) of the 92 blood donors while Hepatitis B envelope antigen (HBeAg) and its antibody (anti-HBe) were detected in 4(8.9%) and 12(26.7%) respectively from 45 donors sampled. HBeAg is a marker of high infectivity and appears after HBsAg. At least one serological marker was detected in 30(32.6%) of the blood donors. Five (5.4%) of the 92 donors had anti-HBc IgM as the only serological evidence of hepatitis B virus infection. Conclusions: The result of this study shows that five donors have anti-HBcIgM as the only serological evidence of HBV infection. Inclusion of anti-HBcIgM in routine screening of blood donors in Nigeria should be encouraged. This is the first study to assess anti-HBcIgM in the country.Item Effect of tenofovir, an antiretroviral drug, on hepatic and renal functional indices of Wistar rats: protective role of vitamin E(Walter de Gruyter GmbH (De Gruyter), 2012) Adaramoye, O. A.; Adewumi, M. A.; Adesanoye, O. A.; Faokunla, O. O.; Farombi, E. O.Tenofovir (TFR) is a nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against human immunodeficiency virus. We studied the effect of TFR administered to Wistar rats on hepatic and renal function markers and the possible modulatory role of vitamin E (Vit E). The study consists of four groups of six rats each. The fi rst group served as control, the second group received TFR at 50 mg/kg/day for 4 weeks, third group received TFR and Vit E, and the last group received Vit E alone. TFR administration caused a significant (p< 0.05) increase in the levels of serum urea, creatinine, urinary glucose, and protein by 65 % , 51 % , 88 % , and 79 % , respectively, relative to controls. This was followed by a signifi cant (p< 0.05) reduction in creatinine clearance of TFR-treated rats. There were no significant differences (p > 0.05) in the activities of serum aminotransferases,, glutamyl transferase and alkaline phosphatase in TRF-treated rats relative to controls. TFR administration caused a marked elevation of malondial dehyde (MDA; index of lipid peroxidation) in the animals. Specifi cally, serum, hepatic, and renal MDA levels increased by 75 % , 90 % , and 102 % , respectively. TRFtreated rats had signifi cantly (p < 0.05) reduced activities of renal catalase, glutathione- S -transferase, and superoxide dismutase. Supplementation of Vit E ameliorated TFR-induced effects by decreasing the levels of MDA and enhancing the activities of renal antioxidative enzymes. The biochemical data were supported by histopathological fi ndings from the slides.TFR increased oxidative stress and altered kidney function markers in the rats, whereas supplementation of Vit E attenuated these effects.Item Studies on the toxicological effect of nevirapine, an antiretroviral drug, on the liver, kidney and testis of male Wistar rats(SAGE Publications, 2011-10) Adaramoye, O. A.; Adesanoye, O. A.; Adewumi, O. M.; Akanni, O.African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 8 (6), pp. 941-948,We investigated the toxic effect of nevirapine (NVP; Viramune1), an antiretroviral drug, on the liver, kidney and testis of Wistar rats. Twenty-one rats were assigned into 3 groups of 7 animals each. The first group served as control, and the second and third groups received NVP at 18 and 36 mg/kg body weight, respectively. Clinical signs of toxicity were not observed in the animals. NVP at both doses did not significantly (p > 0.05) alter the body weight gain, relative weights of kidney and testis, serum protein, urea, creatinine and alkaline phosphatase levels of the animals. However, NVP2 significantly (p < 0.05) increased the relative weight of liver, level of serum total bilirubin and activities of g-glutamyl transferase, alanine and aspartate aminotransferases. NVP administration caused a dose-dependent, significant (p < 0.05) elevation of lipid peroxidation measured as malondialdehyde (MDA) content in the liver, kidney and testis of the rats. Hepatic, renal and testicular MDA were increased by 107%, 80% and 163%, respectively, in NVP2-treated rats. Elevation in MDA was accompanied by a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in the activities of hepatic, renal and testicular superoxide dismutase and catalase. NVP2 caused 43% and 32% decrease in spermatozoa motility and live/dead sperm count, respectively, and 94% increase in total sperm abnormalities. Histopathological findings showed that NVP2 caused degeneration of seminiferous tubules in testis, and severe necrosis in liver slides. NVP induced oxidative stress with corresponding decrease in antioxidant status of the rats. The changes in sperm parameters and, elevation of liver marker enzymes suggest an interference of NVP2 with these organs.Item Evaluation of immunity against poliovirus serotypes among children in riverine areas of Delta State, Nigeria(Medical Microbiology and Parasitology Society of Nigeria (MMSN), 2011-06-01) Donbraye, E.; Adewumi, M. O.; Odaibo, G. N.; Bakarey, A. S.; Opaleye, O. O.; Olaleye, D. O.Nigeria remains one of the major reservoirs for wild poliovirus transmission despite the reported success in National Immunization Days and acute flaccid paralysis surveillance. Two hundred children aged ≤ 10 years, were enrolled following parental consent from hard-to-reach riverine areas of Delta state of Nigeria to assess the level of protective immunity to poliovirus. Neutralizing antibodies to the three poliovirus serotypes in the serum samples of the children were determined by the beta method of neutralization. Eight (4%) of the children had no detectable antibody, 178 (89%), 180 (90%) and 181 (90.5%) were positive for antibodies to poliovirus types 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Overall, 162 (81%) of the children had antibodies to the three poliovirus serotypes at a titre of at least 1:8. The study shows the need for proper monitoring of vaccination coverage in such hard-to-reach riverine areas to achieve the objective of the global eradication of poliovirus.