FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE
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Item Soil contamination by lead acid battery wastes inhibits seed germination and induces morphological and physiological changes in seeds of maize (Zea mays L.) and Jatropha curcas.(Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria., 2013) Adejumo, S. A.; Agunsoye, D. O.High concentration of heavy metals in agricultural soils has been reported to affect plan physiological processes and seed germination. There is, therefore need to ameliorate the effect of metal toxicity on germinating seeds. Greenhouse and laboratory studies were carried out to determine the effect of mixing lead (Pb) contaminated soil with uncontaminated soil on seed germination as well as on the physiological process and morphological features of germinating seeds. Greenhouse experiment involved the mixing of lead contaminated soil with uncontaminated soil in ratios; 10:90, 25:75, 50:50, 75:25, 100:0 and 0:100 to give six soil types of 10, 25, 50, 75, 100 and 0% contamination respectively with four replications. Maize and Jathropha crops were used as test crops for the experiments. The leachates collected from the six soil types were used to carry out germination test in the laboratory. They were labelled as 0. 10, 25, 50, 75 and 100% contamination. Distilled water alone and 0% contamination were used as checks. The experiments were arranged using completely randomized design replicated three times. The results showed that the Pb concentration in this contaminated soil was very high (16,130.00 mg/kg). Though, soil mixing with contaminated soil reduced the soil Pb concentration compared to control (100% contamination). none of the mixtures could support seed germination. The laboratory experiment revealed that leachates from different soil mixtures also inhibit seed germination. There was 100% reduction in germination percentage, Water uptake by the seeds was reduced compared to control. There was shrinkage in the seeds sown in all the contaminated leachates. The nitrogen and protein contents of Jatropha seeds raised with the 100% contaminated soil were reduced compared to control (leachates from uncontaminated soil). However, there was an increase in nitrogen and protein contents of maize seeds raised with 100% lead-contaminated leachate as compared to control. High lead concentration in soils contaminated by lead acid battery wastes inhibits seed germination and induced plasmolysis.Item Comparative study of different rates of composts made from mexican sunflower (Tithonia diversifolia) and cassava peels on maize growth on lead contaminated soil.(David Publishing Company, 2013) Adejumo, S. A.; Togun A. O.; Adediran, J. AAttempts made by several researchers to reduce the effects of soil contamination and enhance crop growth are either expensive or ecologically-unacceptable. Greenhouse experiment was conducted to test for the effects of different rates of Mexican Sunflower and Cassava peels composts on remediation of lead contaminated soil and growth of maize planted on it. Application rates of 0 t ha-1 (R1), 10 t ha-1 (R2), 20 t ha-1 (R3), 30 t ha-1 (R4) and 40 t ha-1 (R5) were used and arranged in a Completely Randomized Design. It was observed that compost application enhanced the growth and yield of maize on this soil compared to control. Higher application rates (30 t/ha and 40 t/ha) of both composts significantly increased the plant height, number of leaves, leaf area and dry matter yield of maize planted on the contaminated soils. An increase of up to 95% in maize biomass was achieved with higher rate of compost application. In terms of heavy metal concentration in the maize tissue, application of compost reduced the Pb concentration in the plant tissue compared to control. Maize growth can be improved on contaminated site using compost prepared from Mexican Sunflower and applied at the rate of 30 and 40 t ha-1.Item Growth and yield response of Moringa oleifera (Lam) to different rates, method and timing of compost application.(Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Ibadan, 2013) Adejumo, S. A.; Olaleye, O. O.Moringa oleifera (L) production is recently being advocated for its outstanding phytochemical components with high medicinal values. However, its production is being threatened with poor soil fertility most especially in urban areas. Field experiment was carried out to determine the effects of time, rate and method of compost application on the growth and yield of Moringa oleifera. Composts made from Mexican sunflower and poultry manure, applied at 2.5t/ha (CI) and 5.0t/ha (C2), with two methods of application (surface; MI and drilling: M2) and applied at different times of application (2 weeks before transplanting: T1 and 2 weeks after transplanting: T2) to give nine treatments (CIMITI, C2MITI, CIMITI, C2M2TI, CIMIT2, C2MIT2, CIM2T2, C2M2T2 and Control). The treatments were arranged using Randomized Complete Blocks Design (RCBD) and replicated three times. Data were collected on vegetative development such as number of leaves, number of branches, stem diameter and plant height formightly for 12 weeks beginning from four weeks after transplanting (4WAT). At 12 weeks, the plants were uprooted and separated into roots, stems and leaves for fresh and dry weights determination. The post-cropping soil analysis was also carried out following standard procedure. Results indicated that compost treatments significantly enhanced growth parameters (P ≤0.05). C2M2T2 was superior to other compost treatments. It gave the highest number of leaves, number of branches. stem diameter and plant height. Fresh weight and dry matter accumulation were also influenced by organic amendment compared to control, Soil analysis result showed that amendment with compost generally increased soil nitrogen, available phosphorus, and organic carbon content of the soil. It could be concluded that 5t/ha of compost, applied after transplanting using drilling method increased the cumulative yield of Moringa oleifera.Item Abundance and distribution of Roan Antelope (Hippotragus equinus) in the Old Oyo National Park, Nigeria(Nigeria Tropical Biology Association, 2013) Coker, O. M.; Adetoro, A. O.Knowledge of population size and structure is essential for the development of effective management strategies for animal populations. The abundance and distribution of Roan Antelope (Hippotragus equinus) in Old Oyo National Park during the dry season (between December, 2008 and February, 2009) were investigated. Stratified sampling was used to assign nine transects each 3km long in four major vegetation communities within the Park. The communities were Riparian grassland, Mixed open savannah woodland, Dense wooded and Outcrop. The transects were traversed twice a week between December and February and estimates were based on direct ensuring techniques. The study estimated 88 Roan Antelopes for the Park and. though small, has a viable structure for expansion. Riparian grassland had the highest proportion (44.32%) of the species while, the Outcrop vegetation type had the lowest (6.82%). The population density was 0.035 km2 while the biomass was 9.196 kg km-2. Horizontal distribution of the animal within the Park showed that the Roan Antelopes can be found between 8019'27.8"Nto 8025'16.2"Nand3047'0.3"E to 3049'17.9"E. The vertical distribution revealed that they occur between Altitudes 2 74m and 307m above sea level. Strict adherence to the fire regime of the Park, provision of water holes to increase home range, periodic monitoring of the population of the animal, and intensified efforts to guard against poachers have been suggested for the effective management of this species in the Old Oyo National Park.Item Risk coping behaviour of small scale poultry farmers in Ogun State, Nigeria(Academic Journals Inc., 2013) Adepoju, A. O.; Timothy, O. A.; Oyekale, A. S.Poultry farmers in Nigeria are faced with diverse forms of risks. In the absence of any form of insurance and the almost inexistent credit markets, households have devised strategies to at least mitigate the effect of these risks on their livelihoods. This study analyzed the risk-coping strategies and potential of 116 small scale poultry farmers in Ogun State. The analytical techniques used included descriptive statistics, Mean Absolute Deviation (MAD) and the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) regression model. Results revealed that the major idiosyncratic risks faced by the farmers were death of birds, high costs of inputs and low poultry production. On the other hand, the major types of covariate risks faced by the poultry farmers include outbreak of diseases, rainfall shocks and hard economic times. Coping methods that were mostly used included drawing from personal savings, rearing of resistant breeds and restocking of birds. Econometric analysis revealed that factors such as number of years of formal education of the household head, initial capital outlay and proportion of non-farm to the total monthly income had positive impacts on the risk-coping potentials of the poultry farmers. The negative impacts of factors such as household size on the potential of the poultry farmers to cope with risks were also noted. Thus, the risk behavior of farmers and the factors influencing such behavior should be considered in the design and development of effective programs for the farmers.Item Food insecurity status of rural households during the post-planting season in Nigeria(Academic Journals Inc., 2013) Adepoju, A. O.; Adejare, K. A.About two-thirds of rural households in Nigeria are engaged in crop and livestock production as their main source of livelihood. These households are especially vulnerable to chronic food shortages owing to adverse weather and the unavailability of enough food from home production, especially during the post-planting season. This study attempts a proper empirical identification of the food insecure and the reasons for their insecurity, through a profile of food insecurity indices and an investigation of the factors influencing their status during the post-planting season in rural Nigeria. We construct food insecurity indices and specify a probabilistic model, employing the post-planting visit data of the first wave of the General Household Survey-Panel (2010). Results showed that almost half (49.4 percent) of rural households in the country were food insecure during the post-planting period. Identified key rural food insecurity determinants include: gender of household head, tertiary education of household head, access to both formal and informal credit and remittances, household size, dependency ratio and living in the North-Central, North-East, South-East and South-West Geopolitical zones of the country. Since food availability remained below the required levels for large parts of the rural populace during this season, identified food insecure households should be targeted for safety nets.Item Livelihood diversification and welfare of rural households in Ondo State, Nigeria(Academic Journals, 2013-12) Adepoju, A. O.; Obayelu, O. A.Agriculture, the main source of livelihood in Nigeria, especially in the rural areas, is plagued with various problems. As a result, most of the rural households are poor and are beginning to diversify their livelihoods into off and non-farm activities as a relevant source of income. This study examined the effect of livelihood diversification on the welfare of rural households in Ondo State. Primary data used in the study were obtained from 143 respondents selected employing a multistage sampling technique. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, multinomial logit and the logit regression models. The distribution of respondents by the type of livelihood strategy adopted revealed that almost three-quarters of the respondents adopted the combination of farm and nonfarm strategy. Econometric analysis showed that household size, total household income and primary education of the household head were the dominant factors influencing the choice of livelihood strategies adopted. Income from non-farm activities, as well as income from a combination of non-farm and farming activities, impacted welfare positively relative to income from farming activities. The study recommends the promotion of non-farm employment as a good strategy for supplementing the income of farmers as well as sustaining equitable rural growth.Item Performance of tropical maize hybrids under conditions of low and optimum levels of nitrogen fertilizer application – grain yield, biomass production and nitrogen accumulation(Società Botanica Italiana, 2013) Abe, A.; Adetimirin, V. O.; Menkir, A.; Moose, S. P.; Olaniyan, A. B; Olaniyan, A. BNitrogen (N) is the most limiting mineral nutrient in the soils of the major maize producing areas of West and Cen¬tral Africa. Low soil N and sub-optimal application of N fertilizers lead to N deficiency and poor grain yield (GY) in maize. Maize varieties with improved grain yield under low soil N and increased performance under optimal N availability could be beneficial to low input agriculture. This study evaluated the performance of a selection of ex¬perimental and commercial hybrids under suboptimal and optimal N fertilizer applications. Significant differences were observed among the hybrids, as well as significant interactions between hybrid and N level for GY and other measured attributes, with the severity of variation increasing as the level of N decreases. Mean GY reductions across the years was 76.5% at no-N and 35.4% at low-N. Depending on N treatment, GY varied from 0.48 to 4.42 Mg ha-1, grain N content from 0.17 to 1.26 g plant-1, total N content at harvest from 0.33 to 2.00 g plant-1, above ground biomass at silking from 30.6 to 91.2 g plant-1 and at maturity from 39.9 to 191.1 g plant-1. Number of ker¬nels was the GY component most severely reduced by N stress and had significant (p ≤ 0.001) positive correlation with GY at all N levels. Six hybrids (4001/4008, KU1409/4008, KU1409/9613, 4008/1808, 4058/Fun 47-4, and 1824/9432) which showed consistent above average grain yields under no-N, low-N, high-N and across N levels were found and their use could further be investigated.Item Youth farmers’ willingness to Pay for agricultural extension service in Oyo State(2013) Adelakun, O. E.; Adeniyi, J. A.Digital agriculture technologies have the potential to increase the efficiencies and productivity of farmers. However, the use of these digital technologies requires its users to have some level of digital skills – digital literacy. This study, therefore examined the level of digital literacy of crop farmers in Oyo state. A multistage sampling procedure was used in selecting 120 respondents from the study area. A structured questionnaire was used to collect primary data. Data were analysed using descriptive (frequency, percentage, and mean) and inferential statistics (Chi-square and PPMC) were used. Results reveal that majority of the respondents were male (70%), married (90.8%), had no formal education (42.5%), with a mean age of 56 years and average farming experience of 25 years. About 79.0% had between 0.5 and 8 acres of farmland, 68.3% did not practice mixed farming, 73.3%had never used social media, and 72.5% used feature phones. Furthermore, 57.5% had a favourable perception of the use of digital tools with low knowledge (55%) of basic concepts and processes of digital agriculture and platforms. The level of digital literacy (71.7%) among crop farmers in Oyo state was low. Lack of training to develop digital skills ranked the most severe constraint to digital literacy and usage among respondents. However, the perception of the use of digital tools was favourable. The digital literacy level of crop farmers was generally low. There is a need for government to establish a digital literacy initiative specifically targeted at farmers to develop and improve their digital skills through training.Item Performance of tropical maize hybrids under conditions of low and optimum levels of nitrogen fertilizer application – grain yield, biomass production and nitrogen accumulation(2013) Abe, A.; Adetimirin, V. O.; Menkir, A.; Moose, S. P.; Olaniyan, A. B.Nitrogen (N) is the most limiting mineral nutrient in the soils of the major maize producing areas of West and Cen¬tral Africa. Low soil N and sub-optimal application of N fertilizers lead to N deficiency and poor grain yield (GY) in maize. Maize varieties with improved grain yield under low soil N and increased performance under optimal N availability could be beneficial to low input agriculture. This study evaluated the performance of a selection of ex¬perimental and commercial hybrids under suboptimal and optimal N fertilizer applications. Significant differences were observed among the hybrids, as well as significant interactions between hybrid and N level for GY and other measured attributes, with the severity of variation increasing as the level of N decreases. Mean GY reductions across the years was 76.5% at no-N and 35.4% at low-N. Depending on N treatment, GY varied from 0.48 to 4.42 Mg ha-1, grain N content from 0.17 to 1.26 g plant-1, total N content at harvest from 0.33 to 2.00 g plant-1, above ground biomass at silking from 30.6 to 91.2 g plant-1 and at maturity from 39.9 to 191.1 g plant-1. Number of kernels was the GY component most severely reduced by N stress and had significant (p ≤ 0.001) positive correlation with GY at all N levels. Six hybrids (4001/4008, KU1409/4008, KU1409/9613, 4008/1808, 4058/Fun 47-4, and 1824/9432) which showed consistent above average grain yields under no-N, low-N, high-N and across N levels were found and their use could further be investigated.