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Item Perception, Experience and Care of Episiotomy among Post Natal Women Attending Selected Health Facilities in Ibadan, Nigeria(College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, 2019) Ndikom, C. M.; Ajijolaiya-Adeniyi, G. I.; Ogbeye, G. B.Background: Episiotomy is a deliberate cut given on the perineum to widen the vaginal opening for the delivery of an infant but it is sometimes misused. The study aimed at determining the perception, experience and care of episiotomy among postnatal women. Methods: This descriptive study was carried out in one selected tertiary, secondary and primary health care facility respectively in Ibadan. Purposive sampling techniques was used to select 219 participants. Data was collected using a self-structured questionnaire with reliability of 0.81 after obtaining ethical approval and informed consent. Two hundred (200) questionnaires were suitable for data analysis. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and hypotheses were tested using chi-square at p<0.05. Results: One hundred and seventeen (58.5%) of the respondents were between ages 28-37 years with a mean age of 29.7 years. A total of 108(54.0%) of the respondents had experienced episiotomy. Informed consents were not obtained from most of the respondents before episiotomies were performed on them. Also, 78(72.2%) affirmed that they experienced pain and discomfort from episiotomy with 31 (28.7%) admitting that the pain affected their ability to care for their babies while 16 (14.8%) affirmed that the experience also resulted in discomfort during sexual intercourse. Furthermore, 92(85.2%) out of the 108 claimed that they were given information on the care of episiotomy after the procedure and thus, were able to use the various methods of episiotomy care effectively without any complications. Conclusion: Episiotomy rate in this study was higher than the recommended evidenced-based rate for optimum care. Therefore, efforts should be made to- reduce the rate at which episiotomies are performed by health workers on parturient mothers. In addition, women should be given appropriate information on episiotomy.Item Umbilical cord separation time: chlorhexidine vs methylated-spirit(MA Healthcare, 2019) Okpalaeke, M. H.; Ndikom, C. M.Background: Use of topical antiseptics could reduce the incidence of infection; however, studies have suggested that some antiseptics prolong the time for cord separation when compared with others. Aims To compare the umbilical cord separation time between neonates receiving 7.1% chlorhexidine gel and methylated spirit. Methods: A quasi-experimental research design was employed for this study. A multistage sampling technique was used to select three primary health centers in Ibadan, Nigeria. A total of 212 newborns (118 newborns in the chlorhexidine group and 94 in the methylated spirit group) were enrolled into the study. Findings: There was a statistically significant difference in mean time to cord separation between chlorhexidine (9.53 ± 4.559 days) and methylated-spirit group (7.98 ± 2.984) (t=2.840; P=0.005). Conclusions: Chlorhexidine gel prolongs cord separation when compared to methylated spirit. Prolonged cord separation time was the major cause of dissatisfaction in the two study groups. The increased cord separation time associated with chlorhexidine should not eliminate it in settings where the risk of cord infection is high, but mothers should be informed of this.Item Perceived Consequences of Late Diagnosis and Utilization of Cervical Cancer Screening among Gynecology Clinics Attendees in Ibadan, Nigeria(The International Journal of Caring Sciences, 2019) Ndikom, C. M.; Fadahunsi, T. S.; Adekanmbi, V.; Young, A.Background: Cervical Cancer (CC) is the second most common cancer in women after breast cancer in the developing countries. It has been reported that case fatality rate (CFR) of CC is high especially at the late and invasive stage. Available statistics shows that majority of women are unaware of CC nor utilized screening services as these have remained low in the developing world. Objectives: To evaluate the perceived consequences of late CC diagnosis and utilization of Cervical Cancer Screening Services (CCSS) among gynaecology clinic attendees in Ibadan, Nigeria. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was carried out among 138 women and undergoing treatment for gynaecological condition in a tertiary institution in Nigeria. They were selected through simple random sampling method. Data were collected using self-administered questionnaire after obtaining ethics approval and informed consent from the participants. Data was analysed using Stata statistical software for windows version 14; Chi-square test was used to determine associations between the variables with significant level of p<0.05. Results: Most respondents 78(56.5%) lacked understanding of consequences of late diagnosis of CC and only 27(19.6%) of the respondents had ever utilized CCSS. There is significant association between: perceived consequences and readiness to be screened for CC (-44.142, p<0.001); educational level and readiness to utilize CCSS (=18.125, p<0.006) as well as knowledge and readiness for CCSS (38.818, p<0.001). No significant association was found between perceived consequences of late diagnosis of CC and utilization of CCSS (=0.013, P=0.910) but educational level and utilization of CCSS has significant association (2=8.998, p=0.029). Conclusions: Since most women attending the gynaecological clinic have not utilized cervical cancer screening services and have poor perception about the consequences of late diagnosis. There is need for structured educational strategies to improve knowledge of consequences of not screening for cervical cancer.Item Effects of Educational Intervention on Nurses’ Knowledge and Attitude Towards Providing Cervical Cancer Screening Information in Selected Health Facilities in Ibadan, Nigeria(Springer Science+Business Media, 2019) Ndikom, C. M.; Ofi, B. A.; Omokhodion, F. O.; Bakare, P. O.; Adetayo, C. O.Cervical cancer is a major cause of death among women especially in developing nations. It can be prevented through screening yet many women are unaware of screening options. Nurses are in vantage position to provide cervical cancer screening (CCS) information and services especially in antenatal clinics. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of an educational intervention (EI) on nurses' knowledge and attitude towards providing CCS information. This quasi-experimental study was conducted in eight health facilities in Ibadan, Nigeria. The facilities were randomly divided into intervention group (IG) and control group (CG). A total of 133 consenting nurses (60 in the IG and 73 in the CG) participated. Baseline data were collected using self- administered questionnaire. The nurses in the IG received the EI and both groups were administered with a post-test questionnaire after 6 months. Data were analysed using chi square and Student's t test at p = 0.05. Nurses' mean age was 41.7 years. Knowledge scores for the IG (11.8 ± 3.3) and CG (11.7 ± 3.3) were comparable at baseline (p = 0.901) but was significantly higher among nurses in the IG (14.63 ± 3.12) than CG (12.7 ± 3.5) at 6 months PI (p=0.01). More nurses in the IG had high level of knowledge than CG. There was no significant difference in their attitude at baseline and at PI. There was a significant association between knowledge and attitude towards providing cervical cancer screening information (p<0.000). Education improved knowledge of nurses on cervical cancer screening. Regular education programmes for nurses may result in improved counselling on major health issues like cancer.Item Determinants of Outcome of Neonates Admitted in the University College Hospital (UCH) Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria(West African College of Nursing, 2018) Ike, E. U.; Ndikom, C. M.Neonatal period is a crucial period compared to any other time during infancy as they are at high risk of dying during this period. The Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) of UCH is a highly technical specialized unit in the hospital that provides medical/nursing care to sick and/or high-risk premature infants. Yet some babies admitted to this unit fail to survive. The aim of this study is to determine characteristics of neonates admitted at NICU and factors influencing outcome of care. A retrospective descriptive survey based on case record of babies admitted for a five year period between January 2007 and December 2011. Check list was used for data collection of the 1020 neonates admitted during the period. Analysis was done using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 17 software. Out of the 1020 neonates, male babies were more 549(53.8%) than their female counterparts 468 (45.9%). Most 992(97.3%) of their mothers were not booked or registered for antenatal care and were not referred early to UCH causing the babies to be in fetal distress before arrival to the hospital. Mortality was less (16.6%) among the in-born than out-born babies (35.8%). It was observed that male neonates, preterm/low birth weight and their time of admission were associated with poor outcome. There is a significant association between mothers' occupation, pregnancy complication, place of birth, mode of delivery and neonates care outcomes (p<0.05). Binary logistic regression analysis shows that mothers who had up to tertiary (university) level of education are three times more likely to have babies who survived and discharged home alive compared to those who had no formal education. There is need for nurses to educate women on the importance of early antenatal booking and delivery in a well-equipped facility. Prompt screening, identification and referral of women at risk and prompt resuscitation of new-born with asphyxia should be ensured.Item Women’s Choice, Satisfaction, and Compliance with Contraceptive Methods in Selected Hospitals of Ibadan, Nigeria(School of Nursing & Midwifery, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, 2018) Ndikom, C. M.; Ojo, O. C.; Ogbeye, G. B.Background & aim: Population control has remained an issue of concern to many developing nations. Many women have unmet needs for contraception. Despite the available options for abortion, unwanted pregnancies account for a high maternal mortality rate. Regarding this, the present study aimed to investigate the choices, satisfaction, and compliance with contraceptive use among the women living in Ibadan, Nigeria. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 290 women attending the pediatric welfare clinics in four hospitals in 2015. The study population was selected through purposive sampling technique. The data were collected using a self- administered questionnaire. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Chi-square test through SPPS, version 16. Results: According to the results, 95% of the participants were aware of the contraceptive methods, and 72.1% of them had used these methods. Partner's refusal was the major reason for non-use of contraceptives. The birth control methods, which were commonly utilized, were natural family planning (36.5%) and oral contraceptives (30.8%). Furthermore, up to 60% of the subjects were satisfied with the method they used, and 70% of them adhered to the chosen methods. Additionally, compliance with contraceptive methods had a significant association with partners' approval (P=0.038) and satisfaction with contraceptive methods (P=0.04). Conclusion: As the findings of the present study revealed, partners' approval of contraceptives had a significant role in the use of the birth control methods. Furthermore, some women were not satisfied with the methods they used. Regarding the findings of the study, the partners should be involved and well informed about contraceptives in order to enhance their use of contraceptives. Moreover, the women should be provided with appropriate information to be able to make an informed decision for choosing the suitable contraceptive methods.Item Perception and utilization of mammography among women in selected Primary health centres in Ibadan North Local Government, Oyo state(Department of Nursing, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan., 2018) Ndikom, C. M.; Songa T. T.; Ogbeye G. B.; Ohaeri, B. M.Mammography is the most effective screening tools for early detection of breast cancer, but studies indicate low utilization. Yet, many women die from breast cancer in Nigeria with majority of them presenting in the late stage of the disease. This study was therefore designed to assess the perception and utilization of mammography in prevention of breast cancer among women, in selected primary health centres in Ibadan North Local Government Area, Oyo State, Nigeria. This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out among 219 women who consented and were selected using purposive sampling technique. A structured validated questionnaire was used for data collection. Data were analysed using SPSS, version 20 and hypotheses were tested using chi-square at p=0.05. Findings from the study showed that majority of the respondents (50.2%) were in the age range of 26 35 years. Most 160 (73.1) are aware of Mammography and 57.1% of the women affirmed that mammography helps them to understand breast cancer. Only 4.6 % of the respondents had utilized mammography. In addition, many 130 (59.4%) affirmed that cost was a major factor responsible for non-utilization of mammography, others factors are lack of social support 122(55.7), lack of encouragement 115(52.5), not prescribed 84(38.4) and these also had significant statistical association with utilization of Mammography (p<0.05). This study revealed that mammography is being under utilised therefore there is need for more sensitization by stakeholders. Moreover, policy makers should look into ways of subsidizing the cost of mammography in order to encourage utilization. This will help in reducing morbidity and mortality to breast cancer among women in Ibadan North Local Government area.Item Perception, Acceptance and Uptake of Human papillomavirus Vaccine among Female Adolescents in Selected Secondary Schools in Ibadan, Nigeria(A.R.C Publishing, 2017) Ndikom, C. M.; Obo, P. I.Infection with Human papillomavirus (HPV) contributes to malignant changes in the cervix leading to cancer mortality among women. HPV vaccine is now available for its prevention, yet the level of uptake is low. The study aimed at determining Perception, Acceptance and Uptake of Human papillomavirus Vaccine among female adolescents in selected secondary schools in Ibadan, Nigeria. This cross-sectional study was conducted among 296 female adolescent senior secondary school students in Ibadan, Nigeria. Respondents were selected using purposive sampling method and data were collected using self-administered questionnaire. The data were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 20.0. Variables were presented as frequency tables and hypotheses were tested using chi-square and Fisher's exact test at P≤ 0.05. Most 142(48.0%) of the respondents were between ages 15-17. The respondents' perception and knowledge about HPV vaccine, HPV infection and cervical cancer was generally poor. Furthermore, only 12(4.1%) of the respondents have received the HPV vaccine before the study. There is a significant association between adolescent's perception and uptake of HPV vaccine p=0.000 as well as Perception and readiness for the use of HPV vaccine (p=0.007). Parental approval and readiness for HPV vaccine uptake were found to be significantly associated (p=0.000). Since knowledge about Human Papilloma Virus Vaccination is quite low, there is need to increase awareness about the Vaccination among female adolescents and their mothers. Also, peer educators in schools can be trained to improve awareness in schools so as to reduce the incidence of cervical cancer.Item Perception and Practice of Female Genital Cutting among Mothers in Ibadan, Nigeria(National Press Associates, 2017) Ndikom, C. M.; Ogungbenro, F. A.; Ojeleye, O. A.Female Genital Cutting (FGC) is the practice of altering the structure of the female external genitalia and this has the potential of causing of medical complications and harm to reproductive health. This practice has gone on over many years with no proven health and social benefits. Persistent calls have been made for the practice to stop, yet it still continues primarily in Africa and among certain communities in the Middle East and Asia, of which Nigeria is not an exception. This study sought to determine the perception and practice of FGC among mothers in Ibadan, Nigeria. This cross-sectional study used structured, interviewer-administered questionnaire to elicit data on the perception and practice of Female Genital Cutting from the 106 mothers sampled by convenience from three primary health centres in Ibadan North Local Government Area (INLG). The data was coded and analysed using descriptive statistics and chi-square at a 5% (0.05) level of significance. More than half of the respondents (63.2%) had undergone FGC. Almost 19% of the respondents had circumcised their daughters at an average age of 30.8 days, while another 28.3% had plans to do so in future, probably at a later date. The major practitioners of FGC are traditional circumcisers (54.7%). The mothers' level of education influenced their practice of FGC (p<0.03) and there was also a significant association between having undergone FGM and the experience of dyspareunia (p<0.03). The most expressed benefit of FGC by the mothers is that, it conserves virginity till marriage and the negative effect mostly expressed was infection. More than half of the women declared that, their mother/mother-in-law's insistence was their reason for performing FGC. Although, the views expressed by the mothers on FGC, including its eradication, were somewhat impressive, this study shows that, FGC is still being practiced and many women are living with its negative effects. There is therefore, the need to intensify and consolidate educative and advocacy efforts to ensure that the practice is completely eradicated.Item Effects of educational intervention on women’s knowledge and uptake of cervical cancer screening in selected hospitals in Ibadan, Nigeria(Taylor & Francis, 2017) Ndikom, C. M.; Ofi, B. A.; Omokhodion, F. O.; Adedokun, B. O.This study evaluated the effects of an educational intervention (El) on women's knowledge and uptake of cervical cancer screening (CCS) services. A quasi-experimental study, conducted in the antenatal clinics of eight hospitals in Ibadan, Nigeria. The hospitals were randomly clustered into four in intervention group (IG) and four in control group (CG), and 846 women were selected in the two groups using Systematic random sampling at baseline and post-intervention (PI). Data were collected using a structured questionnaire. The women in the IG received educational intervention provided by hospital nurses who were exposed to an educational programme previously. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and x2 at p <0.05. The mean age for women was 28 years ±5.8. The respondents' awareness of CC at baseline was IG: 12.9% and CG: 18.2% but this increased to 71.5% in IG and 22.1% in CG with net intervention effect (NIE) of 54.7% (p <0.0001), knowledge of the causative organism (NIE <37%, p < 0.0001), sexual intercourse as mode of transmission (NIE 53.7%, p<0.001). Screening for early detection of cervical cancer (NIE 75.6%, p < 0.001), awareness of where to receive screening (NIE 64.1%, p < 0.001). There was only a very slight increase in uptake of CCS from 1.4% at baseline to 3.6% in the IG and 2.1 to 2.3% in the CG. Over, 53.5% said unavailability of services was a major hindrance to their screening uptake. Cervical cancer screening knowledge improved in the intervention group but uptake only improved slightly with the intervention. Educational intervention is a useful tool for improving knowledge of Cervical Cancer Screening.