FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE
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Item Utilization of graded levels of corn cobs and cowpea husk on growth performance of West African dwarf ewes(2015) Ososanya, T. O.; Alabi, B. O.Corncob (CC) and cowpea husk (CH) are by – products of maize and cowpea production respectively. They can be used as alternative feed resources for ruminants especially during the dry season. A 70d study was conducted to determine the effects of CC and CH based diets on performance of WAD rams. Sixteen ewes were allotted to four feeding regimes: A (100% CC), B (66.7% CC + 33.3%CH), C (33.3% CC + 66.7% CH) and D (100% CH). The sheep were randomly allotted to four diets with four animals per treatment. Digestibility was conducted using metabolic cages which allowed for separate collection of faeces and urine. Samples were analyzed for crude protein and fibre fractions: {acid detergent fibre (ADF), neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent lignin (ADL)} using standard procedures. Dry matter intake (DMI), live weight changes (LWG), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and nutrient digestibility were the parameters assessed. DMI ranged from 22.04 kg to 41.07 kg with significant (P < 0.05) differences and LWG ranged from 4.14 gd-1 to 41.71 gd-1 across the diets. Also, FCR ranged from 14.06 in diet C to 45.68 in diet A with significant (P < 0.05) differences across the diets. CP digestibility was highest in diet D (88.01%) and lowest in diet A (72.06%) while ADF, NDF and ADL were highest in diet C and lowest in diet B. However, nutrients digestibility increased with increasing level of cowpea husk in the diets. The result show that highest weight gain and efficient utilization was achieved at 66.7% CH and 33.3% CC inclusion levels.Item This study was designed to evaluate the performance of West African dwarf rams subjected to varying degree of treated velvet bean for a period of 12 weeks. The impact of roasted velvet bean (RVB) on the performance by ram and digestibility of the feed was evaluated. In a randomized complete block design, twelve rams aged 12 and 18 months old with initial weight of 13.67- 14.25kg were randomly allotted into 3 treatments on diets A (0% RVB), B (25% RVB) and C (50% RVB). Weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion were measured. Similarly, in the digestibility trial, 3 animals per treatment were placed in metabolic cages for 14 days of stabilization and 5 days of collection. Treatment effects as affected by varying levels of velvet bean was significant for final live weight gain with values varying from 29.86kg(diet B) to 34.20kg (diet C). Also, the mean live weight gain follows the same trend with the highest mean live weight gain obtained for animals on diet C and the least mean live weight for diet B. The result obtained showed a direct relationship between total feed intake and final live weight gain. Since Mucuna pruriens is available in the dry season therefore, utilization at such period will meet dietary requirement of the sheep.(International Academic Journals, 2013-07) Ososanya, T. O.; Akinlade, A. T.; Taiwo, A. A.This study was designed to evaluate the performance of West African dwarf rams subjected to varying degree of treated velvet bean for a period of 12 weeks. The impact of roasted velvet bean (RVB) on the performance by ram and digestibility of the feed was evaluated. In a randomized complete block design, twelve rams aged 12 and 18 months old with initial weight of 13.67- 14.25kg were randomly allotted into 3 treatments on diets A (0% RVB), B (25% RVB) and C (50% RVB). Weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion were measured. Similarly, in the digestibility trial, 3 animals per treatment were placed in metabolic cages for 14 days of stabilization and 5 days of collection. Treatment effects as affected by varying levels of velvet bean was significant for final live weight gain with values varying from 29.86kg(diet B) to 34.20kg (diet C). Also, the mean live weight gain follows the same trend with the highest mean live weight gain obtained for animals on diet C and the least mean live weight for diet B. The result obtained showed a direct relationship between total feed intake and final live weight gain. Since Mucuna pruriens is available in the dry season therefore, utilization at such period will meet dietary requirement of the sheep.Item Utilization of sweet potato as a forage supplement to a maize stover diet by West African dwarf sheep(Animal Science Association of Nigeria, 2005) Olorunnisomo, O. A.; Ososanya, T. O.; Adewumi, M. K.In a growth and digestibility trial with West African dwarf sheep (WAD) the effects of supplementing maize stover with four levels of sweet potato forage (0, 1, 2 and 3% of body weight) on intake and growth rate of the animals; and digestibility of maize stover, sweet potato forage and their mixture were determined using a randomized complete block and completely randomized design, respectively. The dry matter (DM) intake and growth rate of the animals improved significantly (P < 0.01) with increasing level of sweet potato forage in the diet. DM intake was highest at the highest level (3% BW) of sweet potato inclusion and was 140% of the sole maize stover diet. Growth rate of animals at 3% (BW) level of sweet potato supplementation was 195% better than that of animals on sole maize stover. Digestibility of sheep diet improved significantly (P < 0.05) when sweet potato forage formed whole or part of the diet. Addition of sweet potato forage to a basal diet of maize stover improved animal productivity from this fibrous crop residue.Item Performance and carcass characteristics of broiler finishers fed diets supplemented with roxazyme G and exogenous phytase(2011) Abu, O. A.; Sodeinde, A. O.; Ehaludu, J. O.; Olomola, O. O.; Babayemi, O. J.A 21-day feeding trial involving 480, 4-week old unsexed Abhor Acre broilers was carried out in a completely randomised design to evaluate performance, carcass characteristics and cost benefit of broiler finishers fed iso- caloric and iso-nitrogenous corn-soyabean based enzyme supplemented diets. Diet 1 had no supplemented Roxazyme G and phytase (T1-basal diet). The other three diets are: T2-Roxazyme G (0.2g/kg), T3-basal diet +Phytase (lg/kg) and T4-basal diet +Roxazyme G and Phytase (0.2g/kg and lg/kg) inclusion. The objective was to observe whether addition exogenous enzymes individually or as a mixture improved efficiency of broiler finisher production. The results showed no significant differences (p>0.05) across the dietary treatments for daily feed intake, weight gain and FCR. The values obtained were in the range of 137.9g, 1191.9g and 1.45 respectively. There were no significant difference (p>0.05) in carcass weight of birds on T4, T2 and TI but birds fed both Roxazyme G and phytase had heaviest carcass weight of 1533.3g . However, birds fed diets supplemented with phytase alone had significantly lower carcass weight and dressing yield to other dietary treatments. The cut up parts were not significantly different (p>0.05) except the weights of the head, drumstick and breast meat. The cost analysis showed that it is not profitable to include the enzymes in the practical broiler finishers' diet used in this study. There was no need to include the above enzymes in the diet of broilers at finishing phase as the birds at this stage can efficiently utilize nutrients in their feed.Item Performance of broiler chickens fed diets supplemented with feed grade enzyme(2009-07) Abu, O. A.; Igwebuike, J. U.; Abu, J. Z.The effect of dietary supplementation of a commercial multi-enzyme complex (Avizyme 1500™) on the performance and nutrient digestibility by broiler finishers was investigated. A total of 120 d-old broiler chickens was assigned to four treatments each having two replicates of 15 birds in a 2 x 2 factorial block design. Avizyme was-incorporated into the finisher diets at inclusion levels of 0 (high and low fibre diets), 1.0 and 2.0g/Kg diets in diets 1-4 respectively. The study covered the finisher phase (4-8 week period). Results obtained indicated that incorporation of Avizyme up to 2.0g/Kg diet into broiler finisher diet produced no significant (P > 0.05) effects on average daily feed intake and feed conversion efficiency of the birds but depressed daily weight gain (P < 0.05). The average final body weight followed the same trend as the daily weight gain, as the birds fed control diet and diet containing 1g/kg Avizyme did best (P < 0.05). The digestibility of nutrients did not differ significantly (P > 0.05) among treatments. Birds on the control diet used nutrients better than the rest treatments. The haematological parameters such as Packed Cell Volume (PCV), Haemoglobin (Hb), White Blood Cell (WBC), Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin (MCH), and Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin Concentration (MCHC) except for Red Blood Corpuscles (RBC) did not differ (P > 0.05) among treatments. Dressing percentage, cut-up parts and weight of organs expressed as a percentage of body weight did not differ significantly (P > .0.05). The results of this study showed that the inclusion of 1 g/kg of the enzyme mixture into broiler finisher diet did not show any adverse effect on the performance and blood parameters of the broiler chickens. The 1 g/kg level of inclusion of enzyme in the diet appears to be most beneficial to the farmer in view of its relatively better results.Item The growth performance and survival of Clarias gariepinus fry raised in homestead concrete tanks(Academic Journals Inc., 2012) Olukunle, O.Fertilizer application in earthen ponds has been used as a low-cost method of sustainable aquaculture production. This study was carried out to investigate the growth response of African catfish fry, Clarias gariepinus in three different culture media in homestead concrete tanks. The water in the control (T1) was not treated while T2 and T3 were treated with poultry droppings and soy bean milk filtrate, respectively. Nine hundred catfish fry weighing averagely 0.67-0.69 g were randomly allocated to the 3 treatments in equal number. In each tank (2x3x1.5 m) were suspended, 3 net cages each of dimension, 1x1x1 m containing 100 fry. The fish in tank 1 (control treatment) were fed fish meal from the start at 5% of their body weight and four times daily. The other treatments were not fed at all for the first 7 days. Feeding with fishmeal commenced for treatments T2 and T3 on the next 8-14 day. The weights of the feed were adjusted after weekly weighing of the culture media for phytoplankton composition. The best weight increase was recorded in T1 (2.33 g). The highest survival rate was in T3 (98%). Treatment T3 (11.56±1.14x103) generated higher concentrations of most of identified zooplanktons than treatments T1 (5.39±0.73x103) and T2 (12.78±0.98x103). These zooplanktons were absent in treatments T1 and T2. The result indicates that fertilizing the culture medium using soybean milk filtrate or poultry droppings improved the growth and of C. gariepinus.Item Nutritive potential of sweet potatoes peel meal and root replacement value for maize in diets of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) advanced fry(Scientific Research Public Company, 2006) Olukunle, O.This study was carried out to evaluate the potential of Sweet Potato Peel (SPP) meal as a cheaper replacement for maize in the diet of Clarias gariepinus. Triplicate groups of 20 fish per plastic tank with average weight of 0.64±0.1 g per fish were fed four (4) diets, which were formulated to contain graded levels of sweet potato peel meal replacing 0, 25, 50 and 75 % of maize. The feeding trial lasted 6 weeks. The results showed that the diets did not significantly (p<0.05) affect fish performance within the treatments. Percentage Weight Gain (PWG) was 101.54% in fish fed with the control diet (0% sweet potato peel meal). The highest (PWG) of 150.77% was recorded in fish fed diets containing 25% sweet potato peel meal followed by a consistent decrease in PWG with increasing inclusion of sweet potato peels meal. However, diets containing 25, 50 and 75% SPP meal performed better than the control experiment with PWG of 150.77, 132.31 and 127.6%, respectively. The highest Feed Conversion Efficiency (FCE) was observed in the diet containing 25% SPP meal. A steady decrease in FCE was observed with increasing inclusion of SPP meal at 50 and 75%. Meanwhile, all the diets with SPP meal inclusion performed better than the control diet containing 0% SPP. The data indicated that Clarias gariepinus effectively tolerated diets containing sweet potato peel meal at low levels of concentration while fish growth performance and utilization decreased with increase in the sweet potato peel meal inclusion. The SPP meal based diets were cheaper than the control diet. The consequent better FCE and PWG of fish fed SPP diets showed that cost can be reduced while maintaining a high yield.Item Chemical analysis and nutritional assessment of fluted pumpkin (Telfairiaoccidentalis Hook F.) seed residuefed to African catfish (clariasgariepinus) at graded inclusion levels(2013) Ajayi, I. A.; Olaifa, F. E.; Olawole, A. A.; Adeyemo, A. J.The chemical analysis and nutritional assessment of fluted pumpkin seed residue fed to African catfish (Clariasgariepinus) at graded inclusion levels was carried out in order to evaluate its effect on the growth performance and nutrient utilization of the catfish. Five diets containing 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60% inclusion levels of fluted pumpkin seed residue (FPSR) as partial replacement for groundnut cake were prepared and fed to the fishes for eight weeks. Each treatment had three replicates with 15 fish per replicate (mean initial weight 140.87 ± 8.77g) in 30-litre plastic tanks and fish fed at 3% of body weight twice daily. Fish on control diet showed the best growth and nutrient utilization while diets with defatted fluted pumpkin seeds cake produced weight reduction in the fish with the least reduction on diet 2 (15% inclusion) and greatest on diet 4 (45% inclusion). The specific growth rate, feed conversion ratios and protein intake of the control fish were significantly (p<0.05) higher than those on FPSR-containing diets.Histopathological reports showed some damage to the liver of fish in higher FPSR-containing rations, torn gill tissues and changes of intestinal structure. Haematological parameters like haemoglobin, erythrocyte, sedimentation rate and biochemical parameters were within the ranges for healthy fish though reduced from pre-treatment valuesItem The body weight changes and gut merphometry of clarias gariepinus juveniles on feeds supplemented with walnut (Tetracarpidium conophorum) leaf and onions (allium cepa) bulb residues(2012) Bello, O. S.; Emikpe, B. O.; olaifa, F. E.This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of walnut (T. conophorum) leaf and onion (A. cepa) bulb on the gut morphometry of Clarias gariepinus towards elucidating its mechanism of growth promotion. Twenty Clarias gariepinus juveniles (7.390.29g/ fish) were allocated to nine treatments, with three replicates each. Nine experimental diets were formulated at 40% crude protein representing different level of walnut leaf and onion bulb (0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5% and 2.0%) respectively and the control diet was free from walnut leaf and onion bulb and were fed twice daily at 3 % body weight for 12 weeks. Growth indices like Mean Weight Gain (MWG), Specific Growth Rate (SGR), Feed Intake (FI) and Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) were measured. Gut morphormetry such as villi length, villi width and cryptal depth were investigated. Data were analyzed using linear regression, descriptive statistics and ANOVA at p= 0.05. Results showed that weight gain and specific growth rate of Clarias gariepinus increased with increasing level of walnut leaf and onion bulb residues. The highest weight gain (53.815.85), specific growth rate (1.090.11), feed conversion ratio (2.160.02) was observed with 1.5% inclusions of walnut leaf residue diets. Although, FCR and SGR were not significantly different (p>0.05) among the treatments, the treated groups had better area of absorption and cryptal depth compared to the control. Treatment with 1.5% inclusion of walnut leaf residue recorded highest villi length and villi width and treatment with 1.5% inclusion of onion bulb recorded highest cryptal depth (30.000.00). These results indicate that using walnut leaf and onion bulb as a supplement in plant –based diets may be useful in improving feed acceptability and growth performance of cultured C. gariepinus fed low cost, plant – based diets and it was concluded that walnut (T. conophorum) leaf at 1.5% inclusion in the diet of Clarias gariepinus improved body weight gain, feed conversion ratio by increasing the absorptive capacity through increased villi length, villi width and cryptal depth