FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE
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Item Assessment of some commercial feed brands in Nigeria on growth performance of Clarias gariepinus fingerlings(2016) Olukunle, O.; Ekundayo, I. O."This study assessed three commonly-available commercial catfish feed brands on growth, survival and nutrient utilization of Clarias gariepinus fingerlings under controlled conditions; providing information on the integrity and quality of some of the feeds in the market. C. gariepinus fingerlings (3.83± 0.22g) were fed to satiation twice daily at 9.00hr and 18.00hr with 2mm pellet size of three commercial diets scripted TD, TT, and TV in concrete tanks. Growth performance and nutrients utilization parameters were measured and calculated; water quality parameters were controlled using a partial flow-through system. ANOV A showed that there were significant differences (P<0.05) in the mean weight gain, specific growth rate, survival rate, food conversion rate, nitrogen metabolism and protein efficiency ratio. TV had the most significant value for mean weight gain (41.54 ± 4.09g), specific growth rate (1.65 ± 0.04g/day), feed conversion rate (0.7), nitrogen metabolism (951.91), and protein efficiency ratio (2.57) with 90.00 ± 5.0% survival rate; TD had significantly highest survival rate (92.50 ± 4.51%) with mean weight gain 36.77 ± 0.48g. Proximate analysis of TD, TT and TV revealed that macronutrients therein significantly different from the brands' claim, except TD. This study revealed that, for fast fish growth on less expensive feed desired by catfish farmers, commercial catfish feed brand tagged TV, was the best, giving a better growth performance and nutrient utilization, at 48.3% CP, 6.01% Fat, and 3.03% CF.Item Growth performance and nutrient utilization of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell) fry fed processed sweet potatoe(Ipomea batata)(2007) Olukunle, O.; Odebode, S.; Taiwo, V. O.Maize is an expensive energy source for feedstuff in fish management especially during the off-season, hence the need to source and utilize other cheaper and non-conventional energy sources. This study investigated the growth performance of Clarias gariepinus fry fed processed sweet potato meal as an energy source and its effect on the hematological values. Three experimental diets were compounded such that maize was 100% energy source in Diet 1 (Control). In diets 2 and 3, maize was replaced with sweet potatoes tuber (SPT) and sweet potato peel (SPP), respectively at 25% inclusion level. The diets were fed at 5% body weight to the C. gariepinus fry (0.21 ±0.03) in polystyrene net cages suspended in 3 concrete tanks (2x3x1.2)m3 for 42 days in triplicates. Growth, nutrient utilization and hematological parameters were measured. The Mean Weight Gain (MWG) of the fry fed the maize based diet (1.96) was significantly higher (p<0.05) than the fry fed SPT (1.37) and SPP (1.27) respectively. The MWG of fry fed diets 2 and 3 were not significantly different from each other. The FCR of the control and the SPT based diets were not significantly different from each other but both were significantly different (p<0.05) from fish fed the SPP diet. The Growth Efficiency Feed Conversion (GEFC) values of the 3 diets (0.50, 0.51, and 0.40) respectively are not significantly different from each other. However, the PER and the survival rates were significantly better in fry fed the SPT based diet (0.51: 95%) than in fry fed the maize based diet (0.50: 92%) and the SPP based diet(0.40: 82%) respectively. The haemotology results showed that the fry fed the control diet had the lowest MCV and WBC counts while the fry fed SP based diets manifested moderately severe normocyctic normochromic anemia and leucocytosis, which means that the maize diet showed better hematological indices. This study showed that SP based diets have potential as substitute for maize. Maize based diet and especially the SPT, have similar FCR, dietary energy, GEFC values.Item Economic, growth performance and heamatological implications of raising Clarias gariepinus advanced fry on high protein diets in concrete homestead ponds(2004) Olukunle, O.; Taiwo, V. O.The commercial production of fish in concrete homestead ponds is fast gaining acceptance in Nigeria, but the growth rate of such is constrained by the stocking of good-sized fingerlings and the availability of quality fish feed. Hence, this study was designed to investigate the economic analysis, growth performance and hematological changes in advanced fry raised on high protein diets in concrete tanks. The design of the experiment is completely randomized and the economic viability of the project was determined by comparing the cost: benefit ratio of the four feeding regimes. One thousand, two hundred Clarias gariepinus advanced fry with initial mean weight of 0.74+0.18g were randomly divided into 4 groups. Three 1m3 net cages were suspended in each tank of (3m x2m x1.5m) dimension. The treatments were fed practical diets containing 40% (control); 48%; 56%; 64% CP levels respectively for 12 weeks. The following parameters were monitored as stated: weight gains (bimonthly); water quality (weekly); haematology (initial and at end of the experiment). carcass analysis at (initial and at end of experiment). Feed conversion ratio, proximate analysis and cost: benefit ratio (were calculated at end of the experiment). Data generated were statistically analyzed using the 2-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan's multiple range tests at 95% and 99% confidence limits as appropriate. The results of the study showed that raising of fingerlings in concrete tanks can be enhanced optimally through the feeding of a 48% CP inclusion as against the conventional 40% CP in practical diets used in earthen ponds. The incidence of cost showed that feeding advanced fry on 40% and 48% CP diet are not significantly different but both values are significantly better than fish fed on diet 56% and 64% CP. While the profit index showed that it is more profitable to feed the fish on diets containing either 40%, 48% and 56% CP. However, fish fed on the 48% CP diet in this study had optimum mean weight gain of (9.49g) and the highest PPV value (2.44), which was significantly different from fish, fed 40% (2.41), 56%(0.75) and 64% (1.15). In addition, this research further highlighted the fact that high CP inclusion beyond the optimum does not necessarily give high weight gains nor give the best economic reward because fish diets 3 (56%CP) and diets 4(64%CP) had lower weight gains and lower profit index. There were no appreciable derangements in hematological parameters in fish fed 40%CP and 48% CP. However fish fed 56%CP and 64% CP developed normocytic normochronic anemia and hypoproteinaemia conditions. This implies wastage of resources and confirms that inclusion of CP levels higher than 48% CP in diets of C gariepinus fry had negative effects on haemopoiesis and does not have growth, hematological nor economical advantage in raising advanced fry to fingerling in concrete tanks.Item Response of concrete pond–raised Clarias gariepinus fed diets containing different inclusion levels of cow tripe epithelial waste(2004) Olukunle, O.; Olawale, F. O.The study examined the effect of Cow Tripe Epithelial Waste (CTEW) on the growth performance, nutrient utilization and survival of advanced fry Clarias gariepinus raised in ten homestead tanks (3m x 1.5m x 0.06m) for ten weeks. Each tank was stocked with 100 advanced fry with initial average weight of 0.68±0.55g. The diets were isonitrogenous 40% crude protein and iso-caloric (3.47 ±1.24K cal/g). The fish were fed the equivalent of 5% of their body weight twice daily. The weights of feed were adjusted after bimonthly weighting. The water parameters were monitored at the commencement and weekly subsequenlty. The design of the experiment was completely randomized. The results show that percentage survival, Gross Efficiency Food Conversion (GEFCR) and weight gain were best in the fish fed diet with 25% CTEW replacement. The growth utilization (GEFCR) parameter evaluated was higher in fish fed the diet containing 25% CTEW replacement than those obtained in the control. The Food Conversion Ratio(FCR) of the advanced fry fed the control and diets 1, 2 and 4 were not significantly different (p<0.05). However, the percentage Specific Growth Rate (SGR) improved with increasing CTEW inclusion. It implies that the CTEW protein could qualitatively replace fishmeal in the diets of Clarias gariepinus advanced fry raised in homestead ponds. This is therefore recommended for inclusion in the diets of C. gariepinus for faster growth and better health management.Item Toxicity of grasscutter (Thryonomys swinderianus temminck) faeces to Clarias gariepinus broodstock(2003) Taiwo, V. O.; Omitoyin, B. O.; Ogunsanmi, A. O.; Olukunle, O.; Ogunmoye, K. A.This study investigates the performance of Clarias gariepinus broodstock fed with grasscutter faccal droppings. The physiological effects and growth performance of the fish were assessed after 8 weeks experimental feeding followed by 4 weeks of feeding with normal formulated (control) diet for fish. Ninety test fish were maintained solely on grasscutter faccal organic manure, while 30 fish maintained on the control diet served as the controls. The test fish suffered significant (p<0.05) weight loss compared to initial (pre-treatment) values and those of the control fish, but exhibited increased (p<0.05) growth within 4 weeks of being fed the control diet. They also developed normocytic, normochromic anaemia and lencocytosis characterized by lymphocytosis and heterophilia after 8 weeks of feeding. Analysis of the plasma metabolites of the test fish revealed hyponatracmia, hypochloraemia,acidosis, hypocreatininaemia, hypoproteinaemia, decreased enzyme activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). Elevated plasma alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels were observed, while the levels of plasma calcium phosphorous, area, potassium cholesterol, triglyceride,albumin,globulin and albumin globulin ratio remain unchanged throughout the experimental period. The haematologic and plasma biochemical changes in the test fish may be attributed to hepatorenal dysfunction, decreased protein metabolism, deficient protein content of grasscutter droppings and possibly associated with toxic materials in grasscutter faces. All the haematological and plasma biochemical changes in the test fish returned to normal 4 weeks after reversion to normal diet showing that grasscutter droppings are nutritionally sub-optimal and probably toxic to Clarias gariepinus broodstock and hence not recommended for total conventional feed replacement in C. gariepinus fish farming.Item A comparative assessment of growth performance, haematology and serum biochemistry of hybrid catfish fed non-conventional plant proteins in homestead concrete tanks(2000) Olukunle, O.; Taiwo, V. O.; Adejinmi, J. O.An 84-day experiment was carried out to evaluate the potentials of three non-conventional plant proteins groundnut cake (GNC), soyebean cake (SBC) and sesame seed cake (SSC) singly and combined in the diets of hybrid catfish grown in homestead concrete tanks. Triplicate groups of 30 juveniles average weight of 26.9+ 0.18g were fed four diets which were formulated to contain 30% crude protein with 25% of the GNC (diet 1) component replaced by SBC (diet 2), SSC (diet 3) and a combination of the three in diet 4. All the diets contained an equal amount of animal protein (25.43g). At the end of 84 days of feeding, growth parameters, feed and carcass proximate analyses, mortality, haematology and serum biochemical parameters were measured. The results showed that the diets affected the growth of the juveniles significantly (P<0.05). The percentage weight gain of the fish fed diet 1 was 204% of the initial weight, while those fed diets 2, 3 and 4 were 405%, 465% and 445% respectively. Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER) was significantly higher (P <0.05) in diets 2, 3 and 4 than in diet 1, with diet 4 having the highest PER. The percent specific growth rate (SGR) recorded for each diet was not significantly different (P>0.05) from each other. Percentage mortality were 22.2%, 13.3%, 5.6% and 3.3% in fish fed diets 3, 4, 2 and 1, respectively. There were no significant variations in haematological parameters of fish fed all the various diets, except for those on diet 3 which exhibited lymphopenia and heterophilia (P<0.05). Similarly, there were no significant variations in serum biochemical parameters, except for hyperfibrinogenaemia, hypoglyeaemia and significantly increased AST activities (P<0.05) in fish fed diet 3 and 4. There were significant increases in the serum levels of cholesterol and triglyceride in fish fed diets 2 (P<0.05), 3 and 4 (P<0.01). The findings in this study showed that even though SBC and SSC inclusions in fish diet resulted in better growth performance than GNC inclusion, the relatively high levels of crude fat in these plants proteins especially SSC, may in fact be injurious to fish by causing fat deposition in tissues, fatty hepatic and renal damage, artherosclerosis and coronary heart disease both of which will predispose the fish to stress, innocuous disease and mortality.