Pharmaceutical Microbiology

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Management of congestive heart failure (CHF): a case report on digoxin
(1999) Omole, M. K.
A case report on the management of congestive heart failure is presented with emphasis on the use of DIGOXIN.
performance of an acid-cassava starch medium in the propagation of fungi
(1999) Adeleke, O. E.; Odelola, H. A.; Onasanya, Y.
Susceptibility patterns of common bacteria and fungal species isolated from sexually transmitted diseased patients to xylopia aethiopica (annonaceae)
(2003-09) Oluremi, B. B.; Adeniyi, B. A.
The hexane and methanolic extracts of the leaves, stem, stem bark, and root bark of Xylopia aethiopica were investigated for their anti-microbial activities against some common bacteria and fungal strains isolated from sexually transmitted diseased patients and some standard organisms. The hexane and methanol crude extracts showed varying degrees of anti-microbial activities at varying concentrations while the stem bark exhibited significant broad-spectrum anti-microbial activity. The methanolic extract of the stem bark showed better activity than hexane, was fractionated and the four fractions collected were tested for their antimicrobial activity against the organisms implicated in STD at a concentration of 10mg/ml. The results suggest that the active fractions A and B contain constituents which can be isolated, characterized and identified for effective management of both bacterial and fungal STD’s. Preliminary Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids. sugars, cardiac glycoside and saponins and the absence of anthraquinones and tannins.
Anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities of hippocratea indica root bark and poga oleosa fruits
(2007) Ogbole, O. O.; Ekor, M. N.; Oluremi, B. B.; Ajaiyeoba, E. O.; Gbolade, A. A.; Ayoola, M. A.; Adeyemi, A. A.
The methanolic extracts of Hippocratea indica root bark and Poga oleosa fruits were investigated for anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities. Both extracts inhibited carrageenan-induced paw oedema significantly in rats in a dose-dependent manner in 4 h. H. indica inhibited oedema significantly at the minimal dose (125 mg/ml, p< 0.05) from 2 h onward, and gave 100% inhibition in 4 h. at 250 mg/kg. It was shown to be a more potent anti-inflammatory agent than P. oleosa. Also, H. indica extract exhibited greater antimicrobial activity against tested bacteria, with Staphylococcus aureus being the most susceptible bacterium (MIC, 16 mg/ml). Both plants were inactive against Candida albicans. These results confirm the anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activities of the two plants.
Elixir formulations of methanolic extract concentrates of garcinia kola, kola acuminata and kola nitida seeds and their antimicrobial activity
(West African Postgraduate College of Pharmacists, 2008) Adeleke, O. E.; Alabi, O. S.; Coker M. E.
The crude methanolic extracts of Garcinia Kola (Gutiferae), Kola acuminata and Kola nitida (Sterculiaceae) seed powders were screened against some bacterial isolates consisting of six different Genera namely: Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Escherichia, Proteus, Klebsiella and Pseudomonas, most of which were isolated from the respiratory tract and the rest from other sources like wounds, vagina and urethra. The extracts were found to be active on all the Gram-positive bacteria and some of the Gram-negative bacteria including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The extracts Were then formulated into stable Elixir formulations at a concentration of 15mg/ml and screened against the same bacterial isolates. They were found to be active against all the selected Gram-positive bacteria used in were also susceptible to the three elixir formulations.
Comparative antimicrobial activities of extracts of garcinia kola, kola acuminata and kola nitida seeds on isolates of respiratory tract and other infections
(West African Postgraduate College of Pharmacists, 2008) Adeleke, O. E.; Alabi, O. S.
The methanolic extracts of the powdered seeds of Garcinia kola (Guttilerae), Kola acuminata, and Kola nitida (Sterculiaceae) were tested individually for antimicrobial activity using isolates from respiratory tract infections and other sites of infection such as High vagina swab, wounds, urethra and skin. The isolates included Staphylococus aureus (5strains), Z strains each of Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis and Streptococcus pneumoniae; I strain each of Streptococcus viridians Entercoccus faecalis, Streptococcus pyogenes, Bacillus subtilis, Haemophillus influenzae, Candida albicans, Asp. Niger, Ap. Eumigatus and Trichophyton specie, and 3 strains each of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The antimicrobial susceptibility test of the extracts showed zones of growth inhibition ranging from 9mm to as large as 35mm, depending on the organism being tested. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by agar-diffusion method and ranged from 0.23mg/ml to 30mg/ml for the three extracts. The crude extracts of Garcinia Kola showed a stronger antimicrobial against most organisms particularly the Gram-positive bacterial isolates from the respiratory tract, than the other two extracts, while Kola nitida was the least active.
Serum protein binding and the antimicrobial activities of garcinia kola, kola acuminata and kola nitida seed extracts on the agents of respiratory tract infections
(West African Society for Pharmacology, 2009) Adeleke, O. E.; Alabi, O. S.; Coker M. E.
The kinetics of bactericidal activity of the methanolic extracts of powdered seeds of Garcinia kola (Heckel), Kola acuminata and Kola nitida obtained by soxhlet extraction, were studied using two bacterial sensitive strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The study showed that the three extracts at the concentrations used against the two test organisms, Staphylococcus aureus OOUTH206 (0.5mg/ml for Garcinia kola, 4mg/ml for Kola acuminata and Kola nitida) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa UCH189 (8mg/ml for Garcinia kola, 15mg/mi for Kola acuminata and Kola nitida); had activity on the two microorganisms. There was a gradual reduction in the number of viable microbial counts as evident in the reduction in the cell number at the different time intervals. Similar procedure was carried out in the presence of 5% serum protein and it was observed that the activities of the various extracts were altered significantly indicating the effect of serum protein binding on the Constituents of Garcinia kola, Kola acuminata and Kola nitida seed extracts. The results were expressed in percentage viable count of the inoculum size and showed that the percentage viable count decreases with time in varying degrees. The reduction was more intense with G. kola extract than the other extracts on S. aureus as well as on P. aeruginosa towards the third and fourth hours. The effect of serum protein was seen to affect the activities of all the extracts in varying degrees as shown in the graphs plotted.
Evaluation of anticaries activity of selected mouthwash marketed in Nigeria
(Pharmacotherapy Group,, 2010) Oluremi, B. B.; Osungunna, M. O.; Idowu, O. A.; Adebolu, O. O.
Purpose: This work was aimed at evaluating four brands of mouthwash marketed in Nigeria for their anticaries activity. Method: The susceptibility pattern of bacterial isolates obtained from 30 patients having carious teeth to the selected mouthwash was determined using the cup-plate method. The zones of inhibition produced by the mouthwash against the bacterial isolates were measured to determine the degree of susceptibility. Results: The organisms isolated from the patients were Staphylococccus aureus, Klebsiella sp, Streptococcus sp, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the following proportions: 30, 27, 20, 17 and 7 %, respectively. Anticaries evaluation revealed that 0.047 % thymol in ethanol displayed the highest degree of anticaries activity against all the Streptococcal species tested. Incorporation of preservatives in mouthwashes may adversely affect their anticaries activity as indicated by the fact that the preserved mouthwash exhibited lower activity than the unpreserved mouthwash. Conclusion: Anticaries activity is optimally achieved by using appropriate mouthwash combinations as this prevents both the initiation and progression of dental caries. The use of preservatives in mouthwash formulations should be done with caution as this may interfere with mouthwash activity.
Bacteriological and antibiotic sensitivity patterns of bacterial Isolates from creams and lotions hawked in Sagamu, Ogun State
(Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2010) Osungunna, M. O.; Oluremi, B. B.; Adetuyi, A.
Fifteen cosmetic products, consisting of 10 creams and 5 lotions were randomly purchased from a local market in sagamu and their microbial qualities studied in addition to the antibiotic sensitivity patterns of different isolates obtained from the selected creams and lotions. While only one of the creams was devoid of any microorganism including fungi, organisms isolated from others include Staphylococcus aureus 38%; Klebsiella, 28%; Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 21%; Bacillus spp, 7% and Penicillium, 28%. Antibiotic sensitivity study reveals that these isolates displayed different sensitivity patterns to the antibiotics used but cotrimoxazole, tetracycline and nalidixic acid will be of assistance in case of infection from these cosmetic products. However, majority of the creams and lotions evaluated did not meet the official monograph’s requirements and as such may be a potential health hazard to unsuspecting consumers moreso that all the isolates display some degree of resistance to various antibiotics used.
Comparative assessment of antibacterial activity of uvaria chamae parts
(Academic Journals, 2010) Oluremi, B. B.; Osungunna, M. O.; Omafuma, O. O.
Methanolic extracts of the root, stem and leaf of Uvaria chamae were evaluated for their antibacterial activity against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp, Proteus spp, and typed strains E. coli ATCC 25922, S. aureus ATCC 25923 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC27853 using standard agar diffusion method at 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 mg/ml. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides and cyanogenic glycosides. In general, the stem bark extract inhibited the growth of all the tested organisms with leaf extract showing the least antibacterial activity. The MIC of methanolic stem extract on E. coli, MRSA, Klebsiella spp, Proteus spp, E. coli ATCC 25922, S. aureus ATCC 25923 and P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853 were 5.62, 12.59, 200, 35.48, 28.18, 5.62 and 19.95 mg/ml respectively while that of root extract with the exclusion of Klebsiella spp were 31.62, 10.0, 3.55 2.82, 12.59 and 39.81 mg/ml respectively. Methanolic leaf extract was found to have MIC 200, 19.95, 250, 250, 250 and 200 mg/ml respectively with no MIC value against P. aeruginosa.
Comparative microbial quality of jedi drinks sold in two major cities in Nigeria
(Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2010) Osungunna, M. O.; Oluremi, B. B.; Talabi, I.
The microbial quality of ten samples of Jedi herbal preparations sold for the treatment of anal fistula in major motor parks of Sagamu and Ibadan, both in Nigeria was studied and compared. Phytochemical analysis of the samples revealed that all the samples contained Saponins and Tannins. Alkaloids and cardenolides were also present to varying extent. These secondary metabolites are known to be responsible for the prevention of anal fistula. 100% contained Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 80% from Sagamu contained Klebsiella spp; 60% from Ibadan contained Bacillus spp, 30% of the samples contained Staphylococcus aureus and 70% contained fungi. Antibiotic sensitivity patterns revealed that the Gram-negative isolates were most sensitive to ofloxacin, a quinolone antibiotic while the Gram-positive isolates were most sensitive to Streptomycin, an aminoglycoside
In-vitro antimicrobial activities of methanol extracts of
(2010-01) Adeniyi, C. B. A.; Odumosu, B. T.; Ayelaagbe, O. O.; Kolude, B.
The antimicrobial activities of two Nigerian medicinal plant commonly used as chewing sticks Zanthoxylum xanthoxyloides and Pseudocedrela kotschyi antimicrobial activities were investigated against 7clinical strains of Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis and Candida krusei ATCC 6825. The antibacterial and antifungal activities of the extracts were determined using the agar well diffusion and surface plate method respectively. Zanthoxylum xanthoxyloides, was active against all the isolates especially on the bacteria with a MIC and MBC of 12.5mg/mL and 25mg/mL respectively. Pseudocedrela kotschyi showed no activity on all the tested isolates except on C. krusei ATCC 6825 with a MIC of 6.25mg/mL. . Streptococcus mutans, S. aureus ATCC 29213 and C. albicans were completely killed within the time period of4hrsbyZ. xanthoxyloides extracts in time kill study. A good correlation was foundbetween the killing curves and the MIC of Z. xanthoxyloides against the tested isolates. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, saponins and traces of terpenoids. Ability of Z. xanthoxyloides crude extracts to inhibit the growth of the bacteria and fungi used in this study is an indication that the plant can be used as a source foranti microbial agent in the development and formulation of toothpaste, thus justifying the use of the plant in locally as chewing sticks..
Prolonged use of cough formulations and the health risk from their antimicrobial activity on some normal bacterial flora
(AJCEM, 2010-01) Adeleke, O. E.; Alabi, O. S.; Adetoyi, O. A.
Cough formulations were observed to contain some chemical substances that have been associated with antimicrobial property, namely: menthol, honey, citric acid and volatile oils. A prolonged use of such formulations by patients was therefore considered a health risk on the normal bacterial flora. Nine cough formulations denoted by letter codes along with simple syrup B.P., absolute alcohol and sterile distilled water as controls, were investigated for relative antimicrobial activity on some normal flora bacteria by the agar-cup diffusion method. The respective individual single brands of cough formulation with the exception of one brand exhibited inhibitory activity against 5 - 1 2 bacterial isolates including Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp, Streptococcus faecalis, Strep. pneumoniae, Strep. viridians, Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Simple Syrup B.P. and sterile distilled water did not exhibit any antibacterial activity while the absolute alcohol exerted activity only on Staph aureus. The antimicrobial activity recorded for the cough formulations could cause a depletion of the normal bacterial flora following a prolonged use of the formulations tested, hence, the attendant health risk of depressed natural immune system of the body, normally associated with such bacteria. pathological status when it presents as a
Phytochemical and antimicrobial screening of the leaf extract of diospyros barteri. Gurke.
(2010-08) Oluremi, B. B.; Osungunna, M. O.; Ogbole, O. O.
Diospyrous bateri Gurke family Ebenaceae, has been commonly used by traditional medical practitioners as anti-nfectious agent. In this study, preliminary screening of phytochemical constituents of D. barteri was carried out in addition to evaluating the antimicrobial activity of four different extracts of this leaf on some common bacteria species. The antimicrobial activity of methanol, chloroform, hexane and aqueous extracts of the leaves were tested using the agar diffusion method on two Gram positive, three Gram negative bacteria viz; Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus vulgaris, Klebsiella pneumoniae Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, The preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponins and tannins while other secondary metabolites were absent. The study amply demonstrated the broad-spectrum antimicrobial property of the polar extracts while the non polar extract exhibits no activity. The minimum inhibitory concentration of the methanol extract on Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were 1.20mg/ml, 2.24mg/ml, 3.55mg/ml, 9.12mg/ml and 10.0mg/ml respectively, while the minimum inhibitory concentration of the water extract on Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were 8.91mg/ml, 9.55mg/ml, 10.59mg/ml, 10.96mg/ml and 71.78mg/ml respectively.
In-Vitro Susceptibility of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis to Extracts of Uvaria Afzelli Scott Elliot and Tetracera Alnifolia Willd
(2011-01) Lawal, T. O.; Adeniyi, B. A.; Wan, B.; Franzblau, S. G.; Mahady, G. B.
Tuberculosis is a global burden with one –third of the world’s population infected with the pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis and an annual 2 million deaths from the disease. This high incidence of infection and the increased rate of resistant strains of the organism (MDR- and XDR- TB) have called for an urgent need to develop new anti-tuberculosis drugs from plants. The crude extract of Uvaria afzelli Scott Elliot (Annonaceae) root bark, and leaves and root bark of Tetracera alnifolia Willd. (Dilleniaceae) were investigated for anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis activity using the MABA assay method. Anti- Mtb activity was determined against Mtb H37RvATCC 27294 at concentrations of 100- 0.390μg/mL. The hexane and chloroform extracts of the root bark of Tetracera alnifolia and the chloroform extract of Uvaria afzelli had anti- Mtb activity with MIC <100 μg/mL. Phytochemical screening for secondary metabolites revealed the presence of tannins, triterpenoid saponins, cardiac glycoside and alkaloids. The anti- Mtb activity demonstrated by the crude extracts is attributed to the presence of tannins and other secondary metabolites which are known to have strong antimicrobial activity. The results therefore support the local use of Uvaria afzelli and Tetracera alnifolia in the treatment of cough associated with tuberculosis and other microbial infections of the respiratory tract and suggest that these plants may be of therapeutic importance in the treatment of tuberculosis.
Incidence and susceptibility pattern of clinical isolates from pus producing infection to antibiotics and Carica papaya seed extract
(Academic Journals, 2011-02) Idowu, A. O.; Oluremi, B. B.; Seidu, N. I.
"The prevalence of bacterial pathogens isolated from pus producing infections (wound, eye and ear) randomly collected from the Medical Microbiology Laboratory of University College Hospital (UCH), Ibadan, Nigeria was determined. Their susceptibility to selected antibiotics and Carica papaya seed extracts was investigated. Bacterial pathogen identity was confirmed based on standard methods which included, Gram stain reaction, colonial morphology on media, lactose fermentation, catalase,oxidase,coagulase and indole tests. The antibiogram was carried out using standard disc agar diffusion method employing commercially prepared antibiotic disc (Abtek Limited) of amoxycillin (25mcg), co-trimoxazole (25 mcg), nitrofurantoin (300 mcg), gentamicin (10 mcg), nalidixic acid (30 mcg),ofloxacin (30 mcg), augmentin (30 mcg) and tetracycline (10 mcg). A total of 58 isolates were obtained out of which 31 were from wound, 12 from ear and 15 from eye. 41 of the isolates were recovered from adults, while 17 were from children. Staphylococcus aureus was found to be the most common organism recovered (51.7%), followed by Klebsiella spp. (11%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (11%),Proteus spp. (6.9%) and Escherichia coli (3.4%). From wound swabs, S. aureus isolates was the highest (51.6%) followed by Klebsiella spp. (22.6%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus spp. (9.7% each) and E. coli (6.45%). In ear infection, P. aeruginosa accounted for 58.3%, S. aureus 25%, while Klebsiella spp. and Proteus spp. accounted for 16.6% each. In eye infection, S. aureus and Klebsiella spp. were more frequently isolated with 73.3 and 20%, respectively. The antibiogram studies showed that all the organisms were highly sensitive to ofloxacin as follows: S. aureus (80%), Klebsiella spp. (100%), P. aeruginosa (100%), Proteus spp. (100%) and E. coli (100%) while P. aeruginosa (63.6%), S. aureus (76.6%) and E. coli (100%) were sensitive to gentamicin and Klebsiella spp. (18.2%) and Proteus spp. (25%) were resistant. The organisms were resistant to all the other antibiotics tested namely: amoxycillin, co-trimoxazole, nitrofurantoin, nalidixic, augmentin and tetracycline. C. papaya extract showed antimicrobial activity which compared favourably with the commercial antibiotic discs against the Gram positive and negative bacteria tested, except Klebsiella spp. The highest activity was demonstrated against P. aeruginosa."
Antifungal capacity of lactic acid bacteria isolated from salad vegetables
(2011-05) Adeniyi, B.; Damsa, I.
This study explores the use of lactic acid bacteria from fresh salad vegetables to inhibit fungal growth. The antifungal assay was done using the agar well diffusion method as reported by Schillinger and Lucke (1989). The largest zone of inhibition (25mm) was recorded by the antagonistic activity of the isolate identified to Lactobacillus plantarum against Candida albicans ATCC 90029. No activity was recorded against Candida parapsilosis ATCC 22019, C. valida UCH 1508, C. pseudotropicalis UCH1408, C. tropicalis UCH 1308 and Trichophyton interdigitalis UCH1708. The cell free supernatant (CFS) of the isolate described to be Lactobacillus brevis was exceptional as it was the only CFS that inhibited the growth of Epidermophyton floccosum UCH 1908. The results show that LAB isolated from salad vegetables can inhibit some fungi pathogens by developing zones around agar well that contain LAB metabolites and can probably be a feasible option for the chemotherapy of fungal infections given the drug resistance exhibited to antifungal agents currently in use.
Bacteriological analysis of well water samples in sagamu
(2011-05) Idowu, A. O.; Oluremi, B. B.; Odubawo, K. M.
Majority of the population in semi-urban and urban areas of Nigeria depend on wells as their source of water supply. Due to increasing cases of water-borne diseases in recent times, this study was carried out to examine the microbial quality of well water in Sagamu, Nigeria as a way of safeguarding public health against water borne diseases. Water samples from a total of forty wells, covered and uncovered from four different locations of varying socio economic and demographic status were assessed for their bacteriological quality using serial dilution to obtain total bacteria count and the multiple tube fermentation technique to determine the coliform count using the most probable number method. Positive tubes of the presumptive test were further cultured on appropriate solid media. The organisms isolated were further characterized using standard procedures. The result of the study revealed that all the wells were grossly contaminated with bacteria pathogens such as Klebsiella spp (95%), Escherichia coli (72%) and Salmonella typhi (32.5%). Comparatively, the uncovered wells were more highly contaminated with bacteria pathogens than the covered well especially in the highly populated areas. All the water samples exceeded the standard limit of the most probable number (MPN) per 100ml set for untreated drinking water. This result highlight the fact that most well water in Sagamu metropolis are not safe microbiologically for drinking without additional treatment such as boiling or disinfection and this could lead to outbreak of water borne diseases. Good and proper environmental and personal hygiene must be maintained especially by the users of those wells to prevent their contamination with bacterial pathogens.
Antibiotic susceptibility of common bacterial pathogens in urinary tract infections in a teaching hospital in Southwestern Nigeria
(Academic Journals, 2011-10) Oluremi, B. B.; Idowu, A. O.; Olaniyi, J. F.
"Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common bacterial infections in humans and a major cause of morbidity. However, the aetiology of UTI and their antibiotic sensitivity patterns vary from time to time and across different areas. This study determines the frequently isolated UTI bacteria from inpatients and out-patients of a Teaching hospital in Southwestern Nigeria and their antibiotic susceptibility patterns. Sixty (60) bacterial isolates from urine of patients with significant bacteriuria in UTI were collected and evaluated for their antibiotic sensitivity using modified Kirby-Bauer method. UTI was frequently encountered in females (61.7%) and older patients (50%). 55% of the isolates were from in-patients. The most common etiological organisms of UTI were Esherichia coli (46.7%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (18.3%), Klebsiella spp (13.3%), Staphylococcus aureus (13.3%) and Proteus spp (6.7%). Pseudomonas aeruginosa was found only among hospital isolates while Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from females only. Antibiotic susceptibility pattern revealed that the Enterobacteriaceae were highly susceptible to Ciprofloxacin (71.4 to 75%) while Nitrofurantoin demonstrated the best activity against S. aureus isolates (100%) in both community and hospital acquired UTI. All the isolates exhibited high degree of resistance to Augmentin and amoxicillin. High rate of multi-drug resistance was recorded among all isolates. In view of the increasing rate of resistance of UTI pathogens to commonly used antibiotics, rational prescription and use of antibiotics is advocated."
Effect of kunnu-zaki on clinical bacteria isolates
(Academicjournals, 2012-03) Olaitan, J. O.; Adeleke, O. E.; Alabi, O. S.
Ten clinical isolates of Gram-negative bacteria were exposed in agar-cup diffusion sensitivity test to Kunun-zaki, a non-alcoholic fermented beverage, taken from eighteen samples. The undiluted samples of the beverage appreciably inhibited the growth of all the bacteria tested including, remarkably, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Vibro cholerae, Salmonella enterica and Staphylococcus aureus. The bacteria however varied in their sensitivities to the fractional dilutions of the samples. This antimicrobial effect represents another property for Kunun-zaki and obviates the possibility of public health risk in its consumption.