FACULTY OF PUBLIC HEALTH
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Item Levels of bisphenol A and heavy metals in soils and selected drinking water sources neighboring a major urban dumpsite in Ibadan, Nigeria(University of Ibadan, 2024) Adewole, A. O.; Akinsete, S. J.; Lateef, S. A.Pollution of the soil and water environmental compartments by heavy metals (HM) and Bisphenol A (BPA) emanating from dumpsites remain a major concern. These environmental contaminants are linked to adverse health effects and represent a serious public health problem. This study determined HM and BPA in soils and drinking water sources surrounding a municipal dumpsite in Ibadan, Nigeria. Soil and water samples were collected around the dumpsite for the analysis of physicochemical parameters, HM (Cd, Ni, Pb, Zn and Cu) and BPA. The physicochemical indices of borehole water were above recommended standards for drinking water. The mean concentrations of HM (mg/kg) from three locations around the dumpsite ranged from 0.01-0.06, 0.00-0.02 and 0.00-0.32 in water and 0.00-3.67, 0.00-10.67, 0.00-106.30, 32.10-1179.73 and 1.67-19.67 in soil samples for Cd, Ni, Pb, Zn and Cu, respectively. Results showed that Cd, Ni, Pb and Cu in soils were below permissible limits while Zn was found above allowable limit for agricultural soil. Moreover, Cd, Pb and Ni concentrations in some water samples exceeded permissible limits for drinking water sources. Concentrations of BPA (ng/g) in water samples were below detection limit, while its concentrations in soils ranged from 0.01-1.76 for all the locations around the dumpsite. Concentrations of BPA in soils were found to decrease with distance from the dumpsite. These findings suggest that human settlements around the dumpsite will be vulnerable to the effect of dumpsite. Therefore, regular monitoring of the levels of pollutants in soil and drinking water sources around dumpsites is recommended.Item Effectiveness of wastewater treatment plant at removal of nutrients, pathogenic bacteria and antibiotic-resistant bacteria in wastewater from hospital source(Springer Japan, 2024) Owojori, G. O.; Lateef, S. A.; Ana, G.R.E.E.This study is aimed at assessing the effectiveness of hospital’s wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in removing nutrients, pathogenic bacteria, and addressing antibiotic resistance using a case study of a tertiary hospital in Ibadan, Nigeria. During the dry and wet seasons in the month of July and December, respectively, samples were collected, and analyzed using standard guidelines to examine significant physicochemical parameters of the WTTP; to evaluate the removal efficiency of biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD), and to examine the prevalence of pathogenic and antibioticresistant bacteria. The results of this study showed that during the dry season, certain parameters exceeded acceptable limits, including temperature, total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), phosphate, and nitrate. Although there were reductions in BOD (1555 mg/L to 482 mg/L) and COD levels (3160 mg/L to 972 mg/L), they remained above acceptable limits by World Health Organization. In the wet season, the level of COD (20 mg/L) in the effluent was within acceptable limit, while the BOD (160 mg/L) was above the acceptable limit. The WWTP effectively removed nutrients and reduced the microbial load, as evident from the absence of fecal coliforms in the effluent in both seasons. In respect to BOD removal efficiency, the level of purification of wastewater by the WWTP was 69% during the dry season, while the removal efficiency of COD was 83.54% which showed the efficiency of the WWTP at the removal of COD. However, antibiotic resistance was still present. The study concludes that while the WWTP effectively addressed nutrients and microbial load, additional measures such as tertiary treatment methods like chlorination and UV radiation are necessary to tackle antibiotic resistance. This is crucial to prevent the release of antibiotic-resistant bacteria into the environment, safeguarding human health, animals, plants, and overall environmental well-being.Item Utilization of disposable face masks for cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus mushroom as a strategy for reducing environmental plastic pollution(Springer Japan, 2024) Olakanmi, G. B.; Lateef, S. A.; Ogunjobi, A. A.Management of disposable face mask (FM) used as personal protective equipment against transmission of COVID-19 has emerged as one of the key issues of COVID-19 pandemic. Disposable FM is a potential source of microplastic fibers in the environment. In this study, FM as carbon source for the cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus mushroom was investigated in the attempt to reduce plastic build up in the environment due to its disposal. Growth substrate was prepared using FM as sole and/or partial carbon source varied with mahogany wood shavings (MWS) at 25, 50, 75, and 100% composition (wt/ wt). Visual sorting under stereo microscope to detect presence or absence of microplastics in the mushrooms produced was conducted. Shortest spawn run (26 days) was recorded in MWS:FM 100:0 and optimum number of fruiting bodies (28) was achieved at MWS:FM 75:25; while, optimal fruiting body (fresh weight) (71 g), biological efficiency (88.8%), and proximate outputs (except carbohydrate) were achieved at MWS:FM of 25:75. The features of mushroom produced from MWS:FM 0:100 through visual sorting were suggestive of microplastics pollution. This study demonstrated the ability of P. ostreatus to utilize disposable FM as growth substrate for its production.Item Health risk assessment for uptake and accumulation of pharmaceuticals in jute mallow (Corchorus olitorius) irrigated with treated hospital wastewater(Springer Japan, 2023) Egbeyemi, M. M.; Lateef, S. A.; Akinsete S. J.; Omobowale, M. O.; Ewemoje, T. A.The use of reclaimed water for crop irrigation presents a route through which pharmaceuticals enter the agro-environment, raising concerns about their potential inclusion into the food chain and associated health risks. The main objective of this study was to determine the accumulation of six pharmaceuticals (paracetamol, diclofenac and ibuprofen, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, and sulfamethoxazole) in edible part of jute mallow (JM) (Corchorus olitorius) irrigated with treated hospital wastewater (THWW) and potential health risks associated with the consumption of the contaminated JM. In a greenhouse experiment, JM vegetable was grown in soils irrigated with groundwater and THWW. After 4 weeks of cultivation, the pharmaceutical concentrations in the soil and JM tissues were determined. The uptake and accumulation of the pharmaceuticals in the irrigated JM and the human health risks associated with their consumption were evaluated. Results showed that the THWW-irrigated and groundwater-irrigated soils accumulated all the studied pharmaceuticals except paracetamol and sulfamethoxazole, with the concentrations in the soil before and after irrigation ranging from 0.01 to 0.14 μg g− 1 and 0.03 to 1.35 μg g− 1, respectively. In JM leaves, the accumulation was in the order of tetracycline > ciprofloxacin > ibuprofen > diclofenac and tetracycline > ciprofloxacin > diclofenac > ibuprofen under THWWirrigated and groundwater-irrigated treatments, respectively. Under both treatments, the uptake and accumulation of the studied pharmaceuticals were in the order of roots > stem > leaves. The health risk assessment indicated that the consumption of the studied pharmaceuticals through JM implies some risks to human health and the risks were in the order of tetracycline > diclofenac > ciprofloxacin > ibuprofen > paracetamol > sulfamethoxazole. This study has demonstrated that irrigation with reclaimed water is a major route of pharmaceuticals into the food chain and a key determinant of associated health risks.Item Occurrence of bisphenol A, nonyphenol, octylphenol and heavy metals in groundwater from selected communities in Ibadan, Nigeria(IWA PUBLISHING, 2023) Adebesin, T. N.; Lateef, S. A.; Oloruntoba, E. O.; Adejumo, M. M.Endocrine disruptors (EDs) such as bisphenol A (BPA), nonylphenol (NP), octylphenol (OP) and heavy metals in drinking water supply represent a significant threat to human health. In Nigeria, little is known about the presence of EDs in various environmental media. This study was conducted to determine the concentrations of BPA, NP and OP in groundwater samples from selected communities in Ibadan, Nigeria. Water samples were collected from 30 different sites (26 hand-dug wells, 2 boreholes and 2 spring water sources), 15 from each of Ibadan North-West (IbNW) and Ido Local Government Area (LGA). Samples were collected in triplicate from all the sampling points and analysed for BPA, NP, OP and physicochemical parameters (including heavy metals) using a standard procedure. Bisphenol A and octylphenol were not detected in any samples, while NP was detected in spring water and the concentration (0.00279 mg/L) was less than the maximum allowable limit (0.015 mg/L). All (100.0%) boreholes in IbNW and 100.0% of the springs in Ido LGA showed iron concentrations that exceeded the permissible limit. There is a need for public awareness on the health risk of EDs in drinking water supply and appropriate preventive measures to be adopted.Item Improving Solid Waste Management Practices in Primary Schools in Ibadan, Nigeria.(2023) Adeboye, C. R.; Lateef, S. A.; Hammed, B.T.; Akintunde, E. A.School system represents an important outlet for waste generation and advancement of knowledge on waste management. The aim of the study was to improve knowledge, attitude and practices of solid waste management (SWM) among pupils of selected primary schools in Ibadan, Nigeria. The study intended to find out what will be the effect of the intervention (training on solid waste management) on the knowledge, attitude and practice of the students towards solid waste recycling? A quasi-experimental study was conducted among pupils of two primary schools (public and private schools). Using validated questionnaire, information was collected to assess their knowledge, attitude and practices before and after intervention. Waste generated over a two-week period was characterised. A solid waste segregation stand was provided with all students trained on waste craftsmanship. Data were analysed at p=0.05. The post-intervention knowledge scores at increased from 5.3±1.9 to 8.8+1.3 and 5.6±2.4 to 9.1±1.3 in public and private schools, respectively. The predominant waste materials in both schools were paper and nylon with mean weekly values of 5.3±0.6 kg and 4.0±0.4 kg in public school and 14.8±0.2 kg and 8.6±0.9 kg in private school. Plastic and organic waste had mean weekly values of 1.8±0.0 kg and 0.5±0.6 kg in public school and 2.9±0.7 kg and 0.4±0.3 kg in private school, respectively. Different crafts were made by the pupils from the components of waste generated. The intervention led to waste recycling and improved pupils’ SWM knowledge, attitude and practices.Item Ethylene glycol and plantain peel fraction ripened with calcium carbide inhibit reproductive mediators in male rats(Elsevier, 2023) Akintunde, J. K.; Lateef, S. A.; Amadi, C. J.; Okoh, O.S.The application of artificial fruit ripeners has become a great burden to the public health clinicians. This study assessed the toxicity effect of ethylene glycol (EOGH) and plantain peel fraction ripenedwith calcium carbide (CaC2) onmale reproductive functions. Fortymale ratswere divided intofive groups (n=8). Group 1 received distilledwater only; group 2 received 200 mg/m3 ethylene glycol; group 3 received 1000 mg/kg of CaC2; group 4 received 200 mg/kg plantain peel extract (PPE) and group 5 received 200 mg/kg plantain-peel extract ripened with CaC2 (PPECC). The exposure via oral route lasted for 14 days. Sub-acute exposure of male rats to ethylene glycol, CaC2 and PPECC elicited spermatogenic lesions through significant (p < 0.05) depletion of testosterone level, daily sperm production, sperm motility, live sperm and sperm count with elevated sperm deformity and testicular 51-nucleotidase activity upon exposure to ethylene-glycol, CaC2 and PPECC in relation to PPE. Also, exposure to ethylene glycol, CaC2 and PPECC remarkably increased testicularMDA content and serum AST, ALT and ALP activities which predisposes to spermatogenic abnormalities. Altogether, application of PPECC is suggested as one of the risk factors of liver failure associated with reproductive disruption in rat model.Item Food waste and its management in restaurants in Ibadan North Local Government Area(2022) Lateef, S. A.; Ogundeji, A. D.; Hammed, B.T.Food waste in the foodservice sector is currently regarded as an emerging issue of public concern particularly in developing countries like Nigeria. In order to understand the extent of this problem in Ibadan North Local Government Area (LGA), a descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted. A representative sample (70) of restaurant managers were interviewed, using a semi-structured questionnaire, on their knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards food waste management system. Purposive sampling was used to select eight (8) restaurants for compositional analysis of food waste generated for a period of one week. Results showed that 52.9% of the respondents had satisfactory knowledge of proper waste management. Moreover, the respondents showed significantly positive attitude (mean score of 3.66±0.65) towards proper waste management system. However, their practices of food waste management were found to be poor. Mean daily food waste disposal from all the restaurants ranged from 6.0-33.6kg with yearly disposal that ranged from 2,177.9 to 12,215.7 kg (2.2-12.2 tonnes). The sample average for the study locations was estimated at 5.8 t per year. With average of 30 consumers per day, the per capita disposal was estimated at 24 t/capita/year. Compositional analysis also showed that waste generated were in the order of preparation waste (45%), spoilage waste (21%), and consumer's plate waste (34%). The results showed that poor waste management practices of restaurant managers play significant role in waste generation in restaurant operation. Hence, improved waste management practices such as food waste recycling should be adopted.Item Lung Function of Grain Millers Exposed to Grain Dust and Diesel Exhaust in Two Food Markets in Ibadan Metropolis, Nigeria.(2019) Iyogun, K.; Lateef, S. A.; Ana, G.R.E.E.Background: Despite growing concern over occupational exposure to particulate matter (PM) such as grain dust and diesel exhaust, information about the exposure level and health implications among workers in small-scale milling enterprises in developing countries like Nigeria has not been adequately documented. The purpose of this study was to assess the level of exposure to grain dust and diesel exhaust and effect on lung function among grain millers in food markets in Ibadan metropolis, Nigeria. Methods: The study adopted descriptive cross-sectional design with a comparative approach. Sixteen grain milling shops each were randomly selected from two major food markets in Ibadan metropolis for indoor PM10 and PM2.5 monitoring. Seventy-two respondents each were proportionately selected from grain millers and shop owners for forced expiratory volume in one second and peak expiratory flow rate tests. Results: The PM2.5 concentrations for both market locations ranged between 1,269.3 and 651.7 mg/m3, while PM10 concentrations were between 1,048.2 and 818.1 mg/m3. The recorded concentrations exceeded the World Health Organization guideline limit of 50 mg/m3 and 25 mg/m3 for PM2.5 and PM10, respectively. As compared with control group (2.1 L), significantly lower forced expiratory volume in one second value (1.61 L) was observed among the exposed group (p < 0.05). Likewise, significantly lower peak expiratory flow rate value (186.7 L/min) was recorded among the exposed group than the control group (269.51 L/min) (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Exposure to grain dust and diesel exhaust accentuated respiratory disorders with declines in lung functions amongst grain millers. Improved milling practices and engaging cleaner milling facilities should be adopted to minimize exposure and related hazards.Item Exploration of the bioethanol yield of single and multi-substrate biomass from cassava processing wastes(2018) Bolade, D. O.; Ana, G.R.E.E.; Lateef, S. A.; Sokan-Adeaga, A.A.Cassava processing generates large quantities of wastes which contribute significantly to envi-ronmental pollution. These wastes are abundant and inexpensive feedstock for bioethanol pro-duction that are available all year round in every region in Nigeria. Despite their wide availabil-ity, optimal generation of bioethanol from these wastes has not been achieved. This study ex-plored the bioethanol yielding potential of single and multi-substrates biomass from cassava processing wastes. Physicochemical characterization of the cassava processing wastes viz: cassava peels (Cp), cassava pulp (Cpu) and cassava wastewater (Cw) revealed the followings: low pH, cyanide, high total organic carbon and organic matter; low total nitrogen and phospho-rus content. Among the single substrates, cassava peels (Cp) gave the highest glucose yield (GY), (48.04 mg/g) and total reducing sugars (TRS), (103.44 mg/g) respectively; while the com-bination of cassava peel, pulp (Cpu) and wastewater (Cw) (CpCpuCw) gave the highest GY (61.67±0.03mg/g) and TRS (111.36±0.04mg/g) among the multi-substrates. The ethanol yield obtained from the substrates at 24 hours, 48 hours and 72 hours of fermentation were: Cp (337.5m3/kg, 354.0m3/kg and 348.6m3/kg), Cpu (249.4m3/kg, 270.6m3/kg and 264.6m3/kg), Cw (86.2m3/kg, 109.2m3/kg and 109.0m3/kg), CpCpu (352.3m3/kg, 386.9m3/kg and 381.5m3/kg), CpCw(339.0m3/kg, 370.6m3/kg and 359.4m3/kg), CpuCw (267.9m3/kg, 279.5m3/kg and 271.2m3/kg), and CpCpuCw (408.7m3/kg, 427.5m3/kg and 410.6m3/kg ) respectively. The study revealed that the combination of the three wastes (CpCpuCw) produced the highest GY/TRS and yield of bioethanol among the substrates, while the maximum ethanol yield was obtained at 48 hours of fermentation. Hence bioethanol production from multi-substrates biomass of cassa-va processing wastes should be fully explored.
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