Pharmacognosy
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Item Effects of quercetin on oral administration of cannabinol and alcohol on reproductive functions in male Wistar rats(Centre for Enchancing Knowledge, 2019) Akintayo, C. O.; Ajayi, T. O.; Akinsomisoye, S. O.; Karga, S. V.; Ayodele, M. J.; Obuekwe, C. A.The male reproductive system ensures the continuity of species; however, several toxicants have demonstrated hampering effects on the structures of male reproductive system, thereby leading to reduced physiological functions. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of quercetin in experimental rats treated with alcohol and/or cannabinol. Forty-five male rats were grouped into the following: Group 1 rats were given distilled water. Group 2 rats were administered with methanol. Group 3 rats were administered with alcohol (3g/kg bw as 25%v/v). Group 4 rats were administered with cannabinol (10mg/kg bw). Group 5 rats were administered with cannabinol (10mg/kg bw) and alcohol (3g/kg bw as 25%v/v). Group 6 rats were administered with quercetin (30mg/kg bw). Group 7 rats were administered with alcohol (3g/kg bw as 25%v/v) and quercetin (30mg/kg bw). Group 8 rats were administered with cannabinol (10mg/kg bw) and quercetin (30mg/kg bw). Group 9 rats were administered with cannabinol (10mg/kg bw) plus alcohol (3g/kg bw as 25%v/v) plus quercetin (30mg/kg bw). At the end of the experiment, animals were sacrificed and their reproductive organs were harvested and weighed immediately. Results showed that rats treated with alcohol and/or cannabinol had significant decrease (p<0.05) in sperm indices, lipid peroxidation, gonadotrophic hormones and male sex hormone (testosterone); however, with quercetin co-treatment with alcohol and/or cannabinol administration the results obtained in the reproductive parameters showed ameliorative potential of quercetin in the present study.Item Alteration in hormonal level and testicular histomorphology in rats treated with alcohol (ALC) and cannabinol (CBN)(Centre for Enchancing Knowledge, 2019) Akintayo, C. O.; Ajayi, T. O.; Akinsomisoye, S. O.; Faeji, C. O.; Adewumi, A. F.; Akele, Y. R.This study explores the effects of chronic alcohol and cannabinol exposure on the testosterone levels and the histomorphological integrity/cytoarchitecture of the rats’ testes. Adults male Wistar rats were randomly divided into control (distilled water), methanol (2mg/kg bw), alcohol (3g/kg bw), cannabinol (10mg/kg bw) and alcohol (3g/kg bw) plus cannabinol (10mg/kg bw) groups respectively. Alcohol and cannabinol were administered orally twice daily for 52 days (spermatogenic cycle in rats) and at the end of treatment, male reproductive organ (testis) was removed and cleared of adherent tissue and then fixed for histological examination. Blood samples were collected via retro-orbital sinus for hormone (testosterone) assay. Serum testosterone levels were measured using the enzyme immunoassay (E.I.A.) technique. Hormonal assay showed significant reductions in the levels of testosterone (T) (p < 0.05) in the alcohol alone, cannabinol alone and in the alcohol plus cannabinol treated groups. The Histological analysis of the treated groups showed severe reduction of the spermatogenic cells. The present study showed that following chronic alcohol and/or cannabinol administration the results showed significant reduction (p<0.05) in testosterone levels and a detrimental effect on the histomorphology of the testes. Alcohol and/or cannabinol therefore exhibit inhibitory effects causing inhibition of testosterone as observed in this study.Item Two New phytoecdysteroids from sphenocentrum jollyanum pierre root(Elsevier Inc., 2019) Ajayi, T. O.; Srivedavyasasri, R.; Nyong, E. E.; Odeniyi, M. A.; Moody, J. O.; Ross, S. A.The crude methanol extract of Sphenocentrum jollyanum root exhibited 98% and 80% antimicrobial activity against Aspergillus fumigatus Pinh and Vancomycin resistant enterococcus (VRE) at a concentration of 200 μg/mL, with ICso 11.45 and 12.95 μg/mL, respectively. The ethyl acetate fraction of methanol extract showed in-vitro antimicrobial activity against A. fumigatus Pinh at 83% with ICso of <8 μg/mL. The phytochemical investigation of ethyl acetate fraction yielded six compounds, which were identified by their NMR, IR and MS spectral analyses as two new phytoecdysteroidal glycosides Sphenocentroside A (1), and NUSART Sphenocentroside B (2), and four known phytoecdysteroids: polypodoaurein (3), polypodine B (4), ecdysterone (5), and 20, 26-dihydroxyecdysone (6).Item Ethnobotanical survey of plants used in the management of hypertension in Ibadan north local government area of Oyo state, Nigeria(African Journals Online, 2019) Ajayi, T. O.; Moody, J. O.; Anthony, C. S.Background: Among diseases that affect humans, the non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are quite a number of which hypertension is a leading member of the group and a leading contributory cause of death worldwide. Objective: To identify and document medicinal plants used in ethno-medical management of hypertension in selected communities within Ibadan metropolis. This is with the aim of contributing to a database of plants for future systematic biological and chemical evaluation for possible templates of anti-hypertensive agents and drug leads. Materials and methods: An inventory of plant species/natural remedies used in folk medicine to manage hypertension in Ibadan North Local Government Area of Oyo State was undertaken. Interviews using semi-structured questionnaires and open-ended conversations were conducted among one hundred and seventy-six (176) respondents aged 30 years and above to obtain relevant information. Results: A total of one hundred and one (101) plants belonging to fifty-four (54) families were identified of which the highest number of plants mentioned belong to family Compositae. The usage profiles of the plants were quantified by the quotation frequency/ mention index. Conclusion: It was observed that Ibadan is a rich source of plants indicated in management of hypertension. More scientific work especially biological studies are needed to ascertain the efficacy, toxicity, safety and appropriate dosage regimen of these ethno-medicinal remedies.Item Safety profile of citrullus mucosospermus fursa fruit in wistar rats and characterization of its major toxic constituent(Natural Product Research group, University of Benin, 2019) Ajayi, T. O.; Moody, J. O.Citrullus mucosospermus Fursa known as 'Egusi baara' in Southwest Nigeria is a pale yellow green bitter fruit used ethnomedicinally for hyperlipidemia and weight gain management. There, however, exist few references to the safety profile of C. mucosospermus as it is known to contain toxic principles known as curcubitacins. Hence, this study evaluated the safety profile of C. mucosospermus, isolated and identified its major toxic curcubitacin constituent. The methanol extract of C. mucosospermus at graded doses of 100, 200, 400 and 1000 mg/kg body weight was administered orally to five groups of rats for 28 days including a control on a daily basis. The biochemical, histopathological and hematological indices were evaluated using standard procedures. The isolated compound was obtained from the purification of the ethyl acetate fraction of the fruit extract and the characterization was by spectroscopic (IR, NMR) procedures. An increase in neutrophil concentration after extract administration at a dose of 200 mg/kg was observed and a decrease in the liver enzymes at all doses tested confirming its hepatoprotective potential with mild to moderate changes observed in tissues of the kidney at 100 and 400 mg/kg and liver at all doses tested. The isolated compound was one of the toxic cucurbitacins identified as cucurbitacin E. The fruit pulp of C. mucosospermus could offer hepatoprotective effects despite its curcubitacin content.Item The anxiolytic properties of vernonia amygdalina (asteraceae) in laboratory mice(Ibadan Biomedical Communications Group, 2016) Onasanwo, S. A.; Aitokhuehi, N. G.; Ajayi, T. O.; Faborode, O. S.Anxiety is a state of excessive fear and is characterized by motor sympathetic hyperactivity, apprehension and vigilance syndromes. Vernonia amygdalina commonly called bitter leaf, belongs to the family Astaraceae, and has been reported to be used locally in the treatment of psychiatric challenges. However, no work has been reported on pharmacological potentials of ethyl acetate fraction of Vernonia amygdalina on anxiety. This study was therefore designed to investigate the effect of ethyl acetate fraction Vernonia amygdalina (EAVA) on anxiety status in mice. The air-dried leaves of Vernonia amygdalina (VA) pulverized and macerated in methanol for 72 hours, before the extract was partitioned into n-hexane and ethyl acetate fractions. The anxiolytic-like effect of EAVA was investigated using the elevated plus maze (EPM), elevated zero maze (EZM) and light- dark test (LDT). The results obtained were expressed as mean ± S.E.M. Data were analyzed using One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), followed by Newman-Keuls' multiple comparisons test, P<0.05. Vernonia amygdalina showed anxiolytic-like effect in mice, 50- 100mg/kg were significantly different from control by the time spent in the open arms in elevated plus maze and elevated zero maze, and the time spent in light chamber in the light-dark test. In conclusion, this study has shown that ethyl acetate fraction from Vernonia amygdalina possess anxiolytic-like effects. However, further work need to be done to ascertain its mechanism of action.Item Comparative total phenolic content, anti-lipase and antioxidant activities of two Nigerian aframomum species(Nigerian Society of Pharmacognosy, 2016) Ajayi, T. O.; Moody, J. O.; Abiose, I. M.; Ezeoku, N. J.The anti-obesity drug development is presently not a bright story. So far, drugs reported to be effective have stimulated controversies due to side effects they elicit. Obesity and its co-morbidities continue however to constitute major problems in both developed and developing countries. This has resulted in a continuous search for novel, cost-effective, safe and potent alternatives. This study investigated the ethanolic extracts of two Nigerian Aframomum species for their anti-lipase and anti-oxidant activities as well as estimates of their polyphenol contents. Lipase activity was determined using glyceryltrioleate emulsion as a substrate and measuring the release rate of oleic acid from it. Percentage inhibition of lipase by the methanolic extracts of plants was determined spectrophotometrically at T€ and Tƒ € (30 minutes after incubation at 37ÚC). DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging activity of the extracts and that of gallic acid as control was measured using the stable radical DPPH method and absorbance at 515 nm using a spectrophotometer. The IC50 (half-maximal inhibitory concentration) value was calculated by linear regression analysis and the total phenolic content was determined by the Folin-Ciocalteau method at 765 nm. The standard curve was prepared by solutions of Gallic acid in methanol: water (50:50, v/v). Total phenol values are expressed in terms of Gallic acid equivalent (w/w of dry mass). Aframomum melegueta exhibited the highest phenolic content of 60.4 ± 2.36 mgGAE/g, a percentage antioxidant activity of 86.6 % at 200µg/ml and percentage lipase inhibition of 89% at 1mg/ml while Aframomum danielli revealed a total phenolic content of33.3 ± 2.71mgGAE/g, a percentage antioxidant activity of 77.3% at 200µg/ml and percentage lipase inhibition of 73% at 1 mg/ml. The result provides some justifications for the use of these plants in ethno-medicine for the management of obesity. The species exhibited properties that are beneficial to health and therefore could find use as an alternative and/or complementary strategy in managing associated co-morbidities of obesity, and also as possible template for future anti-obesity drug development.Item Toxicological evaluation of Moringa oleifera Lam seeds and leaves in Wistar rats(Phcog. Net, 2016) Ajayi, T. O.; Moody, J. O.; Akintayo, C. O.Miracle tree (Moringa oleifera) as it is popularly called, has been found useful both medicinally and economically. Its consumption both in the raw and as processed preparations has increased a great deal thus making the fast growing plant a highly valued and cultivated one in the tropics and sub-tropics. There is however, little reference to its toxicity profile and evaluation. Hence, this study evaluated the toxicity profiles of the leaves and seeds of M. oleifera and the corresponding effects on vital organs of Wistar rats using the biochemical, heamatological and histopathological indices. Daily doses of 100, 200, 400 and 1000 mg/kg body weight of crude methanol extracts of M. oleifera leaves and seeds were administered orally to 8 groups of 5 rats per group each for 28 days. A control group of 5 rats was also included in the experiment. Heamatological, biochemical and histopathological indices were evaluated by standard methods. Data were analyzed using one way analysis of variance and statistically significant difference was considered at p <0.05, p<0.01 and p<0.001. Histopatho- logical changes were observed in the heart, liver, lungs, spleen and kidneys of rats treated with the extracts at all doses tested. Some other physical changes like agitation, confusion and disorientation were observed at the highest dose tested (1000 mg/kg) of the seed extract. A significant increase (p<0.05) in neutrophil, white blood cell (WBC) and platelet were observed. However, a significant decrease in aspartate amino transferase (AST), alanine amino transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase, (ALP) was also observed. The results suggest that the leaf and seed extracts of M. oleifera could boost immunity and offer hepatoprotective effects.Item Ethnobotanical survey of plants used in the management of obesity in Ibadan, south-western Nigeria(African Journals Online, 2015) Ajayi, T. O.; Moody, J. O.Background: Until recent times, being obese was considered to be an evidence of wealth in the South-Western part of Nigeria. As a result of a combination of wrong attitudes, ignorance and carefree lifestyle, a sizeable percentage of the population has become predisposed to obesity an emerging problem in developing economies of the world. Objective: To identify and document medicinal plants used in ethno-medical management of obesity in selected rural and urban communities within Ibadan metropolis. This is with the aim of contributing to a database of plants for future systematic biological and chemical evaluation for possible source of anti-obesity agents and drug leads. Materials and methods: An inventory of plant species/natural remedies used in folk medicine to manage obesity in two Local Government Areas of Oyo State was undertaken. Interviews using semi-structured questionnaires and open-ended conversations were conducted among eighty (80) respondents (30% men and 70% women) aged 25 years and above to obtain relevant information.. Results: A total of fifteen (15) plants belonging to twelve (12) genera and twelve (12) families were identified. The usage profiles of the plants were quantified by the quotation frequency/mention index. Respondents from the urban rely more on finished products from local and foreign blends which are mostly multi-component remedies. Conclusion: The study revealed that Ibadan is a rich source of plants indicated in management of obesity. More scientific work especially biological studies are needed to ascertain the efficacy, toxicity, safety and appropriate dosage regimen of these ethno-medicinal remedies.Item Antisickling activity of the fresh and dried roots of cissus populnea guill. Et perr (vitaceae)(Nigerian Society of Pharmacognosy, 2015) Adebayo, E. M.; Adeyemi, A. A.; Omotade, O. O.; Fasola, F. A.; Ajayi, T. O.; Attah, F. A.; Famojuro, T. I.; Adebisi, L.; Moody, J. O.Research into plants with claimed traditional use in the management of sickle cell anaemia constitutes a useful research strategy in the search for new antisickling drugs and templates. The root of Cissus populnea has been used traditionally in the management of sickle cell disease (SCD). Phytochemical screening of the fresh and powdered sample of the root of C. populnea (CP) was done using standard methods followed by in vitro antisickling evaluation of extracts, solvent-partitioned fraction (ethylacetate) and the vacuum liquid chromatographic fractions (VLC) of the fresh and dried roots of C. populnea with sodium metabisulphite induced sickling of HbSS erythrocytes. p-hydroxybenzoic acid and normal saline were used as positive and negative controls respectively. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of tannins, saponins and cardiac glycosides. The result of this study showed that the extracts and solvent-partitioned fraction (ethylacetate) from the root of CP have antisickling property with a higher activity for the ethylacetate partitioned fraction of the dried roots compared to that of the fresh roots. The VLC fractions exhibited higher activity than the crude extracts; fraction 3 (FR3) had the maximum activity of 96.4% while 88.6% activity was demonstrated for the standard drug (PABA) at an incubation time of 45 min. This study has thus provided scientific evidence for the traditional use of CP in the management of SCD.