FACULTY OF PHARMACY
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Item Phytochemical composition, anti-fungal activity of Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. (Fabaceae) seed extract and acute toxicity testing of formulated herbal ointment(University of Ibadan, 2023) Ugwuocha, C. F.; Ajayi, T. O.; Odoh, E. U.; Elujoba, A. A.The growing resistance to conventional dandruff remedies has led to the search for newer and affordable treatments from African medicinal plants. This study evaluates the anti-fungal activity of methanol extract of the seed of Mucuna pruriens L. (DC.) Fabaceae (MP) against Malassezia furfur and Malassezia globosa which have been implicated in dandruff etiology. The MP seed sample was collected from Orba, Enugu State, dried, and pulverized. Macroscopic, microscopic, and phytochemical evaluations of the seed were done. Defatting was done with n-hexane extract and cold maceration with methanol for 72 h (ME extract). The anti-fungal activity of the extracts was determined using the agar dilution method with ketoconazole as standard. Two samples of ointment containing 5% and 10% MP seed methanol extract were prepared with an emulsifying base using a fusion technique. An acute skin toxicity test was carried out by applying the formulation to the skin of albino rats and observations were made. Results: Quantitative phytochemical analysis of secondary metabolites in the MP seed gave: phenolic content (8.3%), alkaloids (0.02%), flavonoids (0.2%), saponins (0.4%), tannins (0.09%). The ME extract inhibited growths of Malassezia furfur (MIC 3 mg/mL) and Malassezia globosa (MIC 2 mg/mL). The 5% and 10% samples of the herbal ointment MPO showed no toxicity or irritancy on the animals. Conclusion: Methanol extract of Mucuna pruriens possess antifungal activity against Malassezia furfur and Malassezia globosa and its ointment appears non-toxic.Item Anti-malarial activity of methanol extracts of Anacardium Occidentale linn. (Anacardiaceae) and Psidium Guajava Linn. (Myrtaceae) leaves(Ibadan Biomedical Communications Group, 2023) Tejumade, A. O.; Ajayi, T. O.; Adeyemi, A. A.; Elujoba, A. A.The antiplasmodial activities of Anacardium occidentale L. and Psidium guajava L. have been severally reported in literature. β--hematin production is an exclusive method implemented by Plasmodium protozoan parasite to produce very high quantities of redox active free hemoglobin. The purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of methanol extracts of Anacardium occidentale L. and Psidium guajava L. leaves used to treat severe malaria attacks in Nigeria and their impact on the inhibition of β-hematin production. The LD50 values for the leaves of Psidium guajava L. and Anacardium occidentale L. in methanol extracts were >5000 mg/kg and 1600 mg/kg, respectively. On Day 4, Plasmodium berghei-infected mice (NK 65) displayed comparable chemo-suppression of parasitaemia for A. occidentale (73.88%) and P. guajava (72.75%). However, both extracts had lower activities than chloroquine (83.58 %; 20 mg/mL). A. occidentale had a higher inhibition of formation of β hematin, with IC50 of 36.1 ± 0.52 µg/mL than P. guajava with IC50 of l0.25 ± 0.07 µg/mL and chloroquine with IC50 of 2.71±0.39 µg/mL. According to the current study, methanol extracts of the leaves of Anacardium occidentale L. and Psidium guajava L. have similar antimalarial effects and are associated with a reduction in β-hematin production. The in vivo antimalarial activity of Psidium guajava L. and Anacardium occidentale L. were equivalent, but Psidium guajava L. possessed a more potent inhibitor of the production of β-hematin.Item Effect of Colocasia Esculenta (L.) Schott (Araceae) ethanol leaf extract on sperm concentration in male Wistar rats(Assiut University, 2023) Ajayi, T. O.; Alade, G. O.; James, K. O.; Ajibesin, K. K.Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott (Araceae) is a staple food which supply needed nutrients in Africa and is therefore, employed in ethnomedicine. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the leaf ethanol extract as well as its partitioned fractions (ethyl acetate, butanol and aqueous) on some male reproductive parameters such as sperm count, motility and morphology as well as the histology of testes in male Wistar rats after 15 days of administration of the extracts/fractions. The ethanol extract showed significant increases of 66 and 213% in sperm concentration at 500 and 1000 mg/kg respectively. This activity was largely retained in the ethylacetate with 200, 213 and 300% in sperm concentration at 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg, respectively and aqueous fractions with 274 and 657% increase at 50 and 100 mg/kg, respectively. Motility and morphology were not significantly altered. The histology of the tests revealed that spermatozoa cells were the positively affected cells.Item Ethnobotanical study of plants used in the management of benign prostate hyperplasia in Ilorin, Nigeria(African Journals Online, 2023) Gegele, I. B.; Ajayi, T. O.; Attah, A. F.; Moody, J. O.Background: Benign Prostate Hyperplasia (BPH) is a prevalent illness in older men. It is a condition where the prostate becomes enlarged and blocks the ease of urine passage out of the bladder. Around 50% of the male population develops symptoms of BPH around 51- 60 years of age. Current therapeutic management options come with undesirable side effects like weight gain, dizziness, and impotence, hence, the need to source for safer alternatives initiated by the acquisition, recording, and preservation of traditional knowledge of medicinal plants. Objective: This study aims to preserve indigenous knowledge by documenting medicinal herbs in use as therapy for BPH. Materials & method: Ethnobotanical survey was carried out in the study areas through interviews using a semi structured questionnaire. Respondents included elderly members of the communities, herbalists, and practitioners of traditional medicine. Quantitative ethnobotany index (Use value index) and descriptive statistics were used to analyse data. Results: 50 respondents were interviewed, 64% were Herb sellers, 22% TMPs, Others 14%. 37 plants belonging to 24 plant families were mentioned in the survey. Methods of preparation of recipes mentioned includes: maceration (37%), decoctions (52%), juice (7%), infusions and paste/powder (4%). Method of administration were majorly oral route. The plant family Fabaceae (19%) had the highest representation. This was followed by the families Annonaceae (8%), Euphorbiaceae (6%), Curcubitaceae, Menispermaceae, Combretaceae, Apocynaceae and Rutaceae with 5% each. Other plant families represented 42% of the total number of plants mentioned. Conclusion: The study areas are endowed with abundant flora which serves as a repository for researchers in the quest to develop less toxic drugs with little or no side-effect for the management of BPH.Item Anti-inflammatory activity of the Methanol Extracts of Cissus Populnea GUILLS & PERS and Cissus Arguta HOOK. F.(University of Ibadan, 2022) Ogunmefun, S. A.; Ajayi, T. O.; Moody, J. O.Inflammation, characterized by pain, heat, swelling, redness, and loss of body function, is a living tissue's initial response to injury. There are ethno-botanical claims made about these plants for their wound-healing abilities which have not been scientifically validated. Therefore, this study was conducted to examine the anti-inflammatory activity of the two related Cissus species. The plant samples (leaf, stem and root) were dried, powdered and extracted with methanol (100%) and concentrated in vacuo and evaporated to dryness at room temperature. The anti-inflammatory activity of the plant extracts was evaluated using the in vitro protein denaturation and carrageenan-induced foot pad assay in chick, Diclofenac sodium as the reference and saline as control. Anti-inflammatory effects were observed in a dose-dependent manner. The phytochemical screening performed on the extracts showed the presence of phenols, flavonoids, tannin, anthraquinone, glycosides, saponin and alkaloid. The leaf extract of C. arguta and the stem extract of C. populnea inhibited protein denaturation with a value of 64.46±0.10 and 53.34±0.04 at 3 mg/mL respectively compared to the control group and diclofenac (52.86±0.00) at 3 mg/mL. All concentrations of extract tested; 10, 30, 100 mg/kg) for in vivo study had a significant effect in reducing total edema (AUC) (P < 0.01), and in most case they performed better than diclofenac. However, root extracts of C. populnea at 30 mg/kg (7.13±1.06) had better result in inhibiting edema in chicks than C. arguta extracts at 30 mg/kg (5.64±0.05). The plants exhibited anti-inflammatory activity which can be of great pharmacological importance.Item Ameliorative Effect of Javiscum® and Ficus Exasperata on Nw – Nitro- L-Arginine Methyl Ester (L-Name)-Induced Dyslipidemia in Wistar Rats(Society for Experimental Biology of Nigeria, 2022) Ajayi, T. O.; Alaka, H. O.; Akintayo, C. O.; Kayode, A. B.; Ojo, O. A.The term "cardiovascular diseases" (CVDs) refers to a variety of heart and blood vessel conditions. It is the main factor in close to 30% of all fatalities worldwide and the leading cause of morbidity and mortality. CVDs have emerged as an important health problem all over the world but the dependence on conventional drugs for management has been plagued with toxicity and inconsistency as side effects while alternative intervention is gradually gaining acceptance. Hence the present work sought to compare and evaluate the effects of methanol extract of Javiscum®(JV), a polyherbal formulation and a single herbal formulation Ficus exasperata (FE) on serum lipids, and liver enzymes of Nw –nitro- L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) treated rats. Adult male Wistar rats were grouped into 9 (n=6). Control group I was administered distilled water. Group II, with L-NAME (40 mg/kg body weight), group III, L-NAME and amlodipine 5 mg/kg per body weight while groups IV, V, VI were administered L-NAME (40 mg/kg) and treated with 400, 200, 100 mg/kg of JV. Groups VII, VIII and IX were administered L-NAME (40 mg/kg) and treated with 400, 200, and 100 mg/kg of FE extract respectively. Animals were weighed, and blood samples, collected after 28 days after models from previous researchers. The lipid profile, serum nitric oxide and liver enzyme levels, were evaluated by standard methods. L-NAME was observed to reduce body weights, nitric oxide concentration and High-density lipoprotein (HDLc), but increased liver enzymes Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total cholesterol and triglycerides. JV at 400 mg/kg elicited the highest reversal of L-NAME effects on nitric oxide level. JV and FE at 200 mg/kg were able to significantly (p˂ 0.05) reduce the concentration of AST when compared to L-NAME treated group. 2 F. exasperata and Javiscum®, reversed the negative effects of L-NAME, thereby validating the use of these herbals in CVD management. The activities of JV and FE revealed that a polyherbal formulation may not necessarily confer a more significant activity as generally believed. Isolation and characterisation of the constituents responsible for activities may be templates for newer CVD drug discovery.Item Ethnomedicinal survey of medicinal plants used in the management of diabetes in Ibadan north east and south east, Oyo state, Nigeria(Svedberg Open, 2022) Ajayi, T. O.; Attah, A. F.; Tokede, G. A.Diabetes mellitus, a lifestyle disease, affects 8.3% of the world’s adult population. It is one of the most frequent non-communicable diseases in the modern period with enormous burden due to changes in lifestyle, eating habits, the aging population, and urbanization. This work aimed to document the ethnomedicinal plants used in the management of diabetes among Traditional Medical Practitioners (TMPs), herb dealers, and persons with claims of medicinal plant knowledge in two regions of Ibadan. Data was collected from 100 respondents using a semi-structured questionnaire. Data was examined using descriptive statistics and quantitative ethnobotanical indices. Majority of responders (94%) were females with little or no formal schooling (60%). Sixty plant species belonging to 35 families, and 57 genera were found to be used as antidiabetics in the study areas. The most prominent, being Hunteria umbellata, with the highest Use of Mention Index (UMI-0.56). Plants from the Fabaceae family were most mentioned (23%). The most regularly used plant part is the leaves (25%). Oral route was the main means of administration, with decoction being the most preferred method of preparation. The southwestern Nigeria is rich in unknown plants effective in diabetes control, however, more research is needed to extract, chemically clarify, and describe bioactive components that could be used as lead for the development of new antidiabetic medicines with favorable efficacy and safety profiles.Item Effect of ethanol extract of Irvingia Gabonensis (Aubrey Lecomte Ex O. Rorke) baill. (Irvingiaceae) seeds on diet induced obesity in Wistar Rats(Istanbul Medipol University, 2021) Ajayi, T. O.; Bakre, A. G.; Akintayo, T. C.; Bamigboye, O. O.Obesity is a chronic condition associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. Its comorbidities include cancer, diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular diseases. Traditional medicines have found increasing use due to cost effectiveness and mini mal side effects. This study evaluated the Anti-obesity effect of ethanolic extract of Irvingia gabonensis seeds. Wistar rats were divided into control and treatment groups. Untreated group I on normal diet (negative control), untreated group II on high fat diet (HFD) and 10 mL/Kg Tween 80 (positive control), extract treated groups III-V (50, 100 and 200 mg/Kg) on HFD. Orlistat treated group VI (200 mg/Kg) on HFD (standard). Body mass index (BMI), weight of abdominal fat, cholesterol levels and hepatic enzymes were evaluated after 12 days of treatment. Body mass index (BMI) and abdominal fat of (treatment groups) reduced. How ever, the seed extract and orlistat did not significantly increase liver enzymes. Conclusion: Irvingia gabonensis seed extract showed anti-obesity properties.Item Antimicrobial activity of extracts and fractions of Euphorbia lateriflora (Schum. and Thonn) on microbial isolates of the urinary tract(Elsevier Inc., 2021) Coker, M. E.; Oaikhena, A. O.; Ajayi, T. O.Euphorbia lateriflora is used in ethnomedicine for treating several conditions, including genital and uri nary tract infections (UTI). Although ethnobotanical claims support its use in therapy, there is limited evi dence on its effect on UTI, even though UTI remains a public health problem in Nigeria especially due to increasing antimicrobial resistance. We investigated the activity of E. lateriflora extracts and fractions on bacterial and fungal isolates from symptomatic urinary tract infections and vaginosis respectively. Qualitative phytochemical screening was conducted on dried pulverised leaves. Successive gradient extraction was carried out with the aid of a soxhlet extractor with n-Hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol respectively. Bioactivity guided fractionation was conducted on the ethyl acetate extract using Vacuum Liquid Chromatography. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing by disc diffusion was conducted on test iso lates. Antimicrobial susceptibility of isolates to extracts and fractions was done using the agar well dif fusion technique. Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) and Minimum Biocidal Concentrations (MBC) were determined by agar and broth dilutions respectively. Time-kill assay of the ethyl acetate extract was conducted using the viable count technique. Phytochemicals present include saponins, tan nins and flavonoids. The majority of isolates used in this study were multidrug resistant. Extracts and fractions of E. lateriflora produced appreciable zones of inhibition on both antibiotic susceptible and resis tant bacteria with MICs of 6.25 mg/mL and MBC ranging from 6.25–50 mg/mL. Bactericidal activity of the ethyl acetate extract was concentration and time dependent with 100% kill at 25 mg/mL after 6 h for E. coli and 2 h for C. albicans. Euphorbia lateriflora contains phytochemicals which possess antimicrobial activity on antibiotic resistant bacteria and has potential in the development of chemotherapeutics for bacterial and fungal infections.Item Anti-sickling activities of two isolated compounds from the root of Combretum racemosum P. beauv. (Combretaceae)(Elsevier Inc., 2021) Famojuro, T. I.; Ajayi, T. O.; Fasola, F. A.; Fukushi, Y.; Omotade, O. O.; Moody, J. O.; Adeyemi, A. A.Ethnopharmacological relevance: Evaluation of plants such as Combretum racemosum with claimed traditional use in the management of sickle cell anaemia in Nigeria and other parts of West Africa could serve as a useful research strategy in the search for potential anti-sickling drugs and templates. Aim of the study: This study aimed at evaluating the antisickling potential of C. racemosum by activity-guided purification and isolation of its active constituents. Materials and methods: Crude methanol extract of the root of C. racemosum and the fractions obtained by par titioning with chloroform, ethyl acetate, and aqueous were investigated for anti-sickling activity against sodium metabisulphite induced sickling of sickle cell haemoglobin (HbSS). Repeated chromatographic separations were conducted on the most active chloroform fraction to purify and isolate bioactive compounds for further tests for anti-sickling activity. The characterization of the isolated compounds was done by mass spectrometry (FD+MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance ( 1 HNMR) spectroscopy. Results: The chloroform fraction (FA) (% sickled erythrocyte ranged from 3.0 to 34.1) exhibited better anti sickling activity than aqueous (% sickled erythrocyte ranged from 38.9 to 51.5) as well as the crude methanol (% sickled erythrocyte ranged from 19.1 to 30.4). Hence, the phytochemical investigation was focused on the chloroform fraction, which led to the identification of two ellagic acid derivatives (3,3′ ,4′ -tri-O-methyl ellagic acid (A) and 3,3′ -di-O- methyl ellagic acid (B). The two isolated compounds possessed good, comparable anti sickling activities with compound A exhibiting a slightly better in vitro activity. Conclusion: This paper reports for the first time anti-sickling principles from C. racemosum and therefore, provided some justification for the ethnomedicinal use of the plant in the management of sickle cell disease.
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