FACULTY OF PHARMACY

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450 Barriers and enablers to medication deprescribing among older patients attending a geriatric clinic in southwestern nigeria: a cross-sectional study
(2023) Akande-Sholabi W.; Ajilore C. O.; Olowookere O.O; Adebusoye L.A
Introduction: Polypharmacy is an increasing health problem, leading to rise in morbidity and mortality, especially among older patients. De prescribing has been recommended for managing polypharmacy, but deprescribing medication in older patients is still uncommon (1). Safe deprescribing interventions can reduce exposure to inappropriate polypharmacy among older patients. However, few empirical data exist on the barriers and enablers to medication deprescribing among older patients in sub-Saharan African countries. Aim: This study aimed to assess the barriers and enablers of medication deprescribing among older patients. Methods: A cross-sectional study of 415 older patients aged ≥60 years, selected consecutively at the geriatric clinic in a Tertiary Hospital was carried out between May and July 2022. An interviewer-administered semi-structured questionnaire was used to obtain information on their socio-demographic characteristics, and barriers and enablers
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(2019-05) Valantine
A New Method for the Microdetermination of Para Aminophenol in Generic Brands of Paracetamol Tablets
(Taylor & Francis Group,, 2019) Adegoke, O. A.; Thomas, O. E.; Amao, S. A.; Agboola, S. O.; Omotosho, A. E.
In Nigeria, paracetamol is readily available in several retail outlets where the conditions of storage can be poor leading to elevated levels of para-aminophenol (PAP), which is known to be nephrotoxic and hepatotoxic. However, the routine analysis of PAP is mostly by chromatographic separation which requires expensive instrumentation not often available in developing countries. The objective of this research was to develop a sensitive colorimetric method for the quantification of PAP in paracetamol. The method was based on the diazo coupling reaction between diazotised PAP and chromotropic acid. Various reaction parameters critical for optimal detector response were optimized. The validation of the new method was done following the determination of parameters including repeatability, reproducibility and selectivity using current ICH guidelines. The new method was also applied to the assay of PAP in 14 paracetamol tablet samples. The calibration was linear between 0.0297 and 0.2229 mg/mL at 470nm with limits of detection and quantification of 0.0061 and 0.0185 mg/mL, respectively. The recovery was in the range of 95.96 and 102.21 while intra- and inter-day precisions at three different concentrations did not exceed 4.03%. The new method was successfully applied to quantify PAP in paracetamol with percent content varying from 0.14 to 0.21%w/w. A simple and reliable method for the quantification of PAP has been developed and successfully employed to report, for the first time, the presence of the degradation product at levels beyond the allowable limits in paracetamol dosage forms in Nigeria.
A new spectrophotometric method for the determination of gabapentin usingchromotropic acid
(Istanbul Medipol University, 2018) Adegbolagun, O. M.; Thomas, O. E.; Aiyenale, E. O.; Adegoke, O.A.
The purpose was to develop a colorimetric method for determining gabapentin. The method was based on the diazo coupling reaction between diazotized gabapentin and chromotropic acid. The method was validated using ICH guidelines before its application to generic brands of gabapentin. Coupling reaction generated an orange azo adduct whose absorbance was linearly correlated with concentration in the range of 1-6 μg/mL at 470 nm. The method was accurate and precise with recovery range of 97.6-103.1%; intra- and inter-day precisions (%RSD) were less than 0.65% and showed no statistical difference when compared with reference method in the analysis of the dosage forms. The 3D optimization of the adduct revealed an E-type configuration around the azo linkage which would contribute to its stability. The new method can serve as a reliable alternative to the official method for the routine analysis of gabapentin in bulk and dosage forms.
A preliminary investigation of prevalence of extended spectrum beta lactamases among enterobacteriaceae isolated from poultry farms in Ibadan, Nigeria
(Nigeria Association of Pharmacists in Academia (NAPA), 2015) Ayeni, F. A.; Olujobi, O. F.; Alabi, O. S.
Background: -Antibiotic resistance and extended spectrum beta–lactamase (ESBL) producing enterobacteriaceae are global health concerns and major problems for the treatment of different infections caused by enterobacteriaceae. Objective: -This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of phenotypically identified ESBL producers in enterobacteriaceae strains isolated from poultry farms in Ibadan. Material and Methods: Enterobacteriaceae were isolated from faecal samples of 45 chickens from 3 farms in Ibadan, Nigeria. The E. coli strains in the isolates were identified by biochemical methods. The susceptibility of all enterobacteriaceae strains to selected β lactam antibiotics were tested by disc diffusion method. ESBL production was tested by double disk synergy test and MIC determination (8–512 μg/ml) Results: - A total of 40 Enterobacteriaceae strains were isolated and 20 of the strains were identified as E. coli while 20 were tagged other Enterobacteriaceae strains. The E. coli strains were generally susceptible to tested antibiotics while other Enterobacteriaceae were relatively resistant. All the tested Enterobacteriacea were susceptible to cefepine. 15% of E.coli isolates were resistant to amoxicillin/clavulaniz and 38.9% of other Enterobacteriaceace isolates were resistant to cefoxitin. 5% of E. coli strains and 25% of other Enterobacteriaceae produced ESBL with concentration range of ˂8 μg/ml and >512μg/ml for antibiotics used singly and in combination with clavulanic acid respectively. Conclusions: - This study showed low occurrence of ESBL in E. coli strains but relatively high occurrence in other Enterobacteriaceae in poultries in Ibadan, Nigeria.. Therefore, there is need to control the use of antibiotics in poultry feeds and livestock production.
Acetylated starch of ofada rice as a sustained release polymer in microsphere formulations of repaglinide
(Pharmaceutical Society of Nigeria, 2015) Okunlola, A.; Ogunkoya, T. O.
Background: Acetylated starches with degrees of substitution (DS) of > 2 have been found suitable for sustained release applications because of their hydrophobic nature and thermoplasticity. The short half-life and high dosing frequency of repaglinide make it an ideal candidate for sustained release. Objectives: To formulate and evaluate repaglinide microspheres using acetylated starch of the indigenous rice species Oryza glaberrima Steud (Ofada) as polymer. Materials and Methods: Ofada rice starch was acetylated with acetic anhydride in pyridine (DS 2.68) and characterized for morphology (Scanning electron microscope, SEM), Crystallinity (Fourier Transform Infra-Red spectroscopy, FTIR, and X-ray diffraction crystallography, XRD), density and swelling. Microspheres of repaglinide were prepared by emulsification solvent-evaporation method, varying the drug-polymer ratio (1:2, 1:4, 1:8 and 1:10) and polymer type (ethyl cellulose as standard). Microspheres were characterized for particle size, wall thickness, swelling, entrapment efficiency, time taken for 80% drug release (t80) and permeability. Data obtained from in-vitro drug release studies were fitted to various kinetic models. Results: Repaglinide microspheres were near spherical, discrete and of size range 23.45 ± 4.25 to 44.55±3.85 μm. FTIR spectra revealed the absence of drug–polymer interaction and complete drug entrapment. Particle size, swelling, entrapment and wall thickness increased with drug: polymer ratio and were generally higher in microspheres containing acetylated Ofada rice starch while t80 (195±6.60 - 395± 24.75 min) was lower. Drug release fitted the Hixson-Crowell kinetic model. Conclusions: The acetylated starch of Ofada rice was found suitable as a polymer to sustain the release of repaglinide in microsphere formulations.
Alteration in hormonal level and testicular histomorphology in rats treated with alcohol (ALC) and cannabinol (CBN)
(Centre for Enchancing Knowledge, 2019) Akintayo, C. O.; Ajayi, T. O.; Akinsomisoye, S. O.; Faeji, C. O.; Adewumi, A. F.; Akele, Y. R.
This study explores the effects of chronic alcohol and cannabinol exposure on the testosterone levels and the histomorphological integrity/cytoarchitecture of the rats’ testes. Adults male Wistar rats were randomly divided into control (distilled water), methanol (2mg/kg bw), alcohol (3g/kg bw), cannabinol (10mg/kg bw) and alcohol (3g/kg bw) plus cannabinol (10mg/kg bw) groups respectively. Alcohol and cannabinol were administered orally twice daily for 52 days (spermatogenic cycle in rats) and at the end of treatment, male reproductive organ (testis) was removed and cleared of adherent tissue and then fixed for histological examination. Blood samples were collected via retro-orbital sinus for hormone (testosterone) assay. Serum testosterone levels were measured using the enzyme immunoassay (E.I.A.) technique. Hormonal assay showed significant reductions in the levels of testosterone (T) (p < 0.05) in the alcohol alone, cannabinol alone and in the alcohol plus cannabinol treated groups. The Histological analysis of the treated groups showed severe reduction of the spermatogenic cells. The present study showed that following chronic alcohol and/or cannabinol administration the results showed significant reduction (p<0.05) in testosterone levels and a detrimental effect on the histomorphology of the testes. Alcohol and/or cannabinol therefore exhibit inhibitory effects causing inhibition of testosterone as observed in this study.
Ameliorative Effect of Javiscum® and Ficus Exasperata on Nw – Nitro- L-Arginine Methyl Ester (L-Name)-Induced Dyslipidemia in Wistar Rats
(Society for Experimental Biology of Nigeria, 2022) Ajayi, T. O.; Alaka, H. O.; Akintayo, C. O.; Kayode, A. B.; Ojo, O. A.
The term "cardiovascular diseases" (CVDs) refers to a variety of heart and blood vessel conditions. It is the main factor in close to 30% of all fatalities worldwide and the leading cause of morbidity and mortality. CVDs have emerged as an important health problem all over the world but the dependence on conventional drugs for management has been plagued with toxicity and inconsistency as side effects while alternative intervention is gradually gaining acceptance. Hence the present work sought to compare and evaluate the effects of methanol extract of Javiscum®(JV), a polyherbal formulation and a single herbal formulation Ficus exasperata (FE) on serum lipids, and liver enzymes of Nw –nitro- L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) treated rats. Adult male Wistar rats were grouped into 9 (n=6). Control group I was administered distilled water. Group II, with L-NAME (40 mg/kg body weight), group III, L-NAME and amlodipine 5 mg/kg per body weight while groups IV, V, VI were administered L-NAME (40 mg/kg) and treated with 400, 200, 100 mg/kg of JV. Groups VII, VIII and IX were administered L-NAME (40 mg/kg) and treated with 400, 200, and 100 mg/kg of FE extract respectively. Animals were weighed, and blood samples, collected after 28 days after models from previous researchers. The lipid profile, serum nitric oxide and liver enzyme levels, were evaluated by standard methods. L-NAME was observed to reduce body weights, nitric oxide concentration and High-density lipoprotein (HDLc), but increased liver enzymes Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total cholesterol and triglycerides. JV at 400 mg/kg elicited the highest reversal of L-NAME effects on nitric oxide level. JV and FE at 200 mg/kg were able to significantly (p˂ 0.05) reduce the concentration of AST when compared to L-NAME treated group. 2 F. exasperata and Javiscum®, reversed the negative effects of L-NAME, thereby validating the use of these herbals in CVD management. The activities of JV and FE revealed that a polyherbal formulation may not necessarily confer a more significant activity as generally believed. Isolation and characterisation of the constituents responsible for activities may be templates for newer CVD drug discovery.
ANTI-DIABETIC AND ANTI-OXIDANT EVALUATION OF ANTHOCLEISTA DJALONENSIS A. CHEV AND ANTHOCLEISTA VOGELII PLANCH
(2014-12) OLUBOMEHIN, O. O.
Diabetes a major degenerative disease of global concern accounts for about 3.2 million deaths annually. Alpha-amylase inhibitors from plants are effective in managing postprandial hyperglycaemia which is significant in Type 2 diabetes. Search for natural anti-oxidants has increased recently because free radicals production has been linked to a number of diseases including diabetes. Anthocleista djalonensis and Anthocleista vogelii are used traditionally in Nigeria and parts of Africa to treat diabetes. This study was aimed at evaluating the α-amylase inhibition, anti-oxidant and anti-diabetic effects of extracts and compounds of both plants to verify their traditional use. The leaves, stem bark and roots of both plants were collected along Ijebu-Ode – Benin road and authenticated at the Herbarium of the Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria, Ibadan. The plant samples were macerated in 80% aqueous methanol for 72 h. Each crude extract, suspended in water: methanol (4:1) was partitioned into ethyl acetate. The crude extracts and ethyl acetate fractions of the leaves and stem bark of both plants were subjected to in vitro α-amylase inhibition assay with acarbose as positive control. The anti-oxidant activity was evaluated using 2, 2’-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl with α-tocopherol as control, while anti-diabetic properties of the crude extracts were studied in vivo using 45 albino wistar rats (150-200 g) of both sexes. The rats were made diabetic with 80 mg/kg of alloxan and treated with the extracts (1 g/kg) for seven days; glibenclamide 2.5 mg/kg was used as reference. Blood glucose levels (BGL) were monitored daily. Bioassay-guided fractionation and chromatographic methods were used to isolate active compounds from the ethyl acetate fractions of both plants. Structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated using spectroscopic techniques: infra-red, mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance (one-dimensional and two-dimensional). Data were analysed statistically using ANOVA at p<0.001. Anthocleista djalonensis leaf and stem bark crude extracts gave highest α-amylase inhibition of 42.8% and 41% with their ethyl acetate fractions also producing the highest α-amylase inhibition of 50.0% and 36.6% at 1.0 mg/mL while acarbose gave 54.9%. The crude extract and ethyl acetate fraction of A. vogelii leaf gave 80.7% and 87.4% inhibitions at 1.0 mg/mL in the anti-oxidant assay while α-tocopherol gave 89.5%. Peak reduction in BGL was observed for A. djalonensis stem bark and leaf crude extracts at 72.6% and 45.7% on day-6 of treatment while the stem bark and leaf extracts of A. vogelii gave 68.9% and 60.4%, respectively on day-7. The root extracts of both plants also caused peak reduction in BGL at 48.5% on day-7 while glibenclamide had 57.4%. Bioassay-guided fractionation furnished djalonenol, a monoterpene diol with a significant α-amylase inhibition of 53.7% from fraction 11 of the stem bark of A. djalonensis and decussatin, a xanthone with significant inhibition of 78.0% from fraction 5 of the leaves and stem bark of A .vogelii. The presence of α-amylase inhibitors, djalonenol and decussatin from both plants makes them important in the treatment of type 2 diabetes and could be responsible for their anti-diabetic effect. Anthocleista vogelii could be a source of anti-oxidant compounds.
Anti-Inflamatory and analgesic activities of securidaca longepedunculata fers (Polygalaceae) leaf and stem bark methanolic extract
(2014-09) Alafe, A. O.; Elufioye, T. O.; Faborode, O. S; Moody, J. O.
Securidaca longepedunculata Fers (Polygalaceae) is commonly used in many parts of Africa for the treatment of rheumatic conditions, fever, headache and various other inflammatory based diseases. The present study was carried out to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of Securidaca longepedunculata leaf and stem bark methanol extracts using animal model. The anti-inflammatory activity of the methanolic extracts were evaluated using carrageenan induced paw edema in rats while the analgesic activity was determined using acetic acid induced writhing in mice. Both the leaf and stem methanol extracts exhibited anti-inflammatory activity greater than 70% at all doses tested. This activity was dose dependent with the highest being at 800 mg/kg Po and significant at P< 0.05. The analgesic activity of both extract was however below 50%, though comparable with that of aspirin used as the standard. This study has justified the inclusion of Securidaca longepedunculata in remedies used for the management of inflammatory based diseases traditionally.
Anti-inflammatory activity of the Methanol Extracts of Cissus Populnea GUILLS & PERS and Cissus Arguta HOOK. F.
(University of Ibadan, 2022) Ogunmefun, S. A.; Ajayi, T. O.; Moody, J. O.
Inflammation, characterized by pain, heat, swelling, redness, and loss of body function, is a living tissue's initial response to injury. There are ethno-botanical claims made about these plants for their wound-healing abilities which have not been scientifically validated. Therefore, this study was conducted to examine the anti-inflammatory activity of the two related Cissus species. The plant samples (leaf, stem and root) were dried, powdered and extracted with methanol (100%) and concentrated in vacuo and evaporated to dryness at room temperature. The anti-inflammatory activity of the plant extracts was evaluated using the in vitro protein denaturation and carrageenan-induced foot pad assay in chick, Diclofenac sodium as the reference and saline as control. Anti-inflammatory effects were observed in a dose-dependent manner. The phytochemical screening performed on the extracts showed the presence of phenols, flavonoids, tannin, anthraquinone, glycosides, saponin and alkaloid. The leaf extract of C. arguta and the stem extract of C. populnea inhibited protein denaturation with a value of 64.46±0.10 and 53.34±0.04 at 3 mg/mL respectively compared to the control group and diclofenac (52.86±0.00) at 3 mg/mL. All concentrations of extract tested; 10, 30, 100 mg/kg) for in vivo study had a significant effect in reducing total edema (AUC) (P < 0.01), and in most case they performed better than diclofenac. However, root extracts of C. populnea at 30 mg/kg (7.13±1.06) had better result in inhibiting edema in chicks than C. arguta extracts at 30 mg/kg (5.64±0.05). The plants exhibited anti-inflammatory activity which can be of great pharmacological importance.
Anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities of hippocratea indica root bark and poga oleosa fruits
(2007) Ogbole, O. O.; Ekor, M. N.; Oluremi, B. B.; Ajaiyeoba, E. O.; Gbolade, A. A.; Ayoola, M. A.; Adeyemi, A. A.
The methanolic extracts of Hippocratea indica root bark and Poga oleosa fruits were investigated for anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities. Both extracts inhibited carrageenan-induced paw oedema significantly in rats in a dose-dependent manner in 4 h. H. indica inhibited oedema significantly at the minimal dose (125 mg/ml, p< 0.05) from 2 h onward, and gave 100% inhibition in 4 h. at 250 mg/kg. It was shown to be a more potent anti-inflammatory agent than P. oleosa. Also, H. indica extract exhibited greater antimicrobial activity against tested bacteria, with Staphylococcus aureus being the most susceptible bacterium (MIC, 16 mg/ml). Both plants were inactive against Candida albicans. These results confirm the anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activities of the two plants.
Anti-malarial activity of methanol extracts of Anacardium Occidentale linn. (Anacardiaceae) and Psidium Guajava Linn. (Myrtaceae) leaves
(Ibadan Biomedical Communications Group, 2023) Tejumade, A. O.; Ajayi, T. O.; Adeyemi, A. A.; Elujoba, A. A.
The antiplasmodial activities of Anacardium occidentale L. and Psidium guajava L. have been severally reported in literature. β--hematin production is an exclusive method implemented by Plasmodium protozoan parasite to produce very high quantities of redox active free hemoglobin. The purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of methanol extracts of Anacardium occidentale L. and Psidium guajava L. leaves used to treat severe malaria attacks in Nigeria and their impact on the inhibition of β-hematin production. The LD50 values for the leaves of Psidium guajava L. and Anacardium occidentale L. in methanol extracts were >5000 mg/kg and 1600 mg/kg, respectively. On Day 4, Plasmodium berghei-infected mice (NK 65) displayed comparable chemo-suppression of parasitaemia for A. occidentale (73.88%) and P. guajava (72.75%). However, both extracts had lower activities than chloroquine (83.58 %; 20 mg/mL). A. occidentale had a higher inhibition of formation of β hematin, with IC50 of 36.1 ± 0.52 µg/mL than P. guajava with IC50 of l0.25 ± 0.07 µg/mL and chloroquine with IC50 of 2.71±0.39 µg/mL. According to the current study, methanol extracts of the leaves of Anacardium occidentale L. and Psidium guajava L. have similar antimalarial effects and are associated with a reduction in β-hematin production. The in vivo antimalarial activity of Psidium guajava L. and Anacardium occidentale L. were equivalent, but Psidium guajava L. possessed a more potent inhibitor of the production of β-hematin.
Anti-sickling activities of two isolated compounds from the root of Combretum racemosum P. beauv. (Combretaceae)
(Elsevier Inc., 2021) Famojuro, T. I.; Ajayi, T. O.; Fasola, F. A.; Fukushi, Y.; Omotade, O. O.; Moody, J. O.; Adeyemi, A. A.
Ethnopharmacological relevance: Evaluation of plants such as Combretum racemosum with claimed traditional use in the management of sickle cell anaemia in Nigeria and other parts of West Africa could serve as a useful research strategy in the search for potential anti-sickling drugs and templates. Aim of the study: This study aimed at evaluating the antisickling potential of C. racemosum by activity-guided purification and isolation of its active constituents. Materials and methods: Crude methanol extract of the root of C. racemosum and the fractions obtained by par titioning with chloroform, ethyl acetate, and aqueous were investigated for anti-sickling activity against sodium metabisulphite induced sickling of sickle cell haemoglobin (HbSS). Repeated chromatographic separations were conducted on the most active chloroform fraction to purify and isolate bioactive compounds for further tests for anti-sickling activity. The characterization of the isolated compounds was done by mass spectrometry (FD+MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance ( 1 HNMR) spectroscopy. Results: The chloroform fraction (FA) (% sickled erythrocyte ranged from 3.0 to 34.1) exhibited better anti sickling activity than aqueous (% sickled erythrocyte ranged from 38.9 to 51.5) as well as the crude methanol (% sickled erythrocyte ranged from 19.1 to 30.4). Hence, the phytochemical investigation was focused on the chloroform fraction, which led to the identification of two ellagic acid derivatives (3,3′ ,4′ -tri-O-methyl ellagic acid (A) and 3,3′ -di-O- methyl ellagic acid (B). The two isolated compounds possessed good, comparable anti sickling activities with compound A exhibiting a slightly better in vitro activity. Conclusion: This paper reports for the first time anti-sickling principles from C. racemosum and therefore, provided some justification for the ethnomedicinal use of the plant in the management of sickle cell disease.
Antibiotic resistance profile and phenotypic detection of betaLactamase-producers among gram-negative bacteria isolated from
(Nigeria Association of Pharmacists in Academia (NAPA), 2016) Adejumo, A. E.; Alabi, O. S.; Adeleke, O. E.
Background: Cockroaches are carriers of numerous microorganisms. However, there is paucity of information on their role as potential reservoir for beta-lactamase producers. Objectives: This research determined the antibiotics susceptibility profile of Beta-lactamase producing Gramnegative bacteria isolated from the gut of household cockroaches in selected locations in and around University of Ibadan, Oyo state. Materials and Methods: Thirty Cockroaches from different locations in and around University of Ibadan were collected between June 2015 and March, 2016, and their intestinal homogenates cultured on different selective media for the isolation of bacteria. The isolates were identified using a combination of biochemical tests and 16S rRNA sequencing. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was done using the disc-diffusion technique and phenotypic detection of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL), AmpC-beta-lactamase (AmpC) and Metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL) production was done using double-disc synergy, cefoxitin/cloxacillin and imipenem/EDTA double-disc methods respectively. Results: A total number of 58 bacteria belonging to nine genera; Pseudomonas, Proteus, Klebsiella, Salmonella, Enterobacter, Escherichia, Serratia, Shigella and Raoultella were isolated. Higher percentage of the isolates exhibited resistance to erythromycin (90%), azithromycin (87.5%), amoxicillin (84.5%), ampicillin (74.1%), amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (74.1%), cefoxitin (67.2%) and chloramphenicol (54%), while lower percentage showed resistance to aztreonam (25%), ertapenem (13%), cefotaxime (8.6%), ceftazidime (10.3%), cefepime (5.2%), ciprofloxacin (3.5%), gentamicin (5.2%) and imipenem (0%). MDR phenotype was recorded among 82% of the isolates, 17.2% were positive for ESBL, 12% for AmpC and 13.8% for MBL production. Conclusion: This study identified household cockroaches Periplaneta americana, as a potential reservoir for MDR and beta-lactamase-producing isolates. Keywords: Susceptibility testing, ESBL, AmpC, MBL, Beta-Lactamase, MDR, Household cockroaches Cockroaches are insects of the order Blattodea some of which are associated with human environment (Beccaloni, 2014). One of the two species of cockroaches that has been reported by different authors to be widely distributed in Nigeria is the American cockroaches namely Periplaneta americana (Ajero et al., 2011; Etim et al., 2012; Akinjogunla et al., 2012; Tilahun et al., 2012). The incidence of Cockroach infestation in restaurants, hospitals, warehouses, offices and within households, particularly the kitchen, have been reported to be very high in Nigeria (Omudu and Akosu, 2013; Braimah et al., 2015). The insects being nocturnal in nature are found in dark places within the households during the day hiding in opened and cracked sections of the wall, furniture, inside wardrobes and cupboards (Omudu and Akosu, 2013; Billah et al., 2015; Braimah et al., 2015). Sometimes they enter into cooking pots and other kitchen utensils if left opened. They feed on leftover food, cooked and uncooked food materials contaminating them with microorganisms on their body and in their faecal droppings especially those ready to eat food that do not require further processing before eating them (Xue et al., 2009). They are also found in other parts of the house including bedrooms (Etim et al., 2013). Cockroaches are also found in garbage and sewage tanks, particularly in homes with pit latrine (Craczyk et al., 2005; Pai et al., 2005) making them a potential vector for pathogenic and non-pathogenic microorganisms from human origin (Graczyk et al., 2005; Pai et al., 2005; Vazirianzadeh et al. 2014). Studies have shown that most of the disease-causing bacteria of human origin can survive within the body system of cockroaches (Imamura et al., 2003), hence their presence in sewage and garbage elucidate their role as potential carriers of these human diseasecausing agents (Vazirianzadeh et al., 2014). Several authors have incriminated cockroaches as reservoir and transmitters of disease-causing microorganisms like Enterobacter spp., Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Shigella spp., Campylobacter spp. and Salmonella spp., especially those in the hospital environment (Craczyk et al., 2005; Tatfeng et al., 2005; Ukay et al., 2009; Tilahun et al., 2012; Vazirianzadeh et al., 2014). In addition, cockroaches have also been reported to carry microbial agents of leprosy, urinary tract infection (Enterococcus spp.), MATERIALS AND METHODS Study Area The study was carried out in University of Ibadan metropolis, Oyo state. The areas of choice were kitchen and toilets in residential apartments in and around the University of Ibadan. Specimen Collection and Preparation for bacteria isolation A total of 30 cockroaches, identified to be Periplaneta americana, through online file (Beccaloni, 2014), were collected from residential cholecystitis (Helicobacter hepaticus), plague (Yersinia pestis) and bacteremia, septic arthritis and peritonitis (Oligella urethralis) (Pat, 2006; Falsafi and Mahboubi, 2013). Antibiotic resistance and its spread among bacterial isolates is a global problem and has been reported among bacterial isolates in both clinical and community settings (WHO, 2014). Cockroaches have been reported to harbour pathogenic and opportunistic pathogens that exhibited high level resistance to antibiotics, especially those used in lifethreatening disease cases such as the cephalosporins and carbapenems (Fathpour et al., 2003; Bouamama et al., 2010; Wannigama et al., 2014). Bacterial isolates exhibiting multidrug resistance phenotype have also been reported in cockroaches (Devi and Murray, 1991; Tetteh-Quarcoo et al., 2013). Resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics are known to be mediated mostly by beta-lactamase enzymes. The initial variants of these enzymes were active only on the penicillin class but the discovery of the third generation cephalosporin class help to overcome their destructive action (Paterson and Bonomo, 2005). The advent of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase, and metallo beta-lactamase enzymes among others which are known in addition to the penicillin class, to hydrolyze the third generation cephalosporins (Ceftazidime, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone) and the carbapenems (imipenem, ertapenem) respectively, created a serious problem for clinicians in the management of life-threatening infections caused by such bacteria habouring the enzymes (Paterson and Bonomo, 2005). Currently, there is paucity of information on the various resistant determinants harboured by bacteria isolated from household cockroaches. This study therefore, aimed at using phenotypic techniques to determine multidrug resistance phenotype and the presence of common beta-lactamase enzymes among bacterial isolates from the gut of house-hold cockroaches in selected locations in and around University of Ibadan. apartments using sticky rods and direct collection with sterile hand-gloves (Paul et al., 1992). They were introduced into separate sterile wide-mouth bottles aseptically and transported to the laboratory of the Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, University of Ibadan for freezing at 0oC for 10- 15min to anaesthetize them. Intestinal gut of each cockroach was prepared into samples using the method highlighted by Tetteh-Quarcoo et al. (2013)
Antibiotic susceptibility of common bacterial pathogens in urinary tract infections in a teaching hospital in Southwestern Nigeria
(Academic Journals, 2011-10) Oluremi, B. B.; Idowu, A. O.; Olaniyi, J. F.
"Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common bacterial infections in humans and a major cause of morbidity. However, the aetiology of UTI and their antibiotic sensitivity patterns vary from time to time and across different areas. This study determines the frequently isolated UTI bacteria from inpatients and out-patients of a Teaching hospital in Southwestern Nigeria and their antibiotic susceptibility patterns. Sixty (60) bacterial isolates from urine of patients with significant bacteriuria in UTI were collected and evaluated for their antibiotic sensitivity using modified Kirby-Bauer method. UTI was frequently encountered in females (61.7%) and older patients (50%). 55% of the isolates were from in-patients. The most common etiological organisms of UTI were Esherichia coli (46.7%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (18.3%), Klebsiella spp (13.3%), Staphylococcus aureus (13.3%) and Proteus spp (6.7%). Pseudomonas aeruginosa was found only among hospital isolates while Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from females only. Antibiotic susceptibility pattern revealed that the Enterobacteriaceae were highly susceptible to Ciprofloxacin (71.4 to 75%) while Nitrofurantoin demonstrated the best activity against S. aureus isolates (100%) in both community and hospital acquired UTI. All the isolates exhibited high degree of resistance to Augmentin and amoxicillin. High rate of multi-drug resistance was recorded among all isolates. In view of the increasing rate of resistance of UTI pathogens to commonly used antibiotics, rational prescription and use of antibiotics is advocated."
Antibiotic susceptibility profiles of lactic and acetic acid bacteria isolated from ogi, yoghurt and human vagina in Nigeria
(Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University (ABU), Zaria, Nigeria, 2018-03) Murtala, M.; Alabi, O. S.; Ayeni, F. A .
The beneficial effects of lactic and acetic acid bacteria in human foods are well documented, however, there are increasing safety concerns associated with the exposure of humans to live microbes including transferable antibiotic resistance determinant. Therefore this study determines the antibiotic susceptibility and resistance profiles of lactic and acetic acid bacteria previously isolated from fermented foods and human vagina and the presence of plasmids in the strains. The antibiotic susceptibility and resistance of the bacterial strains was determined by disc diffusion method and the MIC for resistant strains by VITEK 2 compact system. Plasmid extraction was evaluated by ZyppyTM Plasmid Miniprep Kit while the resistant strains were cured using ethidium bromide as mutagen. All the isolates showed varying levels of antibiotic susceptibility/resistance. All the isolates were susceptible to gentamicin and resistant to vancomycin followed by ciprofloxacin. In MIC determination, only the vagina isolates showed 25% resistance to gentamicin and 75% resistance to erythromycin. Overall, only one plasmid was detected from Acetobacter pasterianus which was isolated from yoghurt with size greater than 1kb. Microbial resistance to four antibiotics (Tetracycline, Ampicillin, Sulphamethoxazole/ Trimethoprim and Neomycin) in Lactobacillus plantarum and Acetobacter pasterianus were cured. The studied isolates exhibited high degree of susceptibility to the antibiotics and the curing of the four antibiotic resistant strains indicated that the resistance may be plasmid mediated which can be transferable. Therefore the bacteria strains with cured resistance are not safe for probiotic purpose.
Antifungal capacity of lactic acid bacteria isolated from salad vegetables
(2011-05) Adeniyi, B.; Damsa, I.
This study explores the use of lactic acid bacteria from fresh salad vegetables to inhibit fungal growth. The antifungal assay was done using the agar well diffusion method as reported by Schillinger and Lucke (1989). The largest zone of inhibition (25mm) was recorded by the antagonistic activity of the isolate identified to Lactobacillus plantarum against Candida albicans ATCC 90029. No activity was recorded against Candida parapsilosis ATCC 22019, C. valida UCH 1508, C. pseudotropicalis UCH1408, C. tropicalis UCH 1308 and Trichophyton interdigitalis UCH1708. The cell free supernatant (CFS) of the isolate described to be Lactobacillus brevis was exceptional as it was the only CFS that inhibited the growth of Epidermophyton floccosum UCH 1908. The results show that LAB isolated from salad vegetables can inhibit some fungi pathogens by developing zones around agar well that contain LAB metabolites and can probably be a feasible option for the chemotherapy of fungal infections given the drug resistance exhibited to antifungal agents currently in use.
Antifungal evaluation of formulated ointment from sphenocentrum jollyanum root extract
(Natural Product Research group, University of Benin, 2020) Ajayi, T. O.; Nyong, E. E.; Odeniyi, M. A.; Moody, J. O.
In the light of high cost and frequent reoccurrence of current antifungal drugs, there is a need to explore the natural product resources in managing fungal infection, candidiasis, in which Candida albicans is the causative agent. This study is aimed at evaluating the in vitro and in vivo antifungal activity of Sphenocentrum jollyanum in view of the folkloric use in dressing chronic wounds. The ethylacetate fraction of 70% w/v methanol extract of S. jollyanum root (SJRME) was assessed for in vitro anticandidal activity using agar dilution method. Five groups of Candida albicans infected albino rats were treated with graded concentrations of ethylacetate fraction formulated ointment (50 - 200 mg/mL), with tioconazole cream 1% and normal saline as controls. Skin swabs were taken on days 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 and placed on tryptone soya broth for three days. Serial dilution of the skin swabs was carried out and fungal loads determined using colony counter. The physical properties of the ointment formulated were evaluated. The ethylacetate fraction of SJRME was found to be active at tested concentrations against Candida albicans with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 12.5 mg/mL. Significant activity was also observed against other species of Candida and plant fungi. The formulated ointment had moderate viscosity, smooth texture, bland odour and bright yellow color. Treatment groups showed a significant reduction in fungal loads of skin swabs and ethylacetate fraction of SJRME possess antifungal activity and may therefore be potent templates in antifungal drug development.
Antimicrobial activity of extracts and fractions of Euphorbia lateriflora (Schum. and Thonn) on microbial isolates of the urinary tract
(Elsevier Inc., 2021) Coker, M. E.; Oaikhena, A. O.; Ajayi, T. O.
Euphorbia lateriflora is used in ethnomedicine for treating several conditions, including genital and uri nary tract infections (UTI). Although ethnobotanical claims support its use in therapy, there is limited evi dence on its effect on UTI, even though UTI remains a public health problem in Nigeria especially due to increasing antimicrobial resistance. We investigated the activity of E. lateriflora extracts and fractions on bacterial and fungal isolates from symptomatic urinary tract infections and vaginosis respectively. Qualitative phytochemical screening was conducted on dried pulverised leaves. Successive gradient extraction was carried out with the aid of a soxhlet extractor with n-Hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol respectively. Bioactivity guided fractionation was conducted on the ethyl acetate extract using Vacuum Liquid Chromatography. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing by disc diffusion was conducted on test iso lates. Antimicrobial susceptibility of isolates to extracts and fractions was done using the agar well dif fusion technique. Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) and Minimum Biocidal Concentrations (MBC) were determined by agar and broth dilutions respectively. Time-kill assay of the ethyl acetate extract was conducted using the viable count technique. Phytochemicals present include saponins, tan nins and flavonoids. The majority of isolates used in this study were multidrug resistant. Extracts and fractions of E. lateriflora produced appreciable zones of inhibition on both antibiotic susceptible and resis tant bacteria with MICs of 6.25 mg/mL and MBC ranging from 6.25–50 mg/mL. Bactericidal activity of the ethyl acetate extract was concentration and time dependent with 100% kill at 25 mg/mL after 6 h for E. coli and 2 h for C. albicans. Euphorbia lateriflora contains phytochemicals which possess antimicrobial activity on antibiotic resistant bacteria and has potential in the development of chemotherapeutics for bacterial and fungal infections.