Veterinary Surgery & Reproduction
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Item Amelioration of Aflatoxin B1-induced gastrointestinal injuries by Eucalyptus oil in rats(Walter de Gruyter GmbH, 2019) Akinrinde, A. S.; Adebiyi, O. E.; Asekun, A.Background: Eucalyptus oil (EO), derived from Eucalyptus species, possesses vast remedial and healing properties, although its gut health-promoting properties have not been well investigated. In this study, we investigated the chemical composition of a commercial EO formulation and its potential role in protecting against aflatoxinmB1 (AfB1)-induced gastrointestinal damage in rats. Methods: Male Wistar rats were divided into six groups with eight rats each. Control rats were administered with the vehicle (1% Tween 80) for 14 days, while another group was exposed to two oral doses of AFB1 on days 12 and 14. Two other groups were pre-treated with oral doses of EO (50 and 100 mg/kg b.w.) for 14 consecutivedays, along with two oral doses of AfB1 (5 mg/kg b.w.) on days 12 and 14. The remaining two groups weretreated with EO alone at the two doses for 14 days. At the end of the experiment, blood samples, stomachand intestinal tissues were collected for measurement of oxidative stress and antioxidant parameters and lightmicroscopic examination. Results: Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis revealed Eucalyptol (1, 8-cineole) as the main con stituent (67.48%) of the oil. AfB1 administration induced oxidative and inflammatory disturbances, indicated by significantly (p<0.05) increased serum nitric oxide level and myeloperoxidase activity; increased tissue contents of hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde and protein carbonyls, accompanied with corresponding histological alterations. AfB1 also induced significant (p<0.05) reductions in glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities. Treatment with EO produced significant improvements in the biochemical parameters as well as the appearance of the gastric and intestinal mucosa. EO alone, at the two doses tested did not produce any significant changes in the parameters investigated. Conclusion: The findings from this study showed that EO demonstrated protective activity against Aflatoxin induced toxicity in stomach and intestinal tissues and may thus find application in treatment of gastrointestinal disorders.Item Neuroprotection by luteolin and gallic acid against cobalt chloride-induced behavioural, morphological and neurochemical alterations in Wistar rats(Elsevier B.V., 2019) Akinrinde, A. S.; Adebiyi, O. E.Cobalt (Co) intoxication arising from occupational exposures and ion release from metal implants has been associated with neurological alterations such as cognitive decline, incoordination and depression. The present study evaluated the mechanisms of neuro-protection exerted by Luteolin (Lut; 100 mg/kg) and Gallic acid (GA; 120 mg/kg) in Wistar rats exposed to cobalt chloride (CoCl2) at 150 mg/kg for 7 consecutive days. Results indicate that CoCl2 induced neuro-behavioural deficits specifically by decreasing exploratory activities of CoCl2- exposed rats, increased anxiety, as well as significant reduction in hanging latency. Co-treatment with Lut or GA, however, restored these parameters to values near those of normal controls. Moreover, Lut and GA prevented CoCl2-induced increases in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) in the brain, while also restoring the activities of acetylcholinesterase, glutathione S-transferase (GST) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). In addition, Lut and GA produced significant reversal of CoCl2-induced elevation in levels of serum Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) and Tumor necrosis factor (TNFα). Meanwhile, immunohistochemistry revealed increased astrocytic expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), with intense calbindin (CB) D-28k staining and pronounced dendrites in the Purkinje cells. In contrast, the CoCl2 group was characterized by decreased number of neurons expressing CB and dendritic loss. Taken together, mechanisms of luteolin and/or gallic acid protection against Co toxicity involved restoration of Ca2+ homeostasis, acetylcholinesterase and antioxidant enzyme activities, as well as inhibition of lipid peroxidation in the brain.Item Flavonoid-rich extract of Parquetina nigrescens prevents intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury in Wistar rats via modulation of inflammatory cytokines and antioxidant defense(Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria, 2018) Akinrinde, S. A.; Makinde, A. O.; Akinrinmade, J. F.The search for relatively safe and cost-effective strategies at minimizing tissue damage following acute inflammatory bowel conditions still continues. To further explore the mechanisms of protection by Parquetina nigrescens in gut ischemia-reperfusion injury, the present study sought to investigate the effects of the flavonoid-rich extracts of Parquetinanigrescens (FPN) on serum levels of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha and IL-lbeta), the oxidant-antioxidant status, as well as the morphology of the intestinal mucosa in a rat model of ischemia-reperfusion injury. Thirty six male Wistar rats were randomly allocated into 6 groups with the sham-operated group subjected to laparotomy only. In the ischaemia-reperfusion (IR) group, the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) was occluded for 45 minutes, followed by reperfusion for another 45 minutes. Other groups had ischemic pre-conditioning (IP), melatonin (10 mg/kg), FPN1 (250 mg/kg) or FPN2 (500 mg/kg) before IR. Serum cytokine levels were determined, histopathological examination and biochemical analyses of small intestines were carried out. IR produced significant increases (p<0.05) in MDA and TNF-alpha with significant reductions (p<0.05) in GSH, GPx and SOD. FPN2 produced the best am elioration of effects of IR injury on M DA, H20 2, GSH and SOD, as well as the best preservation o f m ucosal integrity at histology. The increased TNF - alpha level was, however, best ameliorated with ischemic preconditioning. Our results provide evidence for the amelioration of IR injury by flavonoids derived from Parquetinanigrescens via anti-inflammatory effects, mainly involving TNF-alpha reduction. This effect was also positively con-elated with reduction in oxidative damage.Item Cobalt chloride-induced oxidant-antioxidant imbalance in rat erythrocytes: The modulatory role of Kolaviron(Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria., 2018) Akinrinde, A. S.; Idowu, O. O.; Oyagbemi, A. A.; Omobowale, T. O.Cobalt stimulates erythrocyte production via mechanisms that mimic physiological adaptations to hypoxic conditions. However, little is known about alterations in the balance of erythrocyte antioxidant defense system produced by cobalt. We investigated the effect of Kolaviron (KV) on cobalt chloride (CoCl2)-induced disturbances in erythrocyte antioxidant status and hematological parameters and compared the effects with those of Gallic acid (GA). Groups of rats were orally treated with either KV1 (100 mg/kg), KV2 (200 mg/kg) or GA (120 mg/kg), along with CoCl2 (350 ppm) in drinking water for 14 days. CoCl, produced significant (p<0.05) increases in packed cell volume, hemoglobin and red blood cell count, but no alterations in erythrocyte morphology, in the same way as rats treated with KV or GA. Significant (p<0.05) elevation in malondialdehyde (MDA) content and reductions in total thiols and reduced glutathione (GSH) in the CoCl2 group were indications of oxidative stress. KV produced significant (p<0.05) reduction in MDA, while restoring the levels of GSH and total thiols with elevations in" glutathione S-transferase and superoxide dismutase. Our results indicate that CoCl2-induced erythropoiesis was accompanied by altered antioxidant status of the erythrocytes. Kolaviron, however, ameliorated the disturbancesin erythrocyte antioxidant defense system.Item Phytochemical profiling, antioxidant activities and essential oil constituents of Andrographis paniculata(Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria, 2018) Adesye, B. Q.; Akinrlnde, A. S.; Oyagbemi, A. A.; Omobowale, T. O.; Afofayan, A. J.; Adedapo, A. A.Oxidative stress is involved in the pathogenesis of various diseases which lead to urgent need to investigate new, safe and effective source of antioxidant agents. This research proposed to investigate in-vitro and phytochemical constituent of the plant Ancirographis paniculatei using phytochemical analysis, GC/MS, DPPH, ABTS, FRAP and NO. Phytochemical analysis of Anclrographis paniculata revealed the presence of tannins, total fiavonoids, total phenol, total flavonols, and total proanthocyanidins. GC/MS analysis of essential oil of AP identified one major compound name benzencpropanoic acid clucked at 3.296 retention time and 0.74 area percentage. The ferric reducing potential of the extracts was concentration dependent and significantly different from that of rutin and vitamin E. The% inhibition of ABTS by the ethanol leaf extract of Anclrographis paniculata was concentration dependent and compared favourably well with the rutin and vitamin E, in DPPH scavenging assays, the IC50 value of the ethanol leaf extract of Andrographis paniculata was < 0.025 mg/ml, while IC50 of rutin and Vitamin E were < 0.025 mg/ml and 0.68mg/ml. Nitric oxide IC50, for extract is 1,05mg/ml, Vitamin E is 1.2 mg/ml, and rutin is < 0.025 mg/ml. The present study showed high level of radical scavenging activity by ethanol leaf .extract of Andrographis paniculata with higher antioxidant activities than Vitamin E but less than that of rutin. This show that Andrographis paniculata has antioxidant properties and the plant epuid be used in the prevention and treatment of diseases associated with oxidative stress.Item Anti-proliferative activities of the aqueous root extract of Dianthus thunbergii ss Hooper (Caryophyllaceae)(African Traditional Herbal Medicine Supporters Initiative, 2018) Akinrinde, A.; Van de Venter, M.; Koekemoer, T.; Bradley, G."Background: The roots of Dianthus thunbergii SS Hooper are used traditionally in South Africa for the treatment of diabetes, wounds, colic, chest complaints and cancer. This study was aimed at investigating the potential anti-proliferative activities of the D. thunbergii in mammalian cancer cell lines. Materials and Methods: Aqueous and ethanol extracts of D. thunbergii were tested in vitro on two cancer cell lines: human hepato-cellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells and murine insulinoma (INS-1) cells using the 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl) 2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and crystal violet cell viability assays, as well as live-cell fluorescence imaging microscopy. A tentative profiling of the aqueous extract was also carried out using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Results: The aqueous extract (50-200µg/ml) exhibited significant (p<0.05) cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells (IC50<50 µg/ml), while also significantly (p<0.05) decreasing the viability of INS-1 cells (IC50=36.0 µg/ml), although no toxicity was evident in L6 myotubes. Hoechst 33342 and propidium iodide staining of INS-1 cells further revealed significant growth inhibition (p<0.001) of INS-1 cells by the aqueous extract. No meaningful toxicity was, however, obtained with the ethanol extract (IC50 = 204.0 µg/ml). Non-targeted LC-ESI-TOF/MS analysis of the aqueous extract revealed the putative identities of main compounds present in the aqueous root extracts, including some that may contribute to its anti-proliferative action. Conclusion: Taken together, the results showed that the roots of D. thunbergii may represent a potential plant-based source of agents with anti-proliferative efficacy."Item Phytochemical composition and antioxidant activities of Dianthus Thunbergii Hooper and Hypoxis Argentea Harv Ex Baker: Plants used for the management of Diabetes Mellitus in Eastern Cape, South Africa(SAGE Publications Ltd, 2018) Akinleye, S. A.; Afolayan, A. J.; Bradley, G. B.Background: Inhabitants of the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa use the roots of Dianthus thunbergii and corms of Hypoxis argentea to treat diabetes mellitus and other ailments. Objective: The objective of this study was to analyze the phytochemical composition and antioxidant activities of the aqueous and ethanol extracts of the roots and corms of two plants. Materials and Methods: Total phenolics, flavonoids, flavonols, proanthocyanidins, tannins, and alkaloids were determined by standard methods. The scavenging activities of the extracts against 1,1 diphenyl 2 picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2’ azino bis (3 ethylbenthiazoline 6 sulfonic acid (ABTS), nitric oxide (NO), hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ), and their ferric reducing antioxidant potentials (FRAPs) were measured. Results: The ethanol extract of H. argentea had the highest content of phenolics (66.71 ± 2.71 mg gallic acid equivalent/g) and tannins (1.18 ± 0.07 mg TAE/g), while the ethanol extract of D. thunbergii gave higher contents of flavonoids and proanthocyanidins (62.21 ± 1.75 mg Qe/g and 432.62 ± 2.43 mg Ca/g, respectively). Flavonols were the most predominant in the aqueous extract of H. argentea (25.51 ± 1.92 mg Qe/g). We observed a concentration dependent response in the ABTS and H2 O2 scavenging activities and FRAP values of the extracts and standards (Vitamin C, butylated hydroxytoluene, and rutin). The ethanol extracts of both plants generally demonstrated better antioxidant activities against H2O2 , NO, and ABTS while also possessing better reducing power than the aqueous extracts. The aqueous extract of D. thunbergii, however, showed the best DPPH scavenging activity. Conclusion: The higher content of phytochemicals and antioxidant capacity obtained for the ethanol extracts of D. thunbergii and H. argentea may prove to be valuable information in selecting suitable extraction solvents for the medicinal applications of both plants.Item In vitro investigation of potential anti-diabetic activity of the corm extract of Hypoxis argentea Harv. Ex Baker(Croatian Pharmaceutical Society, 2018) Akinrinde, A. || Koekemoer, T. || Van de Venter, M. || Bradley, G.The corms of Hypoxis argentea are widely used as a traditional remedy for diabetes mellitus in South Africa. In this study, we investigated the effects of non-toxic concentrations (12.5–100 µg mL–1) of the aqueous extract of H. argentea (HAA) corms on glucose uptake, pancreatic beta cell proliferation, and adipocyte differentiation. HAA stimulated glucose uptake in HepG2 cells up to 19.6 % and 17.0 % in L6 myotubes. Live-cell imaging microscopy revealed significant increases (p < 0.001) in total INS-1 cell numbers exposed to HAA, although no effect was observed on adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes. HAA produced weak to moderate inhibition of porcine pancreatic α-amylase, α-glucosidase, porcine pancreatic lipase, dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV) activities, as well as protein glycation. Our results suggest that the acclaimed anti-diabetic effects of H. argentea could be mediated by its promotion of glucose utilization and preservation of pancreatic beta cell populations while preventing fat accumulation in adipocytes.Item Phytochemical composition and antioxidant activities of Dianthus Thunbergii Hooper and Hypoxis Argentea Harv Ex Baker: Plants used for the management of Diabetes Mellitus in Eastern Cape, South Africa(SAGE Publications Ltd, 2018) Akinleye, S. A.; Afolayan, A. J.; Bradley, G. B.Background: Inhabitants of the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa use the roots of Dianthus thunbergii and corms of Hypoxis argentea to treat diabetes mellitus and other ailments. Objective: The objective of this study was to analyze the phytochemical composition and antioxidant activities of the aqueous and ethanol extracts of the roots and corms of two plants. Materials and Methods: Total phenolics, flavonoids, flavonols, proanthocyanidins, tannins, and alkaloids were determined by standard methods. The scavenging activities of the extracts against 1,1 diphenyl 2 picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2’ azino bis (3 ethylbenthiazoline 6 sulfonic acid (ABTS), nitric oxide (NO), hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ), and their ferric reducing antioxidant potentials (FRAPs) were measured. Results: The ethanol extract of H. argentea had the highest content of phenolics (66.71 ± 2.71 mg gallic acid equivalent/g) and tannins (1.18 ± 0.07 mg TAE/g), while the ethanol extract of D. thunbergii gave higher contents of flavonoids and proanthocyanidins (62.21 ± 1.75 mg Qe/g and 432.62 ± 2.43 mg Ca/g, respectively). Flavonols were the most predominant in the aqueous extract of H. argentea (25.51 ± 1.92 mg Qe/g). We observed a concentration dependent response in the ABTS and H2 O2 scavenging activities and FRAP values of the extracts and standards (Vitamin C, butylated hydroxytoluene, and rutin). The ethanol extracts of both plants generally demonstrated better antioxidant activities against H2O2 , NO, and ABTS while also possessing better reducing power than the aqueous extracts. The aqueous extract of D. thunbergii, however, showed the best DPPH scavenging activity. Conclusion: The higher content of phytochemicals and antioxidant capacity obtained for the ethanol extracts of D. thunbergii and H. argentea may prove to be valuable information in selecting suitable extraction solvents for the medicinal applications of both plants.Item Phytochemical, analgesic, in-vitro anti-oxidant and GC-MS analysis of Vernonia amygdalina leaves(Ibadan Biomedical Communications Group, 2018) Adeoye, A. T.; Akinrinde, A. S.; Oyagbemi, A. A.; Omobowale, T. O.; Adedapo, A. D. A.; Ayodele, E. A.; Yakubu, M. A.; Adedapo, A. A.The powdered leaf of Vernonia amygdalina was subjected to phytochemical screening, and in vitro antioxidant studies. The volatile oil of the leaves of the plant was also screened to determine the constituents. Analgesic tests using acetic acid induced writhing and paw licking (formalin) test in mice were also carried out. The in vitro antioxidant assay used include FRAP, ABTS, DPPH, and NO assay and then compared these with standards (Vitamin E and Rutin). Results showed the presence of saponins and tannins strongly, while alkaloids, flavonoids, anthraquinones and terpenoids were present in little quantities. On the other hand however, cardiac glycosides were absent in the plant. In the FRAP assay method, the absorbance of Vernonia amygdalina was found to be dose dependent with the maximum absorbance of 0.641nm at 0.5mg/ml which was significantly higher than that of rutin (0.56nm) and lower than that of Vitamin E (0.77nm). The ABTS radical scavenging activity of Vernonia amygdalina showed a dose dependent increase in the inhibition of the ABTS radical scavenging activity (91.93, 95.42, 99.24, 99.34 and 99.53% at 0.025, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.5mg/ml respectively). This was comparable to that of rutin. The extract and the reference antioxidant (Rutin and Vitamin E) promoted an inhibition of DPPH radical at all concentrations tested in this study. Vernonia amygdalina showed a relatively stable effect in inhibiting the DPPH radical at all doses tested reaching 74.76%, 69.11% and 86.90% for Vernonia amygdalina, Vitamin E and Rutin respectively at the highest concentration. Vernonia amygdalina showed a dose dependent increase in the inhibition of the nitric oxide radical. The major compounds obtained from the GC-MS analysis of the essential of Vernonia amygdalina in this study were caryophyllene oxide (23.48%), phytol (22.92%), 2-Pentadecanone, 6,10,14-trimethyl (12.98%), hexadecanoic acid ethyl ester (12.24%), Oxirane, heptadecyl (12.11%), benzaldehyde (4.97%), benzeneacetaldehyde (5.83%), and trans-beta-ionone (5.47%). The methanol leaf extract of Vernonia amygdalina inhibited the acetic acid induced writhing in a manner comparable with the standard drug used in this study. The paw licking (formalin) test produces a distinct biphasic response to pain stimulus and the extract caused a dose dependent decrease in the inhibition of pain in both phases of the formalin paw lick test.