Pharmacognosy
Permanent URI for this communityhttps://repository.ui.edu.ng/handle/123456789/371
Browse
Item Hypoglycemic potentials of methanolic extracts of selected plant foods in alloxanized mice(Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2003) Ogundipe, O. O.; Moody, J. O.; Akinyemi, T. O.; Raman, A.Crude methanolic extracts of five selected edible plant foods were tested for hy poglycemic activity in alloxanized mice. Fasting blood sugar levels were reduced significantly at differing rates. The order of their antidiabetic activity were H. sabdariffa, A. occidentalis, S. americanum, V. amygdalina, G. latifolium, H. sabdariffa, A. occidentalis and S. americanum, utilized at a dose of 100 mg/kg, had similar activity as chlorpropamide (5 mg/kg), which was used as a reference standard, in that they reduced blood sugar levels in mice below the initial values.Item Phytosterols from spondias mombin Linn with antimycobacterial activities(2013-01) Olugbuyiro, J. A. O.; Moody, J. O.; Hamann, M. T.The growing problems of tuberculosis have led to the search for new anti-Mtb agents from higher plants. The stem bark of Spondias mombin was evaluated for its in vitro activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (H37Rv strain). Bioassay-guided fractionation of the methanol extract was carried out by Vacuum Liquid Chromatography (VLC) on Silica gel (230-400 mesh) and purification was done using HPLC and TLC. In vitro antimycobacterial susceptibility was performed by a fluorometric microplate alamar blue assay (MABA) and percentage mycobacterial inhibition was calculated. The structures of the isolated compounds were established by spectroscopic analysis. The active VLC fraction exhibited 91% inhibition against M. tuberculosis H37Rv at a concentration of 40 μg/mL. The HPLC fraction SMi-15 containing compounds 1 and 2 showed 92.8% inhibition against M. tuberculosis. Two new antimycobacterial phytosterols were isolated from the stem bark of S. mombin and the structureswere identified as mombintane I (1) and mombintane II (2). The stem bark extractives of S. mombin contain antitubercular principles of the class phytosterol and support an important potential of triterpenoids.Item Hypoglycemic effect hydroacetone extracts of treculia africana decne root and stem bark in alloxan-induced diabetic rats(2014) Olatunji, B. P; Suleiman, M.; Moody J. O.The main objective of this study was to compare the hypoglycemic activity of ethylacetate soluble portion of aqueous acetone extract of the root bark (EtOAcfr TARB) and stem (EtOAcfr TASB) back of Treculia africana Decne in diabetic rats and also to characterize the ultraviolent and infrared spectra of an isolated constituent. Oral administration of the EtOAcfr TARB reduced fasting blood glucose level by 28.6% in 144hrs and 15.9% at 240 hrs in alloxan (100 mg/kg) induced rat of five groups (n=5), with the use of glucometer (one touch ultra-code 23) at predetermined intervals of time. Phytochemical screening showed little or no difference in the constituents of the stem and the root. This was also demonstrated in the TLC separation pattern of the extract. Indications from this study could suggest that Treculia africana could be a potential hypoglycemic herbal drug as both the stem and the root extracts showed a sustainable and better reduction of blood glucose level when compared with standard drug (glibenclamide, 0.5 mg/kg) at 144 hr. The activity appeared more in the root bark of the plant.Item Antimicrobial activity of Garcinia kola (heckel) seed extracts and isolated constituents against caries-causing microorganisms(Ibadan Biomedical Communications Group, 2014) Ajayi, T. O.; Moody, J. O.; Fukushi, Y.; Adeyemi, T. A.; Fakeye, T. O.Garcinia kola Heckel (Guttiferae) seed, has found use in folkloric medicine of Southern Nigeria for the treatment of toothache and prevention of dental caries. The crude ethanolic extract, chromatographic fractions and isolated constituents of Garcinia kola seed against clinical strains of dental-caries-causing and related microorganisms is being evaluated. Antimicrobial evaluations were done by testing different concentrations of the crude extract, vacuum liquid chromatographic (VLC) fractions and pure isolates against Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus viridans and Staphylococcus aureus in already set blood agar with gentamicin as the reference standard. The zones of inhibition and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were determined as appropriate. Fraction N, eluted with (hexane: ethyl acetate 70: 30), exhibited the highest activity with MIC’s of 1.50 mgml⁻¹ and 0.33 mgml⁻¹ while the pure isolates 1 (cycloartenol) and 2 (24-methylenecycloartanol) gave MIC’s of 0.17 mgml⁻¹ and 0.38 mgml⁻¹ against Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus viridans respectively. Isolate 3 (garcinianin) gave MIC of 1.0 mgml⁻¹ against Streptococcus mutans but there was no significant activity against Streptococcus viridans and Staphylococcus aureus. The results provide justifications for the folkloric use of Garcinia kola Heckel (Guttiferae) for dental caries-related health problems while the isolated compounds may also serve as templates for future antimicrobial drug development.Item Antimicrobial activity of garcinia kola (Heckel) seed extracts and isolated constituents against caries-causing microorganisms(2014-09) Ajayi, T. O.; Moody, J. O.; Fukushi, Y.; Adeyemi, T. A.; Fakeye, T. O.Garcinia kola Heckel (Guttiferae) seed, has found use in folkloric medicine of Southern Nigeria for the treatment of toothache and prevention of dental caries. The crude ethanolic extract, chromatographic fractions and isolated constituents of Garcinia kola seed against clinical strains of dental-caries-causing and related microorganisms is being evaluated. Antimicrobial evaluations were done by testing different concentrations of the crude extract, vacuum liquid chromatographic (VLC) fractions and pure isolates against Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus viridans and Staphylococcus aureus in already set blood agar with gentamicin as the reference standard. The zones of inhibition and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were determined as appropriate. Fraction N, eluted with (hexane: ethyl acetate 70: 30), exhibited the highest activity with MIC’s of 1.50 mgml⁻¹ and 0.33 mgml⁻¹ while the pure isolates 1 (cycloartenol) and 2 (24-methylenecycloartanol) gave MIC’s of 0.17 mgml⁻¹ and 0.38 mgml⁻¹ against Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus viridans respectively. Isolate 3 (garcinianin) gave MIC of 1.0 mgml⁻¹ against Streptococcus mutans but there was no significant activity against Streptococcus viridans and Staphylococcus aureus. The results provide justifications for the folkloric use of Garcinia kola Heckel (Guttiferae) for dental caries-related health problems while the isolated compounds may also serve as templates for future antimicrobial drug development.Item Anti-Inflamatory and analgesic activities of securidaca longepedunculata fers (Polygalaceae) leaf and stem bark methanolic extract(2014-09) Alafe, A. O.; Elufioye, T. O.; Faborode, O. S; Moody, J. O.Securidaca longepedunculata Fers (Polygalaceae) is commonly used in many parts of Africa for the treatment of rheumatic conditions, fever, headache and various other inflammatory based diseases. The present study was carried out to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of Securidaca longepedunculata leaf and stem bark methanol extracts using animal model. The anti-inflammatory activity of the methanolic extracts were evaluated using carrageenan induced paw edema in rats while the analgesic activity was determined using acetic acid induced writhing in mice. Both the leaf and stem methanol extracts exhibited anti-inflammatory activity greater than 70% at all doses tested. This activity was dose dependent with the highest being at 800 mg/kg Po and significant at P< 0.05. The analgesic activity of both extract was however below 50%, though comparable with that of aspirin used as the standard. This study has justified the inclusion of Securidaca longepedunculata in remedies used for the management of inflammatory based diseases traditionally.Item ANTI-DIABETIC AND ANTI-OXIDANT EVALUATION OF ANTHOCLEISTA DJALONENSIS A. CHEV AND ANTHOCLEISTA VOGELII PLANCH(2014-12) OLUBOMEHIN, O. O.Diabetes a major degenerative disease of global concern accounts for about 3.2 million deaths annually. Alpha-amylase inhibitors from plants are effective in managing postprandial hyperglycaemia which is significant in Type 2 diabetes. Search for natural anti-oxidants has increased recently because free radicals production has been linked to a number of diseases including diabetes. Anthocleista djalonensis and Anthocleista vogelii are used traditionally in Nigeria and parts of Africa to treat diabetes. This study was aimed at evaluating the α-amylase inhibition, anti-oxidant and anti-diabetic effects of extracts and compounds of both plants to verify their traditional use. The leaves, stem bark and roots of both plants were collected along Ijebu-Ode – Benin road and authenticated at the Herbarium of the Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria, Ibadan. The plant samples were macerated in 80% aqueous methanol for 72 h. Each crude extract, suspended in water: methanol (4:1) was partitioned into ethyl acetate. The crude extracts and ethyl acetate fractions of the leaves and stem bark of both plants were subjected to in vitro α-amylase inhibition assay with acarbose as positive control. The anti-oxidant activity was evaluated using 2, 2’-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl with α-tocopherol as control, while anti-diabetic properties of the crude extracts were studied in vivo using 45 albino wistar rats (150-200 g) of both sexes. The rats were made diabetic with 80 mg/kg of alloxan and treated with the extracts (1 g/kg) for seven days; glibenclamide 2.5 mg/kg was used as reference. Blood glucose levels (BGL) were monitored daily. Bioassay-guided fractionation and chromatographic methods were used to isolate active compounds from the ethyl acetate fractions of both plants. Structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated using spectroscopic techniques: infra-red, mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance (one-dimensional and two-dimensional). Data were analysed statistically using ANOVA at p<0.001. Anthocleista djalonensis leaf and stem bark crude extracts gave highest α-amylase inhibition of 42.8% and 41% with their ethyl acetate fractions also producing the highest α-amylase inhibition of 50.0% and 36.6% at 1.0 mg/mL while acarbose gave 54.9%. The crude extract and ethyl acetate fraction of A. vogelii leaf gave 80.7% and 87.4% inhibitions at 1.0 mg/mL in the anti-oxidant assay while α-tocopherol gave 89.5%. Peak reduction in BGL was observed for A. djalonensis stem bark and leaf crude extracts at 72.6% and 45.7% on day-6 of treatment while the stem bark and leaf extracts of A. vogelii gave 68.9% and 60.4%, respectively on day-7. The root extracts of both plants also caused peak reduction in BGL at 48.5% on day-7 while glibenclamide had 57.4%. Bioassay-guided fractionation furnished djalonenol, a monoterpene diol with a significant α-amylase inhibition of 53.7% from fraction 11 of the stem bark of A. djalonensis and decussatin, a xanthone with significant inhibition of 78.0% from fraction 5 of the leaves and stem bark of A .vogelii. The presence of α-amylase inhibitors, djalonenol and decussatin from both plants makes them important in the treatment of type 2 diabetes and could be responsible for their anti-diabetic effect. Anthocleista vogelii could be a source of anti-oxidant compounds.Item Antisickling activity of the fresh and dried roots of cissus populnea guill. Et perr (vitaceae)(Nigerian Society of Pharmacognosy, 2015) Adebayo, E. M.; Adeyemi, A. A.; Omotade, O. O.; Fasola, F. A.; Ajayi, T. O.; Attah, F. A.; Famojuro, T. I.; Adebisi, L.; Moody, J. O.Research into plants with claimed traditional use in the management of sickle cell anaemia constitutes a useful research strategy in the search for new antisickling drugs and templates. The root of Cissus populnea has been used traditionally in the management of sickle cell disease (SCD). Phytochemical screening of the fresh and powdered sample of the root of C. populnea (CP) was done using standard methods followed by in vitro antisickling evaluation of extracts, solvent-partitioned fraction (ethylacetate) and the vacuum liquid chromatographic fractions (VLC) of the fresh and dried roots of C. populnea with sodium metabisulphite induced sickling of HbSS erythrocytes. p-hydroxybenzoic acid and normal saline were used as positive and negative controls respectively. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of tannins, saponins and cardiac glycosides. The result of this study showed that the extracts and solvent-partitioned fraction (ethylacetate) from the root of CP have antisickling property with a higher activity for the ethylacetate partitioned fraction of the dried roots compared to that of the fresh roots. The VLC fractions exhibited higher activity than the crude extracts; fraction 3 (FR3) had the maximum activity of 96.4% while 88.6% activity was demonstrated for the standard drug (PABA) at an incubation time of 45 min. This study has thus provided scientific evidence for the traditional use of CP in the management of SCD.Item Ethnobotanical survey of plants used in the management of obesity in Ibadan, south-western Nigeria(African Journals Online, 2015) Ajayi, T. O.; Moody, J. O.Background: Until recent times, being obese was considered to be an evidence of wealth in the South-Western part of Nigeria. As a result of a combination of wrong attitudes, ignorance and carefree lifestyle, a sizeable percentage of the population has become predisposed to obesity an emerging problem in developing economies of the world. Objective: To identify and document medicinal plants used in ethno-medical management of obesity in selected rural and urban communities within Ibadan metropolis. This is with the aim of contributing to a database of plants for future systematic biological and chemical evaluation for possible source of anti-obesity agents and drug leads. Materials and methods: An inventory of plant species/natural remedies used in folk medicine to manage obesity in two Local Government Areas of Oyo State was undertaken. Interviews using semi-structured questionnaires and open-ended conversations were conducted among eighty (80) respondents (30% men and 70% women) aged 25 years and above to obtain relevant information.. Results: A total of fifteen (15) plants belonging to twelve (12) genera and twelve (12) families were identified. The usage profiles of the plants were quantified by the quotation frequency/mention index. Respondents from the urban rely more on finished products from local and foreign blends which are mostly multi-component remedies. Conclusion: The study revealed that Ibadan is a rich source of plants indicated in management of obesity. More scientific work especially biological studies are needed to ascertain the efficacy, toxicity, safety and appropriate dosage regimen of these ethno-medicinal remedies.Item Comparative total phenolic content, anti-lipase and antioxidant activities of two Nigerian aframomum species(Nigerian Society of Pharmacognosy, 2016) Ajayi, T. O.; Moody, J. O.; Abiose, I. M.; Ezeoku, N. J.The anti-obesity drug development is presently not a bright story. So far, drugs reported to be effective have stimulated controversies due to side effects they elicit. Obesity and its co-morbidities continue however to constitute major problems in both developed and developing countries. This has resulted in a continuous search for novel, cost-effective, safe and potent alternatives. This study investigated the ethanolic extracts of two Nigerian Aframomum species for their anti-lipase and anti-oxidant activities as well as estimates of their polyphenol contents. Lipase activity was determined using glyceryltrioleate emulsion as a substrate and measuring the release rate of oleic acid from it. Percentage inhibition of lipase by the methanolic extracts of plants was determined spectrophotometrically at T€ and Tƒ € (30 minutes after incubation at 37ÚC). DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging activity of the extracts and that of gallic acid as control was measured using the stable radical DPPH method and absorbance at 515 nm using a spectrophotometer. The IC50 (half-maximal inhibitory concentration) value was calculated by linear regression analysis and the total phenolic content was determined by the Folin-Ciocalteau method at 765 nm. The standard curve was prepared by solutions of Gallic acid in methanol: water (50:50, v/v). Total phenol values are expressed in terms of Gallic acid equivalent (w/w of dry mass). Aframomum melegueta exhibited the highest phenolic content of 60.4 ± 2.36 mgGAE/g, a percentage antioxidant activity of 86.6 % at 200µg/ml and percentage lipase inhibition of 89% at 1mg/ml while Aframomum danielli revealed a total phenolic content of33.3 ± 2.71mgGAE/g, a percentage antioxidant activity of 77.3% at 200µg/ml and percentage lipase inhibition of 73% at 1 mg/ml. The result provides some justifications for the use of these plants in ethno-medicine for the management of obesity. The species exhibited properties that are beneficial to health and therefore could find use as an alternative and/or complementary strategy in managing associated co-morbidities of obesity, and also as possible template for future anti-obesity drug development.Item Toxicological evaluation of Moringa oleifera Lam seeds and leaves in Wistar rats(Phcog. Net, 2016) Ajayi, T. O.; Moody, J. O.; Akintayo, C. O.Miracle tree (Moringa oleifera) as it is popularly called, has been found useful both medicinally and economically. Its consumption both in the raw and as processed preparations has increased a great deal thus making the fast growing plant a highly valued and cultivated one in the tropics and sub-tropics. There is however, little reference to its toxicity profile and evaluation. Hence, this study evaluated the toxicity profiles of the leaves and seeds of M. oleifera and the corresponding effects on vital organs of Wistar rats using the biochemical, heamatological and histopathological indices. Daily doses of 100, 200, 400 and 1000 mg/kg body weight of crude methanol extracts of M. oleifera leaves and seeds were administered orally to 8 groups of 5 rats per group each for 28 days. A control group of 5 rats was also included in the experiment. Heamatological, biochemical and histopathological indices were evaluated by standard methods. Data were analyzed using one way analysis of variance and statistically significant difference was considered at p <0.05, p<0.01 and p<0.001. Histopatho- logical changes were observed in the heart, liver, lungs, spleen and kidneys of rats treated with the extracts at all doses tested. Some other physical changes like agitation, confusion and disorientation were observed at the highest dose tested (1000 mg/kg) of the seed extract. A significant increase (p<0.05) in neutrophil, white blood cell (WBC) and platelet were observed. However, a significant decrease in aspartate amino transferase (AST), alanine amino transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase, (ALP) was also observed. The results suggest that the leaf and seed extracts of M. oleifera could boost immunity and offer hepatoprotective effects.Item The anxiolytic properties of vernonia amygdalina (asteraceae) in laboratory mice(Ibadan Biomedical Communications Group, 2016) Onasanwo, S. A.; Aitokhuehi, N. G.; Ajayi, T. O.; Faborode, O. S.Anxiety is a state of excessive fear and is characterized by motor sympathetic hyperactivity, apprehension and vigilance syndromes. Vernonia amygdalina commonly called bitter leaf, belongs to the family Astaraceae, and has been reported to be used locally in the treatment of psychiatric challenges. However, no work has been reported on pharmacological potentials of ethyl acetate fraction of Vernonia amygdalina on anxiety. This study was therefore designed to investigate the effect of ethyl acetate fraction Vernonia amygdalina (EAVA) on anxiety status in mice. The air-dried leaves of Vernonia amygdalina (VA) pulverized and macerated in methanol for 72 hours, before the extract was partitioned into n-hexane and ethyl acetate fractions. The anxiolytic-like effect of EAVA was investigated using the elevated plus maze (EPM), elevated zero maze (EZM) and light- dark test (LDT). The results obtained were expressed as mean ± S.E.M. Data were analyzed using One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), followed by Newman-Keuls' multiple comparisons test, P<0.05. Vernonia amygdalina showed anxiolytic-like effect in mice, 50- 100mg/kg were significantly different from control by the time spent in the open arms in elevated plus maze and elevated zero maze, and the time spent in light chamber in the light-dark test. In conclusion, this study has shown that ethyl acetate fraction from Vernonia amygdalina possess anxiolytic-like effects. However, further work need to be done to ascertain its mechanism of action.Item Effects of quercetin on oral administration of cannabinol and alcohol on reproductive functions in male Wistar rats(Centre for Enchancing Knowledge, 2019) Akintayo, C. O.; Ajayi, T. O.; Akinsomisoye, S. O.; Karga, S. V.; Ayodele, M. J.; Obuekwe, C. A.The male reproductive system ensures the continuity of species; however, several toxicants have demonstrated hampering effects on the structures of male reproductive system, thereby leading to reduced physiological functions. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of quercetin in experimental rats treated with alcohol and/or cannabinol. Forty-five male rats were grouped into the following: Group 1 rats were given distilled water. Group 2 rats were administered with methanol. Group 3 rats were administered with alcohol (3g/kg bw as 25%v/v). Group 4 rats were administered with cannabinol (10mg/kg bw). Group 5 rats were administered with cannabinol (10mg/kg bw) and alcohol (3g/kg bw as 25%v/v). Group 6 rats were administered with quercetin (30mg/kg bw). Group 7 rats were administered with alcohol (3g/kg bw as 25%v/v) and quercetin (30mg/kg bw). Group 8 rats were administered with cannabinol (10mg/kg bw) and quercetin (30mg/kg bw). Group 9 rats were administered with cannabinol (10mg/kg bw) plus alcohol (3g/kg bw as 25%v/v) plus quercetin (30mg/kg bw). At the end of the experiment, animals were sacrificed and their reproductive organs were harvested and weighed immediately. Results showed that rats treated with alcohol and/or cannabinol had significant decrease (p<0.05) in sperm indices, lipid peroxidation, gonadotrophic hormones and male sex hormone (testosterone); however, with quercetin co-treatment with alcohol and/or cannabinol administration the results obtained in the reproductive parameters showed ameliorative potential of quercetin in the present study.Item Ethnobotanical survey of plants used in the management of hypertension in Ibadan north local government area of Oyo state, Nigeria(African Journals Online, 2019) Ajayi, T. O.; Moody, J. O.; Anthony, C. S.Background: Among diseases that affect humans, the non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are quite a number of which hypertension is a leading member of the group and a leading contributory cause of death worldwide. Objective: To identify and document medicinal plants used in ethno-medical management of hypertension in selected communities within Ibadan metropolis. This is with the aim of contributing to a database of plants for future systematic biological and chemical evaluation for possible templates of anti-hypertensive agents and drug leads. Materials and methods: An inventory of plant species/natural remedies used in folk medicine to manage hypertension in Ibadan North Local Government Area of Oyo State was undertaken. Interviews using semi-structured questionnaires and open-ended conversations were conducted among one hundred and seventy-six (176) respondents aged 30 years and above to obtain relevant information. Results: A total of one hundred and one (101) plants belonging to fifty-four (54) families were identified of which the highest number of plants mentioned belong to family Compositae. The usage profiles of the plants were quantified by the quotation frequency/ mention index. Conclusion: It was observed that Ibadan is a rich source of plants indicated in management of hypertension. More scientific work especially biological studies are needed to ascertain the efficacy, toxicity, safety and appropriate dosage regimen of these ethno-medicinal remedies.Item Two New phytoecdysteroids from sphenocentrum jollyanum pierre root(Elsevier Inc., 2019) Ajayi, T. O.; Srivedavyasasri, R.; Nyong, E. E.; Odeniyi, M. A.; Moody, J. O.; Ross, S. A.The crude methanol extract of Sphenocentrum jollyanum root exhibited 98% and 80% antimicrobial activity against Aspergillus fumigatus Pinh and Vancomycin resistant enterococcus (VRE) at a concentration of 200 μg/mL, with ICso 11.45 and 12.95 μg/mL, respectively. The ethyl acetate fraction of methanol extract showed in-vitro antimicrobial activity against A. fumigatus Pinh at 83% with ICso of <8 μg/mL. The phytochemical investigation of ethyl acetate fraction yielded six compounds, which were identified by their NMR, IR and MS spectral analyses as two new phytoecdysteroidal glycosides Sphenocentroside A (1), and NUSART Sphenocentroside B (2), and four known phytoecdysteroids: polypodoaurein (3), polypodine B (4), ecdysterone (5), and 20, 26-dihydroxyecdysone (6).Item Alteration in hormonal level and testicular histomorphology in rats treated with alcohol (ALC) and cannabinol (CBN)(Centre for Enchancing Knowledge, 2019) Akintayo, C. O.; Ajayi, T. O.; Akinsomisoye, S. O.; Faeji, C. O.; Adewumi, A. F.; Akele, Y. R.This study explores the effects of chronic alcohol and cannabinol exposure on the testosterone levels and the histomorphological integrity/cytoarchitecture of the rats’ testes. Adults male Wistar rats were randomly divided into control (distilled water), methanol (2mg/kg bw), alcohol (3g/kg bw), cannabinol (10mg/kg bw) and alcohol (3g/kg bw) plus cannabinol (10mg/kg bw) groups respectively. Alcohol and cannabinol were administered orally twice daily for 52 days (spermatogenic cycle in rats) and at the end of treatment, male reproductive organ (testis) was removed and cleared of adherent tissue and then fixed for histological examination. Blood samples were collected via retro-orbital sinus for hormone (testosterone) assay. Serum testosterone levels were measured using the enzyme immunoassay (E.I.A.) technique. Hormonal assay showed significant reductions in the levels of testosterone (T) (p < 0.05) in the alcohol alone, cannabinol alone and in the alcohol plus cannabinol treated groups. The Histological analysis of the treated groups showed severe reduction of the spermatogenic cells. The present study showed that following chronic alcohol and/or cannabinol administration the results showed significant reduction (p<0.05) in testosterone levels and a detrimental effect on the histomorphology of the testes. Alcohol and/or cannabinol therefore exhibit inhibitory effects causing inhibition of testosterone as observed in this study.Item Safety profile of citrullus mucosospermus fursa fruit in wistar rats and characterization of its major toxic constituent(Natural Product Research group, University of Benin, 2019) Ajayi, T. O.; Moody, J. O.Citrullus mucosospermus Fursa known as 'Egusi baara' in Southwest Nigeria is a pale yellow green bitter fruit used ethnomedicinally for hyperlipidemia and weight gain management. There, however, exist few references to the safety profile of C. mucosospermus as it is known to contain toxic principles known as curcubitacins. Hence, this study evaluated the safety profile of C. mucosospermus, isolated and identified its major toxic curcubitacin constituent. The methanol extract of C. mucosospermus at graded doses of 100, 200, 400 and 1000 mg/kg body weight was administered orally to five groups of rats for 28 days including a control on a daily basis. The biochemical, histopathological and hematological indices were evaluated using standard procedures. The isolated compound was obtained from the purification of the ethyl acetate fraction of the fruit extract and the characterization was by spectroscopic (IR, NMR) procedures. An increase in neutrophil concentration after extract administration at a dose of 200 mg/kg was observed and a decrease in the liver enzymes at all doses tested confirming its hepatoprotective potential with mild to moderate changes observed in tissues of the kidney at 100 and 400 mg/kg and liver at all doses tested. The isolated compound was one of the toxic cucurbitacins identified as cucurbitacin E. The fruit pulp of C. mucosospermus could offer hepatoprotective effects despite its curcubitacin content.Item Isolation of chemical compounds and essential oil from agrimonia asiatica juz. And their antimicrobial and antiplasmodial activities(Hindawi Publishing Corporation, 2020) Kozykeyeva, R. A.; Datkhayev, U. M.; Srivedavyasasri, R.; Ajayi, T. O.; Patsayev, A. K.; Kozykeyeva, R. A.; Ross, S. A.Agrimonia asiatica is a perennial plant with deep green color and covered with soft hairs and has a slightly aromatic odor. +is genus Agrimonia has been used in traditional medicines of China, Greece, and European countries. It was mainly used as a haemostatic, a tonic for asthenia, and an astringent for diarrhea. Agrimony is part of the division Magnoliophyta; class is represented by order Rosales, family Rosaceae, of the genus Agrimonia. Family Rosaceae—or pink eels—is one of the largest families of flowering plants, including about 100 genera and 3000 species. Rosaceae is common in almost all areas of the globe where flowering plants can grow, but most of them are concentrated in the temperate and subtropical zones of the Northern Hemisphere. Phytochemical investigation on ethanolic extract of A. asiatica led to isolation of four flavonoid derivatives (kaempferol-3-glycoside, quercetin-3-O-α-arabinofuranosyl-β-D-galactopyranoside, 3-O-kaempherol 2,3-di-O-acetyl-4-O-(cis p-coumaroyl)-6-O-(trans-p-coumaroyl)-β-D-glucosopyranoside, and catechin) alongside of sucrose. All the extracts, fractions, and isolated compounds were tested for antimicrobial and antiplasmodial activities. We also studied the chemical composition of essential oil obtained from the aerial part of A. asiatica. +e essential oil constituents from the aerial part of A. asiatica were obtained using a steam-distillation method in wild growing conditions in Kazakhstan. +e essential oil extracted from the aerial part of the plant was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy and its major components amounting to 100% were found to be β-selinene (36.370%), α-panasinsene (21.720%), hexadecanoic acid (7.839%), and 1,2-nonadiene (6.199%). Neither the extract nor the isolated compounds showed antimicrobial and antiplasmodial activities.Item Lipid altering potential of moringa oleifera lam seed extract and isolated constituents in Wistar rats(Ibadan Biomedical Communications Group, 2020) Ajayi, T. O.; Moody, J. O.; Odumuwagun, O. J.; Olugbuyiro, J. A. O.The use of natural products have become popular because of their minimal adverse effect, cost effectiveness and accessibility. Moringa oleifera, is a valued plant that has found use ethnomedicinally and economically. The leaves have been investigated in various researches for different activities. This study is aimed at evaluating the seeds for its serum lipid profile altering activities in animal models. Five groups of five animals (120-150 g) per group were made obese by feeding with a high fat diet (HFD) for 10 weeks. The basal lipid profile was determined, and treatment commenced with methanol extracts of Moringa oleifera seed (MOSE) at 100 and 200 mg/kg b w for 6 weeks. Control groups were the Orlistat treated (50 mg/kg b w), untreated and normal diet groups. The antihyperlipidemic activity in-vivo and an enzyme anti lipase assay in-vitro were determined respectively. The characterisation of isolated compounds and derivative was by spectroscopic techniques. A significant decrease in Very Low Density Lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDLc) at p< 0.01 was observed across the five groups when compared with the standard Orlistat. A significant increase in High Density Lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLc) at p< 0.01 was observed in the group treated with 200 mg/kg MOSE. However, a dangerous significant increase in Athereogenic index (AI) was observed in the group treated with 100mg/kg MOSE The derived 4- acetyl benzylisothiocyanate-O –α-L rhamnopyranoside (2) from isolated 4- hydroxybenzylisothiocyanate-O-α-L rhamnopyranoside (1) revealed the highest activity of 99.17% at 0.5 mg/mL. The methanol extract of Moringa oleifera seed could alter lipid profile and a structure activity relationship was observed with respect to the isolated compound and its derivatized analogue.Item Antifungal evaluation of formulated ointment from sphenocentrum jollyanum root extract(Natural Product Research group, University of Benin, 2020) Ajayi, T. O.; Nyong, E. E.; Odeniyi, M. A.; Moody, J. O.In the light of high cost and frequent reoccurrence of current antifungal drugs, there is a need to explore the natural product resources in managing fungal infection, candidiasis, in which Candida albicans is the causative agent. This study is aimed at evaluating the in vitro and in vivo antifungal activity of Sphenocentrum jollyanum in view of the folkloric use in dressing chronic wounds. The ethylacetate fraction of 70% w/v methanol extract of S. jollyanum root (SJRME) was assessed for in vitro anticandidal activity using agar dilution method. Five groups of Candida albicans infected albino rats were treated with graded concentrations of ethylacetate fraction formulated ointment (50 - 200 mg/mL), with tioconazole cream 1% and normal saline as controls. Skin swabs were taken on days 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 and placed on tryptone soya broth for three days. Serial dilution of the skin swabs was carried out and fungal loads determined using colony counter. The physical properties of the ointment formulated were evaluated. The ethylacetate fraction of SJRME was found to be active at tested concentrations against Candida albicans with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 12.5 mg/mL. Significant activity was also observed against other species of Candida and plant fungi. The formulated ointment had moderate viscosity, smooth texture, bland odour and bright yellow color. Treatment groups showed a significant reduction in fungal loads of skin swabs and ethylacetate fraction of SJRME possess antifungal activity and may therefore be potent templates in antifungal drug development.