Radiology

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    Entrance surface dose from pediatric diagonostic x-ray examinations in a developing world setting: are we 'ALARA principle' compliant?
    (ScienceDomain, 2013) Atalabi, O. M; Bidemil, A.; Adekanmi, A. J; Samuel, O. A.
    Background: Rediation protection in paediatric radiology requires special attention than in adult because children are more sensitive to radiation and at higher risk. This risk is explained by the longer life expectancy in children which allows for harmful effect of radiation to manifest and thier developing organs and tissues being more sensitive to radiation. Hence, the need for determination of appropraite radiation dose for paediatric patients. Aims:to estimate entrance skin dose (ESD) recieved by paediatric patients during diagnostic x-ray examinations. Material and Methods: A total of 253 paediatric patients undergoing various x-rays examinations between June 2011 and December, 2012. In a teaching hospital in the south west Nigeria were considered in this study. This hospital has no dedicated x-ray unit for paediatric radiology. The ESD recieved during x-ray examination was calculated using mathematical formular that incorporated the use of x-ray beam output and exposure parameters selected for examination. Correlation coefficient (r) analysis was used to test the relationship between ESD, patient size (age and weight) and exposure parameters(KVp, mAs). Results: The ESD and ED recieved by paediatric patients from all the x-ray examinations considered in this study ranged from 10.29+3.80-880.04+89.44 µGy 0.01 level of significant showed that there is a correlation between patient does and exposure factors but there is no correlation between ESD, age and weight of patients. Conclusion: The ESD recieved by paediatric patients is higher that the internationally recommended reference dose. This is attributed to lack of dedicated x-ray unit and personnel for paediatric radiology.
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    Estimation of the risk of cancer associated with pediatric cranial computed tomography
    (ScienceDomain, 2015) Atalabi, O. M.; Akiniade, B. I.; Adekanmi, A. J
    Background: The role of computed tomography (CT) in the medical diagnosis of diseases has greatly expanded, desipte the potential risk of cancer following exposures to ionising radiation (x-ray) from this modality. This risk is partially of great concerns in children, who are more radiosensitive and have many years to manifest radiation effect than adults. Aims: To estimate risk of cancer induction from pediatric cranial CT. Materials and methods: A total of 203 patients, who were refered from various pediatric clinics and wards for cranial CT in a teaching hospital in the south western Nigeria between the year 2011 and 2013 were considered. All patients were grouped into four age (year) groups: less than 1, 1-5,5-10 and 10-15. A mathematical method was used to estimate the risk of cancer from the effective dose (ED) calculated from volume computed tomography dose index (CTDlvol), dose length product (DLP) and statndard conversion factor. Results: The range of CTDlvol (MGy) recieved by all patients was 10-250mGy while majority of the patients recieved 50-100. The range of DLP (mGy.cm) recieved by all patients and majority of the patient 500-5000 and 2001-2500 respectively. The risk estimated with respect to patients' age showed that patient was 1-25 and 5-10 respectively. The risk estimated with respect to patients' age showed that patient in the group 1-5years have the highest risk of cancer induction while risk based on gender showed on significant difference. Conclusion: Over 60% of pediatric patiens received more than the recommended values of CTDlvol, DLP and ED from cranial CT.Urgent steps must be taken to ensure compliant with international recommended precaution for does reduction in pediatric medical imaging.
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    Misconception about ultrasound among Nigeiran women attending specialist and tertiary health institutions in Ibadan
    (2012-08) Adekanmi, A. J; Morhason-Bello, I. O; Atalabi, O. M.; Adedokun, B. O.; Adeniji-Sofoluwe, A. A.; Marinho, A. O.
    Background: In women health, ultasound is well established as a safe tool, and it is often the first imaging modality employed in the, screening, investigation and treatment of conditions in obstetrics and gynaecology. However, women's misconceptions about health issues, aetiology and treatment of diseases conditions may have negetive impact on thier health care seeking behaviour. Client's perspective of diagnosis including investigation process is therefore crucial in health care. This study aimed at finding out the misconceptions expressed by clients about ultrasound, and the potential predictors associated with this attitude among women in Nigeria. Method: A descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted among 3137 women who presented for transabdominal ultrasound scan between August and November 2010 in two referral hospitals in Nigeria. Data were obtained using a questionnaire. Descriptive and multivariate analysis was performed applying logistic regression analysis; predictors of misconceptions expressed by clients about ultrasoung, and misconception among women in Nigeria were identified using SPSS statistics (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL) version 17 software. Results: The mean age of the women was 33.8 years (standard deviation=7.0), with 88.8% currently married. More than half of the respondents had tertiary education (56.6%), followed by secondary school education (34.5%), primary education(7.8%) and no formal education (1.1%). There were 59 women who held the misconception that ultrasound was dangerous to health accounting for 1.9% of the study population. The reasons given by this group of women included; 'ultrasound can kill or destroys the body cells'(35.6%); 'it can cause cancer' (15.3%); 'the radiation is only dangerous to some organs of the body' (6.8%); 'it can harm or deform the fetus'(6.7%); 'it is only dangerous when exposure is frequent'(5.1%) and 'only dangerous when handled by unskilled medical personnel' (1.7%). Conclusion: This study provides insight to the wide range of issues about clients' perception and misconception regarding ultrasound safety. These issues have to be addressed to improve better compliance and patronage about ultrasound scans in Nigeria. We suggest that robust conseling sessions is imperative to address all the views and possible concerns of clients to improve better service delivery.