Psychology
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Item Tracking the impact of research in Nigeria(The Postgraduate School, University of Ibadan, 2006) Gureje, O; Ogunnuyi, A.; Olley, B. O.Item Profile comorbidity and impact of insomnia in the Ibadan(Elsevier Ltd., 2009) Gureje, O; Kola, L; Ademola, A; Olley, B. O.Objective: To provide information on the profile, comorbidity and impact of insomnia among an understudied group of elderly Africans. Method: Using the WHO Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI), the 12-month prevalence of three forms of insomnia was assessed in face-to-face interviews conducted with a regionally-representative sample of elderly Nigerians, aged 65 years and over (n=2152). The association of insomnia with quality of life, rated with the WHO Quality of Life instrument, was analyzed controlling for comorbid chronic pain, chronic medical conditions and DSM-IV major depressive disorder. Results: At least one insomnia problem was reported by 30.72%. Insomnia was more frequent among females, persons aged 70 years and over, and those who were unmarried. Insomnia was comorbid with major depressive disorder (OR = 3.9, 95% CI 2.5 – 6.1), chronic pain (OR = 4.3, 95% CI 3.2 – 6.1; particularly arthritis and spinal pain), and chronic medical conditions (OR = 2.1, 95% CI 1.8 – 2.5, particularly heart disease, high blood pressure or asthma). Persons with insomnia were more likely to report having had a fall in the previous year (OR = 1.4, 95% CI 1.0 –1.8) and, among those with fall, injury was more commonly reported by those with insomnia. Every form of insomnia was associated with decrement in quality of life. After controlling for comorbid mental and physical conditions, the β coefficients ranged between −17.9 and −20.0. Conclusion: Insomnia was highly comorbid with chronic physical conditions and with depression. These comorbid conditions partly but do not entirely account for the considerable decrement in quality of life associated with insomnia.Item Profile comorbidity and impact of insomnia in the Ibadan(Elsevier Ltd., 2009) Gureje, O.; Kola, L.; Ademola, A; Olley, B. O.Objective: To provide information on the profile, comorbidity and impact of insomnia among an understudied group of elderly Africans. Method: Using the WHO Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI), the 12-month prevalence of three forms of insomnia was assessed in face-to-face interviews conducted with a regionally-representative sample of elderly Nigerians, aged 65 years and over (n=2152). The association of insomnia with quality of life, rated with the WHO Quality of Life instrument, was analyzed controlling for comorbid chronic pain, chronic medical conditions and DSM-IV major depressive disorder. Results: At least one insomnia problem was reported by 30.72%. Insomnia was more frequent among females, persons aged 70 years and over, and those who were unmarried. Insomnia was comorbid with major depressive disorder (OR = 3.9, 95% CI 2.5 – 6.1), chronic pain (OR = 4.3, 95% CI 3.2 – 6.1; particularly arthritis and spinal pain), and chronic medical conditions (OR = 2.1, 95% CI 1.8 – 2.5, particularly heart disease, high blood pressure or asthma). Persons with insomnia were more likely to report having had a fall in the previous year (OR = 1.4, 95% CI 1.0 –1.8) and, among those with fall, injury was more commonly reported by those with insomnia. Every form of insomnia was associated with decrement in quality of life. After controlling for comorbid mental and physical conditions, the β coefficients ranged between −17.9 and −20.0. Conclusion: Insomnia was highly comorbid with chronic physical conditions and with depression. These comorbid conditions partly but do not entirely account for the considerable decrement in quality of life associated with insomnia.Item Profile comorbidity and impact of insomnia in the Ibadan(Elsevier Ltd., 2009) Gureje, O.; Kola, L.; Ademola, A.; Olley, B. O.Background: Little is known about factors that determine the QoL of elderly persons living in developing societies undergoing rapid social changes. Method: A representative sample of elderly Nigerians, aged 65 years and over (n= 2152), was assessed for QoL using the World Health Organization Quality of Life instrument (WHOQoLBref). Other than sociodemographic factors, respondents were also evaluated for major depressive disorder, physical conditions as well as for social network, support and engagement. Using linear regression modeling, these factors were explored for their ability to predict the physical, psychological, social and environmental domains of QoL. Results:Economic status was the most consistent predictor of the four domains of QoL, with the coefficients ranging between 1.0 and 1.68 (p < 0.001 in every instance). Among health variables, functional disability (range: 7.07 – 19.86) and self-rated overall health (range: 7.89 – 18. 42) were the most salient. Participation in community activities (range 7.74 – 17.48) was the most consistent social predictor. As a group, social factors, especially those relating to social support and participation, were the strongest determinants of QoL. Conclusion: Even though health factors are important, social factors, in particular those relating to the quality of social support and participation, are the most important predictors of QoL.Item Determinants of quality of life of elderly Nigerians: results from the Ibadan study of ageing(Elsevier Ltd., 2008) Gureje, O; Kola, L.; Afolabi, E.; Olley, B. O.Background: Little is known about factors that determine the QoL of elderly persons living in developing societies undergoing rapid social changes. Method: A representative sample of elderly Nigerians, aged 65 years and over (n= 2152), was assessed for QoL using the World Health Organization Quality of Life instrument (WHOQoLBref). Other than sociodemographic factors, respondents were also evaluated for major depressive disorder, physical conditions as well as for social network, support and engagement. Using linear regression modeling, these factors were explored for their ability to predict the physical, psychological, social and environmental domains of QoL. Results:Economic status was the most consistent predictor of the four domains of QoL, with the coefficients ranging between 1.0 and 1.68 (p < 0.001 in every instance). Among health variables, functional disability (range: 7.07 – 19.86) and self-rated overall health (range: 7.89 – 18. 42) were the most salient. Participation in community activities (range 7.74 – 17.48) was the most consistent social predictor. As a group, social factors, especially those relating to social support and participation, were the strongest determinants of QoL. Conclusion: Even though health factors are important, social factors, in particular those relating to the quality of social support and participation, are the most important predictors of QoL.Item Depression and disability: comparisons with common physical conditions in the Ibadan study of aging(Elsevier Ltd., 2008-11) Gureje, O.; Ademola, A.; Olley, B. O.Objectives: To compare the effects of depression and chronic physical conditions on disability in elderly persons. Setting: Yoruba-speaking areas of Nigeria. Design: Interviews. Participants: Community-dwelling persons aged 65 and older. Method: Face-to-face interviews were conducted with a representative sample of community-dwelling persons aged 65 and older (N= 2,152) in the Yoruba-speaking areas of Nigeria (representing ~22% of the national population). Major depressive disorder (MDD) was assessed using the World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Chronic pain and medical disorders were assessed using self-report. Disorder-specific disability was evaluated using the Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS). Results: MDD was highly comorbid with each of the medical conditions (odds ratio range 1.3–2.0). A higher proportion of persons with MDD (47.2%) were rated severely disabled globally than those with arthritis (20.6%), chronic spinal pain (24.2%), or high blood pressure (25.0%). Subjects with MDD were also more likely to be severely disabled in three of the four domains of the SDS. In pair-wise comparisons, persons with MDD had significantly higher levels of disability than those with any of the disorders, with differences in mean scores ranging between -3.74 and -27.50. Conclusion: To reduce the public health burden of depression, its prevention and treatment require more clinical and research attention than currently given by developing countries.Item Child sexual abuse, harmful alcohol use and age as determinants of sexual risk behaviours among freshmen in a Nigerian University(Elsevier Ltd., 2008) Olley, B. O.In Nigeria, freshmen constitute a risk group of adolescents and young adults capable of engaging in unsafe sexual practices. This study documents the associated factors to sexual risk behaviours practices of University of Ibadan, Nigeria freshmen. Eight hundred and forty one (841), freshmen who attended a routine orientation program were asked to respond to a questionnaire. Results showed that 30.8% were sexually active and 47% did not use condom in their last sexual episode. Associated with sexual risk behaviours include: being a male freshman increasing age; lower tendency for violence; increase sexual compulsivity; alcohol abuse; history of rape and a history of Child Sexual Abuse (CSA). Three variables: alcohol abuse; history of CSA and increasing age remained significant in a multiple regression analysis. The paper presents the first evidence of vulnerability of freshmen to sexual risk practices in a Nigerian UniversityItem Social skills training for secondary drug prevention in high risk adolescents in Ibadan, Nigeria(Elsevier Ltd., 2008-10) Olley, B. O.Substance abuse is a common health problem among adolescents in Nigeria, particularly owing to its relationship with a chain of behaviours that encourages the spread of HIVIAIDS. The effectiveness of social skills training in secondary prevention of substance use was examined among high risk adolescent school attendees in Ibadan. One hundred and forty eight adolescents (63% response rate) of 235, aged 15 to 17 years, who reported having smoked tobacco, cannabis or having drunk alcohol in an initial survey on sexual behaviours of adolescents in 1badan and who were invited to participate in a one day educational programme on drug abuse named "My life in my hand" (mlmh) participated in the study. They were consecutively assigned to one of two conditions: (a) Mlmh skills training or (b) a control intervention involving no skills training. mlmh skills training is a combination of cognitive and behavioural techniques to improve adolescents' social skills and restructure their social network. Results showed that incidence of tobacco, alcohol and cannabis use decreased significantly over the two month assessment period in the mlmh skills group but not in the no-skills group. Social skills training as a secondary preventive measure was found to be effective in substance use reduction among adolescents in 1badan. Future preventive strategies may consider a social-cognitive approach in HIV risk reduction.Item Changes in Attitudes towards mental illness after exposure to a course in abnormal psychology among students of a Nigerian University(Association of Psychiatrists in Nigeria, 2007) Olley, B. O.Background Several community studies in Nigeria of attitudes towards mental illness suggest low knowledge and a deep-seated negative attitude about the illness. Little is known about the effect of education in changing these rather negative views. Aims: To determine the effects of exposure to a 13 week course in Abnormal Psychology on a follow-up assessment of knowledge and attitudes of undergraduate students of the University of Ibadan, Nigeria towards mental illness. Method: All 140 students who registered for Abnormal Psychology: course code Psy 202 in the 2004/2005 academic session were first assessed at baseline (the first day of lecture) and at after 13 weeks (26 hours) the end of course evaluation. The response rate was 100% at both baseline and at follow-up. Results: At the follow-up evaluation, knowledge about mental illness was significantly higher in all the items measured. There were non-significant changes in all items assessing stigma of mental illness except in the items indicating feeling upset or disturbed working in the same job and maintaining a friendship with someone with mental illness respectively. A significant favourable change was observed in the students perception towards group homes in the neighbourhood for people with mental illness. No significant changes were observed in attitudes toward human rights of the mentally ill, except regarding an item stating that mentally ill individuals should not have children in order to avoid heredity handicaps, with which a lower percentage agreed. Conclusions: Poor knowledge and stigmatization of mental illness still exist among undergraduate students in Nigeria. While exposure to a course in abnormal psychology was effective in changing knowledge, there were still some aspects of stigma that were not amenable to education.Item The role of support group and duration of infection in HIV/AIDS patients' knowledge and attitudes to their illness(College of Medicine, University of Ibadan and the University College Hospital, 2007-03) Olley, B. O.To assess the association between support group membership, socio-demographic and HIV related factors including knowledge and attitude of illness in people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHAs). Seventy six participants with HIV who were on follow-up management at three non-governmental care and treatment agencies in south western, Nigeria were asked to complete a questionnaire detailing their demographic characteristics, duration of awareness of HIV status, medication status, membership of a support group, HIV-related knowledge (including number of workshops/seminars attended, reading of literature), and attitude toward their illness and treatment. Compared to those who did not belong to a support group, (34,45%), those who did (42, 55%) were significantly more knowledgeable about HIV related (t= 4.02, p=0.00) and also reported more favorable attitudes toward the illness and its treatment (t=3.38, p=0.005). A multiple regression analysis indicated that group membership and a longer period of awareness of HIV infection contributed significantly to illness knowledge and attitudes. Age, sex, years of education, medication status, and employment status did not contribute significantly to these outcome variables. Individuals living with HIVI AIDS who belonged to a support group and had availed themselves of relevant literature were more knowledgeable and positive about their illness than those who did not belong to support groups. HIVI AIDS support group membership is an important component of psycho-social care in HIVIAIDS patients in Nigeria and should be encouraged.