FACULTY OF PUBLIC HEALTH
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Item Psychological variables as correlates of university maladjustment behaviour(Ife Centre for Psychological Studies, 2008) Arogunade, O. T.; Akpa, O. M.The goal of the study was to examine the influence of some psychosocial variables like personality factors (extroversion, agreeableness, neuroticism, conscientiousness and openness), gender (male and female) and age in predicting university maladjustment. The participants, (M-42 & F-92) were 134 students in the age range 16-30 years randomly selected from a private University in Nigeria. The Big Five Personality inventory (BFI) and University Maladjustment Scale (UMS) were used to collect data Multiple Regression Analysis, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and t-test statistics were used to analyze the data. The result showed that all the psychosocial variables jointly predicted 87% of the University maladjustment variance. The implications in terms of screening fresh intakes into universities and minimizing student unrest were discussed.Item Empirical Power Comparism of Three Correlation Coefficients(Medwell Journals, 2008) Matthew, O. M.; Oyejola, B. A.A Comparison of Pearson's moment (r), Kendall's (t) and the Spearman's rank (r2) correlations was made to find out when they may be suitable for use, particularly when the assumptions that support their use are violated. Bi-variate Samples of size n = 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50 and 100 from the normal and exponential distributions with population correlation values of p = 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 0.9 (chosen to represent positive correlation between 0 and 1) were used. The power function for a = 0.01 and 0.05 was calculated for the tests. For the normal distribution, the Pearson's moment correlation coefficient was discovered to be the more powerful. However, in the exponential distribution, the power of the Pearson's moment correlation coefficient was lower than those of the non-parametric correlation coefficients, except for small sample sizes i.e, n≤15.Item Statistical modelling Of HIV/AIDS epidemic in the North Central zone Of Nigeria(Internet Scientific Publications, 2007) Akpa, O.; Oyeloja, B.The objective of this work were to apply the UNAIDS Estimation and Projection Package (EPP) to HIV/AIDS epidemic in the north central zone of Nigeria, to propose a statistical model for the course of the epidemic in the zone and to generally investigate the level of trend inherent in the epidemic, over the years. We used HIV/AIDS surveillance data to model the situation for the rural and urban sentinel sites in the zones. Using the EPP as our point of reference, we proposed a statistical model (based on modifications made to the original back calculation methods) for the course of HIV/AIDS epidemic in the zone. Our result shows that the UNAIDS package is a great AID to HIV/AIDS modeling in Nigeria. The incidence rate was estimated to be 0.91 in 1997, 0.7% in 2000 and projected to be 0.63 in 2010. Also an estimated 378,870 people are expected to die due to the epidemic in the year 2010. The prevalence peaked later than the incidence which peaked around 1997, but this is expected to rise slowly after 2007. The mortality rate is relatively low among sites inside major towns (IMT) than those outside major town (OMT), but the situation is generally still on the rise.Item The place of statistics in research and national development(Taylor & Francis, 2007) Okewole, D. M.; Akpa, O. M.The place of efficient and accurate application of Statistical methodologies (via development relevant research) in national development cannot be over emphasized. The ability to analyze data either manually or with the use of software is just a peripheral aspect of Statistics in the presence of critical issues such as planning and designing of experiment and research works generally. Consequent on this, collaborating with Statisticians become inevitable if meaningful output that would in turn affect national development is expected from a given research work. In this study, we critically accessed the place of Statistics, Statistical methodologies as well as the relevance of the knowledge of Statistics in national development as it sterns from academic and non academic research work in the field of medicine, Engineering, Agriculture, Arts (Humanities), Sciences and Social Sciences. The result of our study shows that Statistics is actively used in all these fields except in the Humanities where a minute percentage of the researchers make use of Statistical tools. Also, the quest for clearer understanding of Statistical methodologies was evident among the respondents who claimed that this would enhance their contribution to national development through quality research output.Item Modeling HIV/AIDS epidemics in West Africa: Results for UNAIDS modeling approach from some selected countries(Medwell Journals, 2007) Akpa, O. M.; AyeIola, B. A.The Estimation and Projection Package (EPP) developed by UNAIDS reference group have been used with some notable success in some countries of the sub-Saharan (East and South) African Countries. In this present studies, we present results for five modeling methods applied to four countries in the West African Sub region. Using five modeling assumption with respect to 2 data situations and paying attention to the parameters determining the dynamics of HIV/AIDS epidemics, we employ Epp to model the prevalence of the epidemic in four West African countries. We used these estimates to further explain the underlying trend in the epidemic in each of the selected countries. For the unedited data, our results shows that in 2005 the default model yielded 17.69% (Urban: 4.72%, Rural: 28.82%) for Nigeria, 5.23% (Urban: 4.48%, Rural: 6.18%) for Ghana, 4.75% (Urban: 5.28%, Rural: 4.33%) for Cote d'Ivoire and 0.54% (Urban: 0.49%, Rural: 0.59%) for Senegal. The computed Log-Likelihood (LL) estimates for the default model are (Urban: 187.8809, Rural: 4, 948. 3913), (Urban: 181.5688, Rural: 664.9529), (Urban: 320.0272, Rural: 388.4773) and (Urban: 45.7742, Rural: 78.0798) for Nigerian, Ghana, Cote d'Ivoire and Senegal, respectively.Item Statistical modelling of HIV/AIDS epidemics; Nigeria’s most needful statistical support for meeting the MDGs in HIV/AIDS intervention initiatives.(Nigerian Statistical Association, 2006) Akpa, O. M.; Oyejola, B. A.Since the first cases of AIDS were identified in the United State of America nearly two decades ago, researchers have made significant progress in understanding the epidemiology of HIV/AIDS Pandemic worldwide, with special attention to Sub-Saharan Africa. However, no particular attempt has been made to Model either the transmission dynamics or the trajectory of HIV/AIDS infection in Nigeria. In this paper, we review various methods adopted by Mathematicians and statisticians to Model HIV/AIDS epidemics. Their peculiar applicability and limitations with reference to Nigeria are discussed. We also discuss why Statistical Modeling of HIV/AIDS Epidemics is one of the most needed Statistical support for meeting the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), particularly in Nigeria.Item Knowledge of AIDS and HIV risk-related sexual behavior among Nigerian naval personnel(2004-06) Nwokoji, U. A.; Ajuwon, A.Background: The epidemic of HIV continues to grow in Nigeria. Personnel in the military are at increased risk of HIV infection. Although HIV-risk related sexual behavior of Nigerian police officers has been studied, little is known about the sexual behavior of their counterparts in the Navy. This study describes knowledge of AIDS, and HIV-risk sexual behavior of naval personnel in Lagos Nigeria. Methods: Four hundred and eighty personnel of the Nigerian Navy completed a 70-item questionnaire in 2002. Group discussion and in-depth interviews of four key informants were also conducted to gain insights into the context of risky sexual behaviors and suggestions for feasible HIV primary prevention interventions. Results: The mean age of the respondents was 34 years. Although the overall mean AIDS knowledge score was 7.1 of 10 points, 52.1 % of respondents believed that a cure for AIDS was available in Nigeria and that one can get HIV by sharing personal items with an infected person (25.3%). The majority (88.1 %) had had lifetime multiple partners ranging from 1-40 with a mean of 5.1; 32.5% of male respondents had had sexual contact with a female sex worker, 19.9% did so during the six months preceding the survey. Forty-one percent of those with sexual contact with a female sex worker did not use a condom during the most recent sexual encounter with these women. Naval personnel who have been transferred abroad reported significantly more risky sexual behaviors than others. Group discussants and key informants believed that sex with multiple partners is a tradition that has persisted in the navy even in the era of AIDS because of the belief that AIDS affects only foreigners, that use of traditional medicine provides protection against HIV infection, and influence of alcohol. Conclusion: Many naval personnel report participating in high-risk sexual behavior which may increase their risk of acquiring and spreading HIV. Naval personnel live and interact freely with civilian population and are potential bridging group for disseminating HIV into the larger population. Interventions including sustained educational program, promotion of condoms, changes in transfer policies are recommended to address this problem.Item The structure and function of research ethics committes in Africa: a case study(2007-01) Kass, N. E.; Hyder, A. A.; Ajuwon, A.; Appiah-Poku, J.; Barsdorf, N.; Elsayed, D. E.; Mokhachane, M.; Mupenda, B.; Ndebele, P.; Ndossi, G.; Sikateyo, B.; Tangwa, G.; Tindana, P.Item Perception of blindness and blinding eye conditions in rural communities(2006-06) Ashaye, A.; Ajuwon, A. J.; Adeoti, C.Purpose: The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore the causes and management of blindness and blinding eye conditions as perceived by rural dwellers of two Yoruba communities in Oyo State, Nigeria. Methods: Four focus group discussions were conducted among residents of Iddo and Isale Oyo, two rural Yoruba communities in Oyo State, Nigeria. Participants consisted of sighted, those who were partially or totally blind and community leaders. Ten patent medicine sellers and 12 traditional healers were also interviewed on their perception of the causes and management of blindness in their communities. Findings: Blindness was perceived as an increasing problem among the communities. Multiple factors were perceived to cause blindness, including germs, onchocerciasis and supernatural forces. Traditional healers believed that blindness could be cured, with many claiming that they had previously cured blindness in the past. However, all agreed that patience was an important requirement for the cure of blindness. The patent medicine sellers' reports were similar to those of the traditional healers. The barriers to use of orthodox medicine were mainly fear, misconception and perceived high costs of care. There was a consensus of opinion among group discussants and informants that there are severe social and economic consequences of blindness, including not been able to see and assess the quality of what the sufferer eats, perpetual sadness, loss of sleep and dependence on other persons for daily activities. Conclusion: Local beliefs associated with causation, symptoms and management of blindness and blinding eye conditions among rural Yoruba communities identified have provided a bridge for understanding local perspectives and basis for implementing appropriate primary eye care programs.Item Sexual behavior and experience of sexual coercion among secondary school students in three states in North Eastern Nigeria(2006-12) Ajuwon, A.J.; Olaleye, A.; Faromoju, B.; Ladipo, O.Background: Interest in the reproductive health of adolescents continues to grow throughout the world. Few studies had explored the reproductive health knowledge, sexual behavior and experience of sexual coercion among secondary school students in North Eastern states of Nigeria. The objectives of this descriptive survey were to collect data to plan appropriate interventions that meet the reproductive health knowledge, service and skills needs of students in Bauchi, Borno and Gombe states. Methods: Face-to-face interviews were conducted for 624 consenting students who were randomly selected from eighteen secondary schools using an 83-item structured questionnaire. Data were collected on demographic profile, reproductive health knowledge, sexual behavior and experience of sexual coercion. Results: The mean age of the respondents was 16.5 years. There were slightly more males (52%) than females (48%). Students' knowledge about, reproductive health was generally low even though girls had better knowledge than boys. Thirteen percent of the entire students had sexual experience; significantly more males (19%) than females (6%) had done so (p < 0.001). Among boys the age at sexual debut ranged from 10-26 with a mean of 15.7 and median of 16. By contrast, the age at first sex among girls ranged from 10 to 18 years with a mean and median of 16.1 and 17 years respectively. Only 24% of those who were sexually active used a condom during their last sexual encounter. Overall 11% of the students reported that they had been tricked into having sex, 9% had experienced unwanted touch of breast and backside, and 5% reported rape. Conclusion: Students low reproductive health knowledge and involvement in risky sexual activities predispose them to undesirable reproductive health outcomes.