Pharmaceutical Microbiology

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Start date: 2010End date: 2019

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    Molecular screening of antibiotic-resistant determinants among multidrug-resistant clinical isolates of proteus mirabilis from SouthWest Nigeria
    (Makerere University Medical School (Uganda), 2017) Alabi, O. S.; Mendonça, N.; Adeleke, O. E.; Da Silva, G. J.
    Background: Globally, and particularly in developing countries, the menace of anti-microbial resistance is an accelerating problem. In Nigeria, increase in bacterial resistance has been phenotypically established but due to high cost, few molecular studies have been reported. Objectives: This study screened for presence of transferable resistance genes and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) such as integron among multi-drug resistant (MDR) P. mirabilis. Methods: A total of 108 P. mirabilis strains collected from five tertiary hospitals in SouthWest Nigeria were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility study using disc-diffusion method. Transferable resistance genes and MGEs were amplified using Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis and amplicons sequenced. Results: Varied resistance was observed against all the antibiotics tested. About 56% of the isolates were MDR including those from 0-12 years old children. PCR analysis revealed the presence of aac(6’)-Ib (33.3%), plasmid mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes [qnrA (36.7%), acc(6’)-Ib-cr (5%)], TEM (48.3%), CTX-M (6.7%) and integrons class 1 (58.3%) and class 2 (26.7%). Sequencing analysis revealed blaTEM-1, blaCTX-M-15 associated with ISEcp1 and eight different arrays of gene cassettes: aadA1, aadA1-qacH, aadB-aadA2, aadA5, dfrA7, dfrA15, dfrA17, dfrA17-aadA5. Conclusion: Transferable resistance genes in association with MGEs are present in Nigerian P. mirabilis thus their potential in disseminating resistance.
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    Effect of kunnu-zaki on clinical bacteria isolates
    (Academicjournals, 2012-03) Olaitan, J. O.; Adeleke, O. E.; Alabi, O. S.
    Ten clinical isolates of Gram-negative bacteria were exposed in agar-cup diffusion sensitivity test to Kunun-zaki, a non-alcoholic fermented beverage, taken from eighteen samples. The undiluted samples of the beverage appreciably inhibited the growth of all the bacteria tested including, remarkably, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Vibro cholerae, Salmonella enterica and Staphylococcus aureus. The bacteria however varied in their sensitivities to the fractional dilutions of the samples. This antimicrobial effect represents another property for Kunun-zaki and obviates the possibility of public health risk in its consumption.
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    Bioactive constituents and antibacterial screening of two Nigerian plant extracts against selected clinical bacteria
    (Nigeria Association of Pharmacists in Academia (NAPA), 2016) Odumosu, B. T.; Salawu, O. T.; Oyeyemi, I.; Alabi, O. S.; Rufai, T. R.; Odunukan, O.
    Background: The growing desires to combat antibiotic resistance among pathogenic bacteria necessitate the need to search for new antimicrobials agents from other sources such as plants. Objectives: The present study investigated the antibacterial activities and bioactive components of Nymphaea lotus and Spondias mombin against selected clinical bacteria Material and Methods: Extracts of N. lotus and S. mombin were prepared by 72 hours maceration in 70% methanol. The antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter aerogenes, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, Citrobacter freundi and, Klebsiella oxytoca against the two extracts was carried out by disk diffusion method while minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) was by agar-well dilution and broth dilution method, respectively. The bioactive compounds of the plants were identified by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Results: Extracts of N. lotus showed better antimicrobial activities than S. mombin against all the clinical bacterial isolates with an MIC range of 3.13 – >12.5mg/mL compared to S. mombin with MIC range of 6.25 – >12.5mg/mL. The GC-MS results revealed the presence of 21 and 25 compounds for N. lotus and S. mombin respectively. Benzoic acid derivatives were in abundance in both plants with approximately 71.5% and 82.1% in N. lotus and S. mombin respectively. Conclusions: The findings from this study provided further evidence on their ethno-botanical claims and additional information on the potentials of the studied plants as effective medicinal plants with antimicrobial activity against clinical bacteria. This highlights the need for continuous exploration of medicinal plants for novel compounds with better antimicrobial property as option for the treatment of resistant bacterial infection
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    Antibiotic susceptibility profiles of lactic and acetic acid bacteria isolated from ogi, yoghurt and human vagina in Nigeria
    (Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University (ABU), Zaria, Nigeria, 2018-03) Murtala, M.; Alabi, O. S.; Ayeni, F. A .
    The beneficial effects of lactic and acetic acid bacteria in human foods are well documented, however, there are increasing safety concerns associated with the exposure of humans to live microbes including transferable antibiotic resistance determinant. Therefore this study determines the antibiotic susceptibility and resistance profiles of lactic and acetic acid bacteria previously isolated from fermented foods and human vagina and the presence of plasmids in the strains. The antibiotic susceptibility and resistance of the bacterial strains was determined by disc diffusion method and the MIC for resistant strains by VITEK 2 compact system. Plasmid extraction was evaluated by ZyppyTM Plasmid Miniprep Kit while the resistant strains were cured using ethidium bromide as mutagen. All the isolates showed varying levels of antibiotic susceptibility/resistance. All the isolates were susceptible to gentamicin and resistant to vancomycin followed by ciprofloxacin. In MIC determination, only the vagina isolates showed 25% resistance to gentamicin and 75% resistance to erythromycin. Overall, only one plasmid was detected from Acetobacter pasterianus which was isolated from yoghurt with size greater than 1kb. Microbial resistance to four antibiotics (Tetracycline, Ampicillin, Sulphamethoxazole/ Trimethoprim and Neomycin) in Lactobacillus plantarum and Acetobacter pasterianus were cured. The studied isolates exhibited high degree of susceptibility to the antibiotics and the curing of the four antibiotic resistant strains indicated that the resistance may be plasmid mediated which can be transferable. Therefore the bacteria strains with cured resistance are not safe for probiotic purpose.
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    A preliminary investigation of prevalence of extended spectrum beta lactamases among enterobacteriaceae isolated from poultry farms in Ibadan, Nigeria
    (Nigeria Association of Pharmacists in Academia (NAPA), 2015) Ayeni, F. A.; Olujobi, O. F.; Alabi, O. S.
    Background: -Antibiotic resistance and extended spectrum beta–lactamase (ESBL) producing enterobacteriaceae are global health concerns and major problems for the treatment of different infections caused by enterobacteriaceae. Objective: -This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of phenotypically identified ESBL producers in enterobacteriaceae strains isolated from poultry farms in Ibadan. Material and Methods: Enterobacteriaceae were isolated from faecal samples of 45 chickens from 3 farms in Ibadan, Nigeria. The E. coli strains in the isolates were identified by biochemical methods. The susceptibility of all enterobacteriaceae strains to selected β lactam antibiotics were tested by disc diffusion method. ESBL production was tested by double disk synergy test and MIC determination (8–512 μg/ml) Results: - A total of 40 Enterobacteriaceae strains were isolated and 20 of the strains were identified as E. coli while 20 were tagged other Enterobacteriaceae strains. The E. coli strains were generally susceptible to tested antibiotics while other Enterobacteriaceae were relatively resistant. All the tested Enterobacteriacea were susceptible to cefepine. 15% of E.coli isolates were resistant to amoxicillin/clavulaniz and 38.9% of other Enterobacteriaceace isolates were resistant to cefoxitin. 5% of E. coli strains and 25% of other Enterobacteriaceae produced ESBL with concentration range of ˂8 μg/ml and >512μg/ml for antibiotics used singly and in combination with clavulanic acid respectively. Conclusions: - This study showed low occurrence of ESBL in E. coli strains but relatively high occurrence in other Enterobacteriaceae in poultries in Ibadan, Nigeria.. Therefore, there is need to control the use of antibiotics in poultry feeds and livestock production.
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    Prevalence of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus and extended spectrum β–lactamase producers among bacteria isolated from infected wounds in a tertiary hospital in Ibadan city
    (AJCEM Life Line Publishers, 2016) Alabi, O. S.; Obisesan, A. O.; Ola, A. A.
    Wound colonization by microorganisms is most frequently polymicrobial and incidences of high level resistance among bacterial isolates from wounds have been reported. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and extendedspectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing Gram-negative bacteria both constitute serious challenge to physician in their choice of antibiotic treatment of infections caused by these bacteria. This study determined the antibiotic susceptibility profiles and prevalence of MRSA and ESBL producers among wound bacterial isolates from a tertiary hospital in Ibadan City. Forty (40) clinical bacterial isolates from five wound sources were collected from the Microbiology unit of the University College Hospital (UCH), Ibadan and were authenticated with standard bacteriological techniques. Antibiotic susceptibility test was done by disc-diffusion method using 19 antibiotics belonging to 12 classes. MRSA strains were detected by their resistance to cefoxitin and/or oxacillin antibiotics. Presumptive ESBL production was by double-disc synergy test using 30 μg cefotaxime and ceftazidime around 20/10 μg amoxicillin-clavulanic acid discs. ESBL confirmation was by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) using agar-dilution method. The authenticated isolates include Proteus spp (47.5%), Staphylococcus aureus (27.5%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (12.5%), Klebsiella spp (7.5%), Acinetobacter baumanii (2.5%) and E. coli (2.5%). Distribution of the isolates collected according to wound sources includes: acute soft tissue wounds (35%), leg ulcer (32.5%), surgical wounds (17.5%), burn wounds (12.5%) and diabetic foot ulcer (2.5%). Distributions according to patients’ gender are: male (65%), female (35%), and according to age-groups are: 0 – 19 years (22.5%), 20 – 39 years (35%), 40 – 59 years (32.5%) and ≥ 60 years (10%). All (100%) the isolates were multidrug resistant (MDR) being resistant to ≥ 3 classes of antibiotics. Percentages of isolates resistance to each of the antibiotic include: piperacillin, piperacillin-tozobactam and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid were 100%, ceftazidime, cefuroxime, cefixime, aztreonam, sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim, erythromycin, chloramphenicol and doxycyclin were > 70%, cefoxitin (62.5%), Nitrofurantion (52.5%), ciprofloxacin (45%), ofloxacin (35%), perfloxacin (37.5%), gentamicin (32.5%) and imipenem (2.5%). Of the 11 Staphylococcus aureus collected, 54.5% were detected to be MRSA strains while ESBL production was detected in 55.2% of the Gram negative isolates. This study revealed 100% MDR phenotype constituting high level of MRSA strains (54.5%) and ESBL producers (55.2%) among Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial wound isolates respectively. Hence, this calls for caution in the use of extended spectrum antibiotics in treating patients with infected wounds.
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    Multidrug resistant and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing proteus mirabilis from tertiary hospitals in four states in Southwest Nigeria
    (Nigeria Association of Pharmacists in Academia (NAPA), 2015) Alabi, O. S.; Adeleke, O. E.; Adegoke, O. A.; Gbadeyan, O. F.; Ejilude, O.
    Background: Multidrug resistant (MDR) and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing Gram-negative bacteria pose great threat to antibiotic treatment of life threatening infections worldwide. Objectives: This study investigated the occurrence and distribution of MDR and ESBL producing Proteus mirabilis among clinical isolates collected from tertiary hospitals in four states in Southwest Nigeria. Materials and Methods: One hundred and eight (108) none-duplicated P. mirabilis collected from microbiology units of tertiary hospitals in four states in Southwest Nigeria namely; Oyo, Osun, Ogun and Lagos state, after authentication with standard bacteriological method, were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility test against ten selected antibiotics using disc-diffusion method. Presumptive production of ESBL was determined by double disc synergy test among isolates with MDR phenotype that showed resistance to any of the third generation cephalosporin antibiotics. Results: Of the 108 clinical isolates of P. mirabilis collected from Oyo (39.8%), Osun (25.9%), Ogun (21.3%) and Lagos (13%) states, 60 (55.6%) showed MDR phenotype. Among the 60 MDR isolates collected in Oyo (50%), Lagos (10%), Ogun (21.7%) and Osun (18.3%), 66.7%, 66.7%, 30.8% and 9.1% of the isolates produced ESBL, respectively. Conclusion: This study recorded the occurrence of ESBL and MDR P. mirabilis in all the four states but higher percentage of ESBL-production among MDR P. mirabilis in two of the states, Oyo and Lagos. Hence, there is need for adequate monitoring of antibiotic use to prevent increased rate of ESBL-positive MDR P. mirabilis in these states and others in the nearest future.
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    Microbiological evaluation of the potencies of brands of four parenteral antibiotic preparations used in the treatment of urinary tract infections
    (AJCEM Life Line Publishers, 2015) Alabi, O. S.; Ijose, A. O.
    Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common disease and sometimes life threatening if not properly treated. In Nigeria, aside adulteration and counterfeiting of antibiotics, potency of antibiotics can also be altered by factors like production errors and storage condition at the Pharmacy stores. This study investigated the potencies of selected brands of four common parenteral antibiotic preparations, in Nigerian drug markets against uropathogens isolated from patients with recurrent UTI. Ten selected clinical bacterial isolates from patients with recurrent UTI were collected from the Microbiology unit of the University College Hospital, Ibadan and authenticated by standard bacteriological methods. The isolates were subjected to susceptibility test against eight standard antibiotics by disc diffusion method. The selected brands of the four parenteral antibiotic preparations used in this study includes: Ciprofloxacin (Emason® and Uniflox®); Ceftriaxone (Rocephin® and Cefin®); Aminoglycoside (Pe-genta® and Philo-genta®) and Aminopenicillin/inhibitor (Augmentin® and Amoxiclav®). Efficacies of the parenteral antibiotic preparations against the isolates were determined by Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) using broth-dilution method. L'EVALUATION MICROBIOLOGIQUE DES PUISSANCES DES MARQUES DE QUATRES PREPARATIONS ANTIBIOTIQUES PARENTERALES UTILISEES DANS LE TRAITEMENT DE L'INFECTION DES VOIES URINAIRES. *ALABI O.S et AJOSE A. O
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    efficacy of three disinfectant formulations against multidrug resistant nosocomial agents
    (African Journals OnLine, 2012-09) Alabi, O. S.; Sanusi, E. A.
    The current increase in the prevalence of nosocomial infections within the hospital environment despite adequate cleaning and disinfection can be said to be due to the following: (i) ineffectiveness of the various disinfectant formulations used in infection control on the various hospital equipments and wards; (ii) development of resistance to the various chemical disinfectant formulations been used in the hospitals by the various microorganisms. Ten bacteria isolates from different clinical specimens of hospitalized patients identified using standard bacteriological methods and found after screening to be resistant to two or more classes of the antibiotics: cephalosporins, quinolones, Betalactams, nitrofuran, macrolide and an aminoglycoside using the Kirby-Bauer method of disc diffusion test were used in this study. These were subjected to susceptibility testing against three selected disinfectant formulations (Izal, Dettol and Jik) at the manufacturer's dilutions and half the dilutions prescribed on their labels by using agar diffusion method. Out of these clinical isolates used in this study, 5 (50%) and 2 (20%) were resistant to manufacturer's dilution
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    Detection of beta-lactamase production among gram-negative bacteria isolated from semen of male patients with bacteriospermia
    (West African Postgraduate College of Pharmacists, 2017) Alabi, O. S.; Olowookere, A. K.
    Background: Bacteriospermia, a condition characterized by the presence of bacteria in male ejaculate may influence male infertility. However, presence of bacteria exhibiting resistance to extended-spectrum antibiotics could be a serious challenge to the treatment of bacteriospermia. Objectives: This study examined semen of patients for bacteriospermia and screened for the presence of common beta-lactamases in Gram-negative bacteria isolated, in two teaching hospitals in Oyo State, Nigeria. Methods: Semen samples were collected by masturbation after abstinence for 3 days among 182 male patients attending fertility clinic of Ladoke Akintola University of Technology Teaching Hospital and Bowen University Teaching Hospital between February 2015 and February 2016. Gram-negative bacteria were isolated and identified using standard methods. Antibiotic susceptibility test was by disc-diffusion, beta-lactamase detection by double-disc synergy test and Polymerase Chain Reaction. Results: Bacteriospermia was observed in 26.4% of the patients (age range 21 and 60 years). Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Pseudomonas spp., Entetrobacter spp. and Proteus spp. were isolated. Resistance to amoxicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate, cefepime, ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, ceftazidime and cefuroxime was observed in 87.5%, 62.5%, 45.8%, 41.7%, 37.5%, 37.5% and 27.1% of the isolates respectively. Resistance to imipenem, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin and gentamicin was 8.3%, 41.7%, 43.8% and 54.2% respectively. MDR was exhibited by 68.8%. ESBL, AmpC and MBL was produced by 31.3%, 22.9% and 14.6% respectively, with 3(6.3%) co-producing all. bla and bla were detected but AmpC and MBL genes were not. Sequencing revealed bla CTX-M-15 and bla TEM 1 Six of the eight bla CTX-M-15 positive strains lost the gene to mutagenic treatment. Conclusion: High level of MDR bacteria including those producing beta-lactamases in this study calls for caution in the antibiotic treatment of bacteriospermia.