FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE
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Item Genetic Diversity Between Exotic And Nigerian Indigenous Turkey At Different Structural Loci(2018) Folorunsho, C. Y.; Salako, A. E.; Osaiyuwu, O. H.Poultry genetic resources in general are considered to be the most endangered and under-conserved, detailed attention is therefore needed on the existing genetic resources to reduce or prevent the increasing genetic erosion of local livestock. This study was conducted to characterize and estimate genetic diversity in Nigerian indigenous turkey and exotic turkey using blood proteins (Haemoglobin, Transferrin and Albumin) and enzyme (Carbonic Anhydrase and Esterase 1) markers. A total of 110 turkeys comprising 50 Nigerian indigenous turkeys and 60 exotic turkeys were used for the analysis. Separation of blood protein genotypes was achieved using cellulose acetate electrophoresis. The populations were characterized for their genetic variability using allele frequencies, observed heterozygosity, F-statistics (FIT, FIS, FST), test for Hardy-Weinberg and Genetic distance. Eleven variants were found at the five loci studied, two co-dominant allele A and B controlling three genotypes AA, AB, and BB were observed at Haemoglobin, Carbonic Anhydrase, Albumin and Esterase1 loci for both indigenous and exotic turkey breeds, a third allele C was observed in Transferrin locus. Allele A was the most frequency at the Hb, CA, Alb and Es1 locus in Nigerian indigenous turkey with frequencies 0.541, 0.541, 0.520, and 0.520 respectively and exotic turkey at Hb, Alb, and Es1 with frequencies 0.508, 0.617, and 0.508 respectively. Chi Square result indicated deviations from Hardy Weinberg equilibrium in the two populations. The average heterozygosity values were 0.56 and 0.477 indicating high genetic variability, heterozygote excess FIT was estimated at -0.050 while within breed excess as evaluated by FIS ranged from 0.370 to -0.336. The fixation index FST revealed that genetic diversity within the studied population was slightly differentiated. Genetic distance among the populations quantified through calculation of Nei’s Genetic distance was 0.008 while the identity was 0.992. Similarity in the estimated genetic variability parameters between the breeds indicates that the populations are closely related and there were no appreciable differences among them. This result obtained may be used as an initial guide in defining objectives for further investigations of genetic diversity and developing conservation strategies.Item Genetic Diversity of Prolactin Gene in Japanese Quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) as Affected by Location in Nigeria(2016) Eichie, O.F.; Salako, A. E.; Osaiyuwu, O. H.; Aggrey, S. E.Restriction fragment length Polymorphism (RFLP) marker was used to investigate the effect of location on polymorphism, relationship and population structure with respect to prolactin gene (PRL gene) in Japanese quails in Nigeria. Blood samples were collected from thirty quails each from 5 different regions (North, South, West, East and North Central), for PRL loci analysis. DNA was extracted from the samples. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and electrophoresis was used to characterize a 24 base pair (bp) insertion/deletion (Indel) in a 358 bp PCR product. The populations were characterized for their genetic variability using allele frequencies, polymorphic information content, observed heterozygosity (Ho), genetic distance (D), F-statistics (FIT, FIS, FST), analysis of molecular variance, test for Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (H-WE) and cluster analysis. Two alleles A (0.35 to 0.63) and B (0.37 to 0.65) were observed at the PRL gene loci. The highest FIT was recorded between 0.10 (East) and 0.19 (North) indicating inbreeding within the population. The FIS among populations were between 0.09 (North central) and 0.14 (North) while FST ranged from 0.001 (North central) to 0.06 (North), indicating moderate genetic differentiation among populations. Chi Square result indicated that the population were not in H-WE. The phylogenetic relationships showed that the population from the 5 regions had common descent. Clusters from the combined population showed that PRL gene is based on individual genotype and not location. AMOVA analysis showed that 3% of the total genetic variation was explained by population difference, 19% by variation among individuals and 77% within individuals. The results showed that study of prolactin gene diversity is useful for decision making for selective breeding and conservation strategies for Japanese quails irrespective of the location.Item Effects of stocking density and season on growth performance and welfare of broiler chickens in Ibadan, Nigeria(2017) Ademulegun, T. I..; Adeyemo, G. O.; Salako, A. E.The study was carried out to investigate the effects of season and stocking density on the growth performance and welfare of broiler chickens in Ibadan, Nigeria. In a seven-week feeding trial, a total of 96 one-week old Arbor Acre broiler chickens were randomly distributed to three stocking densities (birds/m2) of 10, 12, and 14 at the rate of 32 birds per stocking density (SD) during each season; Late Wet (LWS) and Late Dry (LDS). Total Feed Intake (TFI, g), Final Live Weight (FLW, g), Feed Conversion Rate (FCR), Live weight/m2(LW/m2), Normal Gait Score(NGS,%), Survival Rate(SR %), Heterophil: Lymphocyte(H:L) ratio, were assessed. Data were subjected to statistics analysis (ANOVA at α0.05). Birds raised during LWS had higher TFI (4756.60) than LDS birds, while SD had no effect on TFI. Birds on SD of 14 birds/m2 had lower FLW. The FCR was lower during LDS and on SD 10 and 12 Birds/m2. The LW/m2 was higher in birds on SD 14birds/m2. The LWS had higher NGS and lower H:L ratio. Season and SD had no effect on SR. The NGS and H:L were not affected by SD. Broiler chickens could be raised at stocking density of 14birds/m2 during either of the seasons.