FACULTY OF TECHNOLOGY
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Item Utilization of oil palm wastes in south western Nigeria(The Nigeiran Society of Engineers, 2003) Mijinyawa, Y.; Ogunbanjo, O. I.A survey involving the use of questionnaires and personal communication during field visits was undertaken in Ekiti, Ogun, Ondo, Osun and Oyo states of Nigeria to ascertain the level of utilization of the inedible portions of oil palm products often referred to as wastes. Items identified as wastes and their present uses include trunk for bridges and roof trusses; fronds and leaves for brooms, thatching of roofs and fences, staking of creeping and climbing plants, weavmg of baskets and cages and cordage materials; fruit bunches for black soap production; kernel shells for soil erosion control and furnace fuel; and mill effluents for sludge cake used as fuel, A substantial amount of these wastes are unutilized which has resulted in their constituting nuisance in plantations and mill sites. Incineration is the only disposal method employed to create space for other activities. It is recommended that the use of these wastes be popularized among urban dwellers to create market for them. Fruit harvesting and conversion of the trunk are tedious; hence the development of appropriate technology for improved efficiency required.Item The influence of post-cracked exposure period on some physical properties of palm kernel shells(The Nigeiran Society of Engineers, 2000) Mijinyawa, Y.; Falayi, F. R.A series of experiments were conducted to measure the influence of the duration of exposure to inclement weather after cracking on the bulk density, solid or true density, porosity, and water absorption characteristics of palm kernel shells (PKS). The results showed that the bulk and true densities decreased respectively from 0.60g/cm3 and 1.37g/cm3 for freshly cracked shells to 0.53g/cm3 and 1.25g/cm3 for shells that have been exposed to inclement weather for over ten years after cracking. The porosity and ability to hold moisture increased with the duration of exposure. These experimental observations are attributable to the organic nature of the shells as a result of which there is a gradual biodeterioration especially of the adhering fibers. This reduces the dry matter content and increase the void. Density values obtained are comparable with other materials of construction such as earth and wood which is an indication that PKS has potentials for use as a material for construction. Further work on the mechanical properties of the material is recommended.Item Coefficient of static friction of palm kernel shell on selected structural surfaces(The Nigeiran Society of Engineers, 2000) Mijinyawa, Y.; Falayi, F. R.An experiment was conducted to measure the static coefficient of friction of palm kernel shell (PKS) on plywood, galvanized iron and glass. The results of the test showed that the coefficient of static friction of PKS increases with moisture content irrespective of the surface employed. The .values of coefficient of static friction obtained varied from 0.42 to 0.75 on plywood, 0.34 to 0.62 on galvanized iron and 0.32 to 0.56 on glass for moisture contents ranging from bone dry to 18.4% wet basis. This implies that PKS is most resistant to flow on plywood and least on glass. A statistical analysis showed that these variations with structural surfaces were Significant. Further similar work using the cracked palm kernel is recommended.Item Farm structures and rural electrification palm kernel shells as coarse aggregates for light weight concrete(The Nigeiran Society of Engineers, 1999) Mijinyawa, Y.; Okedoku, O. W.The escalating cost of conventional building material has given rise to the need to source for alternative ones. In souring for such alternatives, the durability, availability and cost of the potential material should be considered. Palm kernel shell (PKS), a by-product in the process of palm kernel oil extraction found in abundance in southern and grossly underutilized was considered of potential as a coarse aggregate for light weight concrete. In order to confirm the assumed potential, it was considered necessary to determine the density and compressive strength of concrete cubes manufactured from PKS. Coarse aggregates made us of crushed granite and PKS mixed in varied proportions were used to cast 150mm x 150 mm concrete cubes of 1: 3: 6 mix batch by weight. The cubes were removed from moulds 24hr after casting and immersed in water for seven days to cure. The density and compressive strength of the cubes were then decreased. Expectedly, the density and crushing strength of cubes decreased with increase in the amount of PKS in the cubes but the density range of 1520 to 2234kg/m3 and strength values of 0.44 to 3. 89N/mm2 obtained were good enough for light weight concrete. PKS has great potential as a material for coarse aggregate in concrete work; the use of which could considerably reduce the construction cost of building and promote environmental sanitation.Item Determination of some physical properties of palm kernel(The Nigeiran Society of Engineers, 2005) Mijinyawa, Y.; Omoikhoje, S.Experiments were carried out to determine the dimensions of palm kernel, the shell thickness, kernel and nut densities as useful parameters in its handling and processing. The major, intermediate and minor diameters of the kernel were found to vary from 26.5 to 44, 21.5 to 34.5 and 16.5 to 28mm respectively. Sphericity was calculated to be between 76 and 80 and was independent of the size of the kernel. Nut densities varied from 0.8 to 2g/cm3 while kernel densities varied from 0.93 to 1.33g/cm3. The nut densities were generally higher than the kernel densities and the variation is attributed to the large volume but lightweight of the shell. The shell thickness varied from 2 to 6.5mm. These parameters are useful in the design of handling and processing equipment for palm kernelItem Farm structures: roles and challenges in meeting the needs of the Nigerian farmer(The Nigeiran Society of Engineers, 2006) Mijinyawa, Y.Although oil is the major source of Nigeria's revenue at present, agriculture is the single largest contributor to the well-being of the rural poor. Agriculture sustains 90% of the rural labour force, provides 60% of industrial raw materials, and contributes 30% to the GDP, with 90% of the output coming from the smallholder farmers. The Nigerian smallholder farmers face a lot of challenges. They are constrained from expanding their farm sizes due to limited labour supply. Poor farm transportation and severe post-harvest losses reduce their economic fortune while the productivity of the farmer and his livestock are reduced by inadequate housing. Farm structures' intervention in the provision of good access roads for farm machinery movement would enable farmers to expand their farm holdings, appropriate crop storage structures which reduce post harvest losses, and cheap but comfortable housing will provide an enabling environment for increased productivity and income. The present Farm Structures curriculum as taught in many institutions needs to be beefed up while farm structures workshops and laboratories should be provided and well equipped. The establishment of a farm structures network is suggested.Item Assessment of tractor hiring services in Lagos State(The Nigerian Society of Engineers, 2001) Akinoso, R.; Mijinyawa, Y.Various agricultural mechanization techniques have been introduced to aid crop production. One of such is intensive use of tractors. Expensive capital and maintenance costs have limited the private ownership of tractors by Nigerian farmers. To promote the use and availability of tractors for farmers, tractor-hiring units were established. Tractor hiring units rent out tractors and other farm implements to farmers at affordable prices. Contrary to expectation, the aim of the program had been defeated due to technical laxity, poor management and the current economic situation of the country. Recognizing the necessity of tractor hiring units, efforts are made on ways of improving performances. Good organization and proper management are needed for effective operation.Item A survey of livestock structures in south western Nigeria(Research Communications, 1998) Mijinyawa, Y.A survey involving the use of structured questionnaires and personal communication was undertaken in South Western Nigeria to identify the livestock in the area, and their housing methods. Chicken, pigs, rabbits, goats, sheep and cattle were the major animals found while the housing structures include baskets, battery cages, deep litter houses, cages, hutches, pens, sheds and yards. In about half of the sites surveyed animals kept were not provided with housing, while in the other places where they were provided the structures were poorly equipped and overstretched to cope with the population of animals kept. Wood products are the predominant materials of construction accounting for as much as 50 to 70% of the total volume of materials used in the construction of some of these structures. Others are natural fibers, concrete, wire mesh and corrugated roofing sheets. Poor waste management, decay in wood members, and pitting and cracking of concrete were some of the flaws identified. Integrated designs to reduce the burden of waste collection and increase its effective utilization, use of durable timber species and preservative treatment to further improve the length of service, and the use of good quality concrete constituents and mixture are recommended.Item Wood products for grain silo construction in Nigeria(Research Communications, 1999) Mijinyawa, Y.Metal silos used for the storage of grains under warm humid climate experience the problem of moisture condensation on the roofs and walls, and its redistribution within the grain bulk results in the deterioration of the stored grains. This is occasioned by the high thermal conductivity of the material of construction which offers very little resistance to the flow of solar heat into the silo enclosure. Experimentation with various grades of rubber as material for silo construction proved unsuccessful while little success was recorded with the use of various forms of concrete construction as the incidence of moisture condensation was still noticed, Wood products are tested as materials for silo construction aimed at reducing the temperature fluctuations and moisture condensation within the silo. Results show that the material has the potential of significantly reducing the temperature fluctuations within the silo and eliminating moisture condensation on the silo walls when compared to metal type. The use of local materials of construction will reduce the cost of the silo, while the simple construction and maintenance technologies, and the possibility of small unit capacity renders it of advantage to the Nigerian small-scale farmers. Mass production to reduce cost to what can be accommodated by small scale farmers is recommended.Item The use of local building materials for the construction of farm structures in western Nigeria(The Nigerian Society of Engineers, 1997-09) Mijinyawa, Y.; Dahunsi, D.A Survey of the pattern of usage of building materials in the small - to - medium farms in Western Nigeria was undertaken. Wood was the commonest construction material in use, followed by earth products and natural fibers. Decay and weathering of natural fibers including timber; arid the erosion of earth products were the major problems experienced with their uses. Treatment of the natural products before use was found wanting. Adequate seasoning and preservative treatment of natural fibers’ and earth stabilization are recommended for durability. Cost is a vital consideration in the choice of construction materials for farm structures. The choice of local materials goes some way to reduce cost. Numerous improvements on performances of some local materials have been devised in the Research Institutes. There is a need for effective extension linkage between the research institutions and the farmers.
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