FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE

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    Degradation of Spent Oil Contaminated Soil Using Fungi from Organic Manure
    (2019) Fadina, O. O.; Solaja, O; Abiodun, A; Adetoyi, H
    Soil is the key component of natural ecosystem because environmental sustainability depends largely on a sustainable soil ecosystem. Microbial breakdown of hydrocarbon pollutants is generally a very slow proceed, but it could be optimum biodegradation can only occur if the right environmental condition such as pH, temperature, nutrients and relevant microbial consortia are present, as well as the pollution of petroleum hydrocarbons caused a major change in the physical and chemical properties of the soil. The aim of this study is to determine the total petroleum Hydrocarbon degradative potentials of the intrinsic microbes. Two kilograms (2kg) of soil was thoroughly mixed with 200ml and 400ml of spent oil to give 5% and 10% contamination levels and a set of control was kept at 0%, 10%(w/w) each of the organic manure from poultry litter (PL), Cow dung (CD), and the mixed poultry litter and cow dung (MPLCD) was individually introduced into each spent oil contaminated soil and the rate of biodegradation was monitored for a period of 12 weeks. The percentage of total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) loss was significantly higher in the soil contaminated with MPLCD (40.46%) followed by PL (35.53%) and CD (27.70%) while 32.42% loss only was recorded in the soil contaminated with 10% spent oil and amended with MPLCD while PL was 30.04% and 25.60% for CD. The hydrocarbon-initializing fungi isolated and identified include Aspergillus spp. and Penicillium spp. The amendment of spent oil contaminated soil with organic manure can significantly enhance the rate of biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbon. These activities can be used to remove or neutralize the contaminants of the soil, by petroleum hydrocarbon
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    Nutrient utilization, ruminal microbial population and fermentation characteristics of West African Dwarf (WAD) rams fed ammonium sulphate fortified diets
    (National Animal Production Research Institute, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, 2016) Akinlade, A. T.; Ososanya, T. O.
    The ruminal microbial population has enormous potential for fibre digestion. Microorganisms are responsible for breakdown of plant cell walls, fungi have better ability to attack lignocellulosic tissues for bacteria to act on it. Ammonium sulphate, a chemical compound that serves as a ready source of nitrogen and sulphur, plays important roles in enhancing rumen microbial activity. Therefore, the effects of ammonium sulphate fortification on rumen fermentation characteristics and microbial populations were evaluated. Sixteen (16) West African dwarf (WAD) rams weighing 12.8±0.12kg were assigned to diets containing 0g/100kg (control diet), 250g/100kg, 500g/100kg and 750g/100kg levels of ammonium sulphate (T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively) in a completely randomized design, each ram fed 5% body weight of the diet and wilted guinea grass in a 60:40 ratio for 105 days. At the end of the feeding trial, the effects of the diets on rumen microbial population and fermentation characteristics of the rams were assessed. The fungi population in sheep fed ammonium sulphate fortified diets ranged from 3.37- 4.36 x 10(4) cfu/ml. Acetate, propionate and butyrate in the ammonium sulphate fortified diets ranged from 46.37 - 48.71, 29.41 - 33.25 and 21.00 - 24.75 mmole/100ml respectively. The acetate and butyrate of the ammonium sulphate fortified diets decreased with increasing inclusion levels of ammonium sulphate, while the propionate decreased. Results obtained showed that ammonia nitrogen, fungi, bacteria and acetate were 1.45ppm, 4.36 cfu/ml, 7.01 cfu/ml, 48.71 mmole/100ml respectively, and they were significantly (P<0.05) highest in rams fed diet fortified with 750g/100kg ammonium sulphate. Rams on control diet had significantly (P<0.05) higher values of protozoa, pH, acetate and butyrate (5.96 cfu/ml, 6.82, 48.71 mmole/100ml, 24.75 mmole/100ml) than rams on T2, T3 and T4 because the control diet is not fortified with ammonium sulphate. It was concluded that rams fed 750g/100kg of ammoniumsulphate had greater number of rumen microbes which resulted in higher microbial protein synthesis, hence improved performance and higher body weight gain.
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    Suitability of screened fungi for solid state fermentation
    (1999) Abu, O. A.; Losel, D. M.; Onifade, A. A.; Tewe, O. O.
    Seven fungi were screened to determine their suitability for solid-state fermentation. In a 5-day submerged fermentation Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus oryzae, Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizopus isolate, Amtillaria mellea and Rhizopus sexualis recorded 166.49, 122.60, 50.58, 23.94. 17.94 and 39.80 mg/ 100 ml biomass production respectively. Pleurotus ostreatus did not show any growth. However the colony radial growth rates of A. niger, A. oryzae, F. oxysporum and P. ostreatus varied from 10.50-76.88 mm over a 7-day growth period. The best colony radial growth rate of 76.88 mm was obtained for A. niger while 49.83, 73.83 and 50.50 mm were obtained for A. oryzae, P. ostreatus and F. oxysporum respectively. A positive correlation was obtained between colony radial growth rates and rate of starch utilization by the fungi. The overall result indicated that A. niger and A. oryzae had superiority over other fungi for all the parameters studied. They are therefore recommended for future studies of protein enrichment of starchy Substrates by solid state fermentation.
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    Survey of biodegrading agents in logs and planks in selected sawmills and timber markets in Ibadan Oyo State
    (Forestry Association of Nigeria, 2015) Omole, A. O.; Adegeye, A. O.; Jemide, O.
    Biological deterioration of wood is one of the major challenges on wood utilization especially in tropical countries like Nigeria. This is because of the favourable weather condition for the bin-deteriorating agents to thrive. This study is therefore carried out to investigate the biodegrading agents of logs in sawmills and planks in plank markets in Ibadan, Nigeria. Data for the study were collected using checklist, and laboratory examination of collected samples from decayed logs and planks. The data obtained were subjected to descriptive statistics. The results of the laboratory examination revealed that a variety of fungi moulds, namely Aspergillus flavus Fredrick Link, Aspergillus niger VanTieghem, Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat, Trichodermalongi brachlatum Rifai, Penicillium oxalicum Currie and Thorn, Rhizopus stolonifer,(Ehrenb.ex Fr)., that are not host specific were encountered. Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat, was present in all the three sawmills and two timber markets while Aspergillus flavus Fredrick Link and Aspergillus niger VanTieghem, were present in only one sawmill (Moniya). The order Coleoptera and Isoptera were the two prominent insect pest groups identified. These were from seven families out of which five species of insects namely Termites, Beetles, Borers, Weevils and Carpenter ants were identified. The degree of molds growth on the surface of the wood is an indication that the conditions are favourable for wood decay to occur. It is therefore recommended that logs should be properly handled during log storage and processing in the mills by keeping the environment clean. Processed timbers should also be arranged in such a way that there will be free flow of air within stacked timber.