FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE

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    Toxicity Assessment of Sub Lethal Doses of Chlorpyrifos on the Kidney and Liver Organs of Male Wistar Rats
    (2017) Fayinminnu, O. O; Tijani, S. O; Fadina, O.O
    Chlorpyrifos, an organophosphate pesticide is an important neurotoxic and tissue damage agent. It is one of the most heavily used pesticides in domestic and agricultural applications globally. Repeated doses of chlorpyrifos have been able to cause significant disturbances on the biochemical and physiological functions of the blood, and histological abnormalities in livers and kidneys exposed to this insecticide. The toxicities of sub lethal oral administration of chlorpyrifos daily for 28 days were assessed using a completely randomized design. Twenty-five albino Wistar rats weighing between 150-200 g divided into five groups containing five rats each were housed in the Central Animal house of College of Medicine, University of Ibadan. Chlorpyrifos at 0 (control), 18.9, 25.9, 32.2 and 39.2 mg/kg were orally administered to male rats, respectively for four weeks, between the months of May and June, 2014. At the end of the experimental period, the toxicities of chlorpyrifos were assessed in rats using haematology, serum liver enzymes and histopathological assays. Results revealed significant reduction in body weights compared to control. The packed cell volume (PCV), hemoglobin (Hb) and lymphocytes (Lymp) also showed significant reduction at 39.2, 25.9 and 32.2 mg/kg (39.33, 45.40 and 44.80%), respectively compared to control (49.67%). Insecticide administration to rats resulted in significant elevation of serum transaminases (AST and ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) from 32.2, 39.2 and 25.9 mg/kg dosages, (ranged from 294.94-542.00 u/L for AST and from 96.25-130.77 u/L for ALT), respectively. Also, experimental treated groups exhibited marked of total protein and altered albumin and globulin contents compared to control. Studies revealed dose dependent increase of histopathological alterations. The livers showed moderate vacuolar change of hepatocytes, having a finely reticulated cytoplasmic and congestion of central veins. The kidneys showed mild focal sloughing off of tubular epithelium of renal cortex, fluid in tubular lumen, tubules appearing dilated and cystic (nephrosis) and proteinaeceous fluid in Bowman's capsule and compressing the glomerulus tufts (Esinophilic). Different concentrations of chlorpyrifos including the lowest tested dose produced marked alterations in the exposed animals in this study and thereby affecting the overall performance in terms of health and wellbeing. Thus, this could cause similar health and environmental risks to humans even at the lowest dose.
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    Toxicity assessment of sub lethal doses of chlorpyrifos on the kidney and liver organs of male wistar rats
    (2017) Fayinminu, O. O.; Tijani, S. O; Fadina, O.O
    Chlorpyrifos, an organophosphate pesticide is an important neurotoxic and tissue damage agent. It is one of the most heavily used pesticides in domestic and agricultural applications globally. Repeated doses of chlorpyrifos have been able to cause significant disturbances on the biochemical and physiological functions of the blood, and histological abnormalities in livers and kidneys exposed to this insecticide. The toxicities of sub lethal oral administration of chlorpyrifos daily for 28 days were assessed using a completely randomized design. Twenty-five albino Wistar rats weighing between 150-200 g divided into five groups containing five rats each were housed in the Central Animal house of College of Medicine, University of Ibadan. Chlorpyrifos at 0 (control), 18.9, 25.9, 32.2 and 39.2 mg/kg were orally administered to male rats, respectively for four weeks, between the months of May and June, 2014. At the end of the experimental period, the toxicities of chlorpyrifos were assessed in rats using haematology, serum liver enzymes and histopathological assays. Results revealed significant reduction in body weights compared to control. The packed cell volume (PCV), hemoglobin (Hb) and lymphocytes (Lymp) also showed significant reduction at 39.2, 25.9 and 32.2 mg/kg (39.33, 45.40 and 44.80%), respectively compared to control (49.67%). Insecticide administration to rats resulted in significant elevation of serum transaminases (AST and ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) from 32.2, 39.2 and 25.9 mg/kg dosages, (ranged from 294.94-542.00 u/L for AST and from 96.25-130.77 u/L for ALT), respectively. Also, experimental treated groups exhibited marked of total protein and altered albumin and globulin contents compared to control. Studies revealed dose dependent increase of histopathological alterations. The livers showed moderate vacuolar change of hepatocytes, having a finely reticulated cytoplasmic and congestion of central veins. The kidneys showed mild focal sloughing off of tubular epithelium of renal cortex, fluid in tubular lumen, tubules appearing dilated and cystic (nephrosis) and proteinaeceous fluid in Bowman's capsule and compressing the glomerulus tufts (Esinophilic). Different concentrations of chlorpyrifos including the lowest tested dose produced marked alterations in the exposed animals in this study and thereby affecting the overall performance in terms of health and wellbeing. Thus, this could cause similar health and environmental risks to humans even at the lowest dose
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    Effects of dichlorvos (DDV P) on the haematological properties of wistar rats
    (2015) Olaoye, S. O; Fadina, O.O; Fayinminnu, O. O.; Adedire, O. M.; Ogundipe, W. F; Fajobi, A. K.; Farinu, A. O
    The potential sub-chronic toxicological effects of oral administration of Dichlorvos (DDVP) on wistar rats was investigated for a period of 6 weeks. Thirty-two (32) wistar rats (equal number of both sexes) were uniformly divided into two groups while each comprised of 4 divisions with four rats each, At the end of experiment, animals were sacrificed and heamatogical test was carried out to investigate the possible toxicological effects of the oral administration of the pesticide on the rats. Results generally showed a dose-pendant response with PCV, Kb, RBC and Plan values that are significantly different from each (P<0.05) among the male rats while PCV and RBC values are significantly different from each other (P<0.05) while all other heamatological parameters in both sexes showed no significantly difference from each other at P<0.05. This result suggests that ingestion of the pesticides (Dichlorvos) may not be toxic at the doses investigated
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    Body weight changes, haematological and serum biochemical indices of West African (WAD) Dwarf rams fed ammonium sulphate fortified diets
    (2017) Ososanya, T. O.; Akinlade, A. T.
    Weight gain, haematology and serum biochemical parameters of sixteen (16) West African Dwarf (WAD) rams weighing 12.8+0,12 kg were assigned to diets containing 0g/kg, 2.5g / kg, 5.0g/kg and 7.5g/kg levels of ammonium sulphate ((NH4)2SO4) as T0, T2.5, T5.0 and T7.5, respectively. The animals were fed the diet and wilted guinea grass in a 60:40. Daily weight gain, feed conversion ratio, platelet, lymphocytes, neutrophil, cholesterol, Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) values of the rams fed ammonium sulphate fortified diets were significantly (p<0.05) higher than the control. Haemoglobin concentration increased in ramsfed ammonium sulphate fortified diets from 14.00-14.68% compared to control. The white blood cell (x 10(6)/mm(3)) varied from T0 (4.3 I) to T7.5(5.15). The lowest packed cell volume (41.00%) was obtained for rams on control diet. Red blood cell (x 10(6)/mm(3))) ranged from T0 (11.86) to T7.5 (13.02) while alanine aminotransferase (ALT) ranged from 10.25 (T0) to 25.25 (T7.5) (x 10(6)µL). The study revealed that inclusion of ammonium sulphate fortified diets of WAD rams up to 7.5g/kg had no deleterious effects on weight gain, haematological and serum indices of WAD rams
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    Growth performance and blood profile of gestating wad ewes fed dietary supplementation of ammonium sulphate
    (The Nigerian Society for Animal Production, 2016) Ososanya, T. O.; Inyang, U. A.; Shehu, S. A.
    The concern raised as a result of antibiotic usage in the livestock industry has necessitated the need for alternative feed additives such as ammonium sulphate. Hence, sixteen West African Dwarf (WAD) ewes averaging 24 kg in weight and aged eighteen months were used to determine the growth performance and blood chemistry of ammonium sulphate supplemented diets. The animals were divided into four groups of experimented diets consisting: D1 (0 %) (Control diet), D2 (0.25 %), D3 (0.50 %) and D4 (0.75 %) of ammonium sulphate (AMS) inclusion levels and were randomly allotted in a completely randomized design. They were also synchronized with prostaglandin F(2α) and naturally mated with four (4) rams of proven fertility when they came on heat. Parameters determined were feed intake, dry matter intake (DMT), gestating weights and gains, and blood haematology and serum biochemistry such as white blood cells (WBC), red blood cell (RBC), packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin (HGB), albumin (A), globulin (G), total protein (TP), cholesterol (CHOP), blood urea nitrogen, creatinine (C), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). The results showed that supplementing AMS in ewe diets generally enhanced (p < 0.05) final weight (Kg), gestational weight gain (Kg) and average daily weight gain (g). The values ranged from 32.00-45.25 Kg; 8.25 - 22.25 Kg; 207.79 - 267.86 g/d respectively. The feed conversion ratio improved with increasing levels of AMS with animats on D4 recording the least (0.20). Animals on Dl recorded the highest values for PCV, HGB, and RBC while those on D3 had the least. The values were 44.25 and 41.00 %; 14.68 and 13.40 g/dl; and 13.02 and 11.86 x 10(6)/mm(3) respectively. Animals on D4 recorded the highest values for WBC (5150.50 x 10(6)/mm(3) ). Serum biochemical responses of pregnant sheep indicated significant differences (p < 0.05) of AMS supplementation on TP, A/G ratio, ALP and creatinine values. Animals on Dl recorded the highest values for TP, A/G ratio; ALT, BUN and C white those on D2 were least except jar ALT where D3 was least in ALT. The values were 8.68 and 8.15 g/dl; 0.80 and 0.65; 289 and 235.50 I.U./L; 10.75 and 9.75 mg/dl; 1.48 and 1.08 mg/dl respectively. Animals on D2 recorded the highest values for G, ALP and CHOL (4.80 mg/dl; 25.25 1. U/L; and 63.00 mg/dl respectively). Inclusion of AMS improved conversion ratio thereby improving the performance of ewes and thus proved that it could be tolerated up to 0.75 % supplementation in diets for ewes.
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    Influence of water-washed neem fruits (azardirachta indica A. juss) on heamatology and serum biochemical indices of West African dwarf sheep
    (Science Domain, 2014) Ososanya, T. O.; Adewumi, M. K.; Faniyi, T. O.
    Neem is a fast growing tree that thrives well in all parts of Nigeria. The seeds are readily available because the plant is used to control desertification. A 4 - week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effect of supplementation of water - washed neem fruit (Azardirachta indica A.juss) in diets on haematological and serum biochemical indices of West African Dwarf (WAD) ewes. Three diets were formulated to contain water-washed neem fruit at graded levels of inclusion; 0% (control), 5% and 10%. Twelve 10 month old WAD ewes were randomly assigned to 3 dietary treatments. Each treatment had 4 replicates. Variations in values of haematological and serum biochemical parameters of WAD ewes fed experimental diets were determined. Some haematological parameters (RBC and Hb counts) measured were significantly (p<0.05) different while PCV, WBC, some differential counts and serum biochemical parameters were not significantly different among the treatments. However, urea, creatinine, glucose and alkaline phosphatase levels in serum of WAD ewes showed significant (p<0.05) differences, while, other serum biochemical indices measured were not significant. Although, the result of this study showed that the inclusion of water - washed neem fruit at 10% depressed some heamatological parameters, but showed no adverse effect on the ewes. However, all the values obtained for serum biochemical indices were within the normal physiological range except for alkaline phosphatase. Therefore, water - washed neem fruit can be included in the diet of WAD ewes at 10% without any deleterious effect.
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    Haematology of pregnant West African dwarf ewes fed siam weed-based rations
    (Animal Science Association of Nigeria, 2004) Anurudu, N. F.; Babayemi, O. J.; Ososanya, T.
    There is relatively scanty information on normal blood values for sheep in Nigeria as regards the nature and the level of forage inclusion in the diets. The study was set up to assess the effects of siam weed on blood chemistry of pregnant West African Dwarf (WAD) sheep. Sixteen WAD sheep that have lambed once were allocated in a completely randomized design to four diets with different levels of siam weed leaf meal (SWLM) diets inclusion: 0% (Diet A), 15% (Diet B), 30% (Diet C) and 45% (Diet D). Variations in haematological parameters due to treatments were inconsistently significant except for Erythrocyte/ red blood cell (RBC). The Leukocyte/white blood cell (mm3 xlO3) varied from 5.64 (diet B) to 8.81 (diet A) in the last trimester. The lowest packed cell volume (28%) was obtained for sheep on 30% siam weed leaf meal (SWLM). Erythrocyte values were low ranging between 5.71 and 6.37. White blood cell was normal and ranged from 5.64 in 15% to 8.81 in 0% SWLM. The values for packed cell volume slightly increased in animals on diets 0% and 45% SWLM at the end of pregnancy while those of 15% and 30% remained normal. Mean corpuscular volume (ranged 47.50 - 53.25) was beyond the normal range at late pregnancy. The results showed that pregnant sheep could tolerate the siam weed leaf meal at levels between 15 and 45% dietary inclusion without a significant alteration of the blood constituents.
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    Body weight changes, heamatological and serum biochemical properties of West African dwarf rams fed ginger fortified diets
    (2016) Ososanya, T. O.
    The effect of feeding diets fortified with 0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% ginger powder on body weight changes, haematological and serum biochemical properties and described as T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively was determined using sixteen 12-18 months old WAD rams weighing 15.86 + 0.03kg. The animals were grouped into 4 treatments in a completely randomized design with 4 animals per treatment and fed the experimental diets for 28 days. Daily weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio were monitored. Blood samples were collected and analyzed for haematological indices {Packed Cell Volume (PCV, %), Red Blood Cell (RBC, 10(6)/mm(3) and White Blood Cell (WBC, 10(3)/mm(3)} and biochemical parameters {Total protein (TP, g/dl), Blood urea nitrogen (BUN, mg/dl), Aspartate Transferase (AST, I.U. /I) and Alanine Transaminase (ALT, I.U. /1)}. PCV ranged from 33.75 (T4) to 39.00 (T2) and the values were within the recommended PCV value for WAD ram. Similarly, WBC values for rams on T4 (10.37) and T3 (8.80) were significantly higher than T2 (6.05) and Tl (4.87). Total protein and BUN increased linearly across the treatments. The values for AST and ALP ranged from 72.10 (T2) to 147.00 (T3) and 238.00 (T4) to 294.00 (T2) respectively. Consequently, it can be concluded that 1.5% fortification of ginger powder promoted body weight gain and had no deleterious effect on the haematological and serum biochemical profile of WAD rams.
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    Haematology parameters of West African dwarf rams fed velvet bean (mucuna pruriens) ensiled with whole maize stover
    (Animal Science Association of Nigeria, 2015) Alabi, B. O.; Ososanya, T. O.
    The haematological characteristics of West African Dwarf (WAD) Rams fed velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens) foliage ensiled with whole maize were determined. Twenty (20) growing rams aged 10-15 months with mean weight ranging between 11.75-12.00kg were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments comprising five animals per dietary treatment in a completely randomized design (CRD). Treatment 1 contained 100% ensiled whole maize, Treatment 2 contained 75% whole maize + 25% Mucunapruriensfoliage silage, Treatment 3 contained 50% whole maize + 50% Mucunapruriensfoliage silage, Treatment 4 contained 25%> whole maize + 75% Mucunapruriensfoliage silage respectively. Each animal receive each diet at 5% body weight for 105 days. Blood was collected through jugular vein and put into well lebelled bottle containing anticoagulant ethylene diaminetetracetic acid (EDTA). The blood samples were analyzed for Red blood cell (RBC) count, Parked cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin (Hb), white blood cell (WBC) count, neutrophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils and monocytes. Significant differences (P<0.05) were obtained in haemoglobin and neutrophil which range from 6.11-9.87g/dl and 35.28 - 41.23% respectively while other parameters investigated showed no significant (P>0.05) differences. The nutritional health status of the rams can be enhanced when fed Mucunapruriensfoliage and whole maize silage but best result could be obtained when fed silage containing 75% whole maize and 25% Mucunapruriens.
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    Haematology, serum biochemistry and organ weight changes of wistar rats fed processed dehulled jack bean (canavalia ensiformis)
    (Nigerian Society for Animal Production, 2015) Amusa, H. O.; Kehinde, R. A.; Atoyebi, R. O.; Abu, O. A .
    A total of fifty Wistar albino rats weighing 50-60g were randomly allocated to five dietary : treatments in a completely randomized design ,to investigate the haematology, serum biochemistry and organ weight changes on diets containing processed dehulled jack bean. Four diets containing 10% crude protein were formulated to contain casein (Tl)-control diet dehulled jack bean soaked in filtrate obtained from 24hr water-steeped whole maize grains (T2), dehulled jack bean soaked in lye solution (T3), dehulled jack bean boiled or 15 minutes (T4) while a protein free diet served as a negative control (T5). The feeding trial lasted for 28days after which four rats per treatments were sampled to evaluate haematological and serum biochemical indices while three rats per treatment were sacrificed by cervical decapitation and the heart, liver, kidneys and the lungs removed and weighed separately. Haemoglobin (Hb), white blood cells (WBC), eosinophil and Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin Concentration (MCHC) were not affected by dietary treatments while the packed cell volume, red blood cells, lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) and Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin (MCH) were significantly affected (P<0.05) by dietary treatments. Rats on T4 had the highest PCV (47.00%), and neutrophil (25.67%) values, while rat on control had the highest value ofRBC 5.95 (10(6)/mm3). Rats on T2 had the highest lymphocyte (80.33%) and monocyte (3.50%) values, while the lowest value was for rats T4 (73.25%) and T3 (2.00%). Rats on T3 had the highest MCV (1.57fl) and MCH (0.40pg) values the total protein and alkaline phosphatise (ALP) were similar (P>0.05) for all group, while the albumin, globulin, cholesterol, Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were influence by dietary treatments (P<0.05). Albumin values ranges from 5.83g/dl to 7.68g/dl with rats on T4 having the highest albumin value (7.63g/dl). Globulin value for rats onT4 is significantly (P<0.05) different from rats on TI, T2, T3, and T5 with rats on T3 having the highest value (3.42). Rats on TI had the highest Cholesterol (55.37mg/dl) and ALT (17.49IU/L) value, while Rats on T2 had the highest AST (16.13IU/L) value. Kidney weights were similar for all group (P>0.05) while the liver, lungs and heart relative weights were significantly affected (P< 0.05) by dietary treatments. Rats on control diet had the lowest relative weight for liver (3.74), lungs (1.03), kidney (0.92) and heart (0.49). Rats on T3 and T5 had the highest value for heart weight (0.75) and liver weight (5.67) while rats on T4 had the highest value for lungs (1.59). Rats fed dehulled jack bean seed soaked in ogi liquor showed slight improvement on haematological, serum profile and organ weight changes over those fed lye soaked jack bean and boiled for 15minutes. However, all the processing methods were ineffective when compared to the performance of rat fed casein based diets.