FACULTY OF PHARMACY
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Item Serum protein binding and the antimicrobial activities of garcinia kola, kola acuminata and kola nitida seed extracts on the agents of respiratory tract infections(West African Society for Pharmacology, 2009) Adeleke, O. E.; Alabi, O. S.; Coker M. E.The kinetics of bactericidal activity of the methanolic extracts of powdered seeds of Garcinia kola (Heckel), Kola acuminata and Kola nitida obtained by soxhlet extraction, were studied using two bacterial sensitive strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The study showed that the three extracts at the concentrations used against the two test organisms, Staphylococcus aureus OOUTH206 (0.5mg/ml for Garcinia kola, 4mg/ml for Kola acuminata and Kola nitida) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa UCH189 (8mg/ml for Garcinia kola, 15mg/mi for Kola acuminata and Kola nitida); had activity on the two microorganisms. There was a gradual reduction in the number of viable microbial counts as evident in the reduction in the cell number at the different time intervals. Similar procedure was carried out in the presence of 5% serum protein and it was observed that the activities of the various extracts were altered significantly indicating the effect of serum protein binding on the Constituents of Garcinia kola, Kola acuminata and Kola nitida seed extracts. The results were expressed in percentage viable count of the inoculum size and showed that the percentage viable count decreases with time in varying degrees. The reduction was more intense with G. kola extract than the other extracts on S. aureus as well as on P. aeruginosa towards the third and fourth hours. The effect of serum protein was seen to affect the activities of all the extracts in varying degrees as shown in the graphs plotted.Item Elixir formulations of methanolic extract concentrates of garcinia kola, kola acuminata and kola nitida seeds and their antimicrobial activity(West African Postgraduate College of Pharmacists, 2008) Adeleke, O. E.; Alabi, O. S.; Coker M. E.The crude methanolic extracts of Garcinia Kola (Gutiferae), Kola acuminata and Kola nitida (Sterculiaceae) seed powders were screened against some bacterial isolates consisting of six different Genera namely: Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Escherichia, Proteus, Klebsiella and Pseudomonas, most of which were isolated from the respiratory tract and the rest from other sources like wounds, vagina and urethra. The extracts were found to be active on all the Gram-positive bacteria and some of the Gram-negative bacteria including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The extracts Were then formulated into stable Elixir formulations at a concentration of 15mg/ml and screened against the same bacterial isolates. They were found to be active against all the selected Gram-positive bacteria used in were also susceptible to the three elixir formulations.Item Comparative antimicrobial activities of extracts of garcinia kola, kola acuminata and kola nitida seeds on isolates of respiratory tract and other infections(West African Postgraduate College of Pharmacists, 2008) Adeleke, O. E.; Alabi, O. S.The methanolic extracts of the powdered seeds of Garcinia kola (Guttilerae), Kola acuminata, and Kola nitida (Sterculiaceae) were tested individually for antimicrobial activity using isolates from respiratory tract infections and other sites of infection such as High vagina swab, wounds, urethra and skin. The isolates included Staphylococus aureus (5strains), Z strains each of Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis and Streptococcus pneumoniae; I strain each of Streptococcus viridians Entercoccus faecalis, Streptococcus pyogenes, Bacillus subtilis, Haemophillus influenzae, Candida albicans, Asp. Niger, Ap. Eumigatus and Trichophyton specie, and 3 strains each of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The antimicrobial susceptibility test of the extracts showed zones of growth inhibition ranging from 9mm to as large as 35mm, depending on the organism being tested. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by agar-diffusion method and ranged from 0.23mg/ml to 30mg/ml for the three extracts. The crude extracts of Garcinia Kola showed a stronger antimicrobial against most organisms particularly the Gram-positive bacterial isolates from the respiratory tract, than the other two extracts, while Kola nitida was the least active.Item Effects of Coadministration of Extract of Carica(2007-03) Fakeye T.O.; Oladipupo T.; Showande O; Ogunremi Y.Purpose: To investigate the interacting effects of co-administration of Carica papaya leaf extract on the hypoglycemic activity of metformin and glimepiride in an animal model. Method: Experimental factorial design was used to evaluate the individual and interaction influence of three variables ie nature (N), dose administered (C) and duration of administration (D), in a 23(=8) employed at two levels - ‘’high’’ and ‘‘low’’ - on blood glucose of diabetic rats on administration of ethanolic leaf extract of Carica papaya and two hypoglycemic agents, metformin and glimepiride.Unpaired t-test was used to test for significant difference due to administration of the combination Results: Extract of Carica papaya at 5.0 mg/kg produced significant blood glucose reduction with no significant reduction at the higher dose of 10 mg/kg (p>0.05). Changing nature from “low” (Carica papaya extract) to “high” (glimepiride or metformin) did not significantly change hypoglycemic activity.Generally, the ranking of the interacting effects was ND>CD>>NC for glimepiride/extract, and CD>ND>NC for metformin/extract. Administration of higher dose of the extract led to significant (p<0.01) increase in onset of activity of glimepiride. The onset of activity of metformin was not affected, but a significant lowering (p<0.05) of blood glucose was observed at 24 hr with all combinations of extract and metformin. Conclusion: Leaf extract of Carica papaya significantly delays the onset of hypoglycaemic activity of glimepiride, and increases the hypoglycaemic effect of metformin with the variables interacting differently for each drug-extract combinationsItem Evaluation of Adverse Drug Reactions to Artemisininbased Combination Therapy in a Nigeria University Community(Pharmacotherapy Group, 2008-06) Adisa, R.; Fakeye, T. O.; Dike, D.Purpose: The study was carried out to evaluate the incidence of adverse reactions to antimalarial drugs among residents of a Nigeria university community with a focus on artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT). Specifically, the profile of use, and the reporting culture of people with respect to experienced reactions were noted. Method: Questionnaires were administered to respondents at the university health centre between November 2006 and January 2007. Information on demographic characteristics, nature of experienced adverse reactions and the most frequently used ACT, among other questions, were collected. Descriptive statistics and Fisher’s Exact test were used to evaluate the distribution of respondent’s opinion. Result: The study achieved a response rate of 86%. The results revealed that 210 (70.0 %) of respondents said they had used artemisinin-based combination drugs while 134 (44.7 %) said they used artemisinin derivatives alone as monotherapy for malaria treatment. Artesunate plus amodiaquine 94 (31.3%) as a co-packaged product was the most commonly used ACT. Incidence of the experienced adverse reactions to ACT was reported to be generally mild and well tolerated. Conclusion: Efforts to improve the use of ACT in the management of acute uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria is recommended. Furthermore, an effective mechanism to improve reporting of adverse effects of ACT is also recommendedItem Attitude and use of herbal medicines among pregnant women in Nigeria(Biomed central ltd, 2009-12) Fakeye, T. O.; Adisa, R.; Musa, I. E.Background: The use of herbal medicines among pregnant women in Nigeria has not been widely studied. Methods: Opinion of 595 pregnant women in three geopolitical zones in Nigeria on the use of herbal medicines, safety on usage, knowledge of potential effects of herbal remedies on the fetus and potential benefits or harms that may be derived from combining herbal remedies with conventional therapies were obtained using a structured questionnaire between September 2007 and March 2008. Descriptive statistics and Fisher's exact tests were used at 95% confidence level to evaluate the data obtained. Level of significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: More than two-third of respondents [67.5%] had used herbal medicines in crude forms or as pharmaceutical prepackaged dosage forms, with 74.3% preferring self-prepared formulations. Almost 30% who were using herbal medicine at the time of the study believed that the use of herbal medicines during pregnancy is safe. Respondents' reasons for taking herbal medications were varied and included reasons such as herbs having better efficacy than conventional medicines [22.4%], herbs being natural, are safer to use during pregnancy than conventional medicines [21.1%], low efficacy of conventional medicines [19.7%], easier access to herbal medicines [11.2%], traditional and cultural belief in herbal medicines to cure many illnesses [12.5%], and comparatively low cost of herbal medicines [5.9%]. Over half the respondents, 56.6% did not support combining herbal medicines with conventional drugs to forestall drug-herb interaction. About 33.4% respondents believed herbal medicines possess no adverse effects while 181 [30.4%] were of the opinion that adverse/side effects of some herbal medicines could be dangerous. Marital status, geopolitical zones, and educational qualification of respondents had statistically significant effects on respondents views on side effects of herbal medicines [p < 0.05)] while only geopolitical zones and educational qualifications seemed to have influence on respondents' opinion on the harmful effects of herbal medicines to the fetus [p < 0.05]. Conclusion: The study emphasized the wide spread use of herbal medicines by pregnant women in Nigeria highlighting an urgent need for health care practitioners and other health care givers to be aware of this practice and make efforts in obtaining information about herb use during ante-natal care. This will help forestall possible interaction between herbal and conventional medicines.Item Assessment of the knowledge of community pharmacists regarding common phytopharmaceuticals sold in South Western Nigeria(Pharmacotherapy Group, 2006-12) Adisa, R.; Fakeye, T.Purpose: The study was carried out to assess the knowledge of community pharmacists who sell herbal/phytopharmaceutical formulations in pharmacy retail outlets. Method: Questionnaires were administered to the pharmacists to gather information on phytopharmaceuticals regarding their use, side effects, potential drug-herb interactions and contraindications of the phytopharmaceuticals sold in their retail outlets. Opinions on regulation, safety and efficacy of herbal remedies were also obtained. Descriptive statistical tests and median scores were used to evaluate the distribution of responses, opinions and perception of the pharmacists on their level of knowledge of the phytopharmaceuticals, and effects of demographic data on the pharmacists’ knowledge of the herbal remedies. Results: The study revealed that 31 (62%) sold imported herbal remedies and nutritional supplements. Seventy-two (72) % had received no postgraduate training on herbal medications. Most of the community pharmacists agreed that they did not possess adequate knowledge of potential interaction profiles and side effects of the herbal remedies sold. The training in pharmacy schools on herbal drugs and sale of phytopharmaceuticals in their outlets also had no influence (p>0.05) on desired knowledge. Community pharmacists with less than 10 years of experience in the practice however possessed better knowledge than pharmacists with more than ten years of professional practice (p=0.05) Conclusions: There was gross inadequacy in the pharmacists’ knowledge of the phytopharmaceuticals sold in pharmacies indicating an urgent need for intensive training in order to render better services to their clients.Item Generic versus innovator: Analysis of the pharmaceutical qualities of paracetamol and ibuprofen tablets in the Nigerian market(2009) Okunlola, A.; Adegoke, O. A.; Odeku, O. A.The physicochemical equivalence of twenty-two brands of paracetamol and nine brands of ibuprofen tablets sourced from retail Pharmacy outlets in the Nigerian market to their respective innovator brands were investigated. The uniformity of weight, friability, crushing strength, disintegration and dissolution times and assay of active paracetamol ingredient were used as assessment parameters. All the brands of paracetamol and ibuprofen tablets complied with the official specifications for uniformity of weight. However, five brands of paracetamol failed the friability test, one brand of paracetamol and two brands of ibuprofen failed the disintegration test and three brands of paracetamol and four brands of ibuprofen failed the assay of active ingredients. The study shows that not all the brands of paracetamol and ibuprofen tablets are physico-chemically equivalent to their innovator brands. There is therefore the need for constant market surveillance to ascertain their compliance with official standards and equivalence to the innovator products.Item Compressional characteristics and tableting properties of starches obtained from four dioscorea species(2009) Okunlola, A; Odeku, O. AThe compressional characteristics and tableting properties of starches from four yam species namely Dioscorea dumetorum Pax (Bitter); Dioscorea oppositifolia L (Chinese); Dioscorea alata L.DIAL2 (Water) and Dioscorea rotundata Poir (White) were Investigated in comparison with corn starch. The physicochemical properties of the starches were evaluated using established methods while the compressional characteristics were analyzed using density measurements, and the Heckel and Kawakita equations. The properties of the tablets were assessed using Tensile strength (T), Brittle Fracture Index (BFI), Friability (F) and Disintegration Time (DT). The physicochemical properties of the starches varied considerably among the various species. The ranking for the mean yield pressure (Py) obtained from Heckel plots was Chinese > Bitter>Corn > White>Water while the ranking was the reverse for another pressure term, Pk, obtained from Kawakita plots. The ranking for T was Chinese > Bitter>Corn > White>Water. The T values were inversely related to Pk values. The ranking of DT was Bitter>Chinese>Corn>White> Water, while the ranking was reverse for BFI and F. Water and White yam starch tablets did not conform to the Pharmacopoeia requirements on friability (≤1%) while all the starch tablets except Bitter yam starch conformed to the requirements on disintegration (≤15minutes). Thus, the starches could be useful as excipients in tablet formulations.Item Formulation factors affecting the binding properties of chinese yam (dioscorea oppositifolia) and corn starches(Elsevier, 2009) Okunlola, A.; Odeku, O. AObjective; The quantitative effects of formulation and processing variables affecting the binding properties of Chinese yam starch ( Dioscorea oppositifolia) in chloroquine phosphate tablet formulations have been investigated in comparison with com starch using a 23 factorial experimental design. Methods: Chinese yam starch, representing the "low" level, and com starch, representing the "high" level were used as binders at concentrations of 2. 5 % w/w and 10 % w/w in chloroquine phosphate tablet formulations. The mechanical properties of the tablets, measured by the tensile strength ( T ) and brittle fracture index ( BFI) as well as the release properties measured by the disintegration time (DT ) and dissolution time ( t80- time for 80 % drug release) , were used as assessment parameters. Results; The ranking of the individual coefficient values for the formulations on T was D > N » C , on BFI was N > D » C , on DT was D > N > C and on t80 was C > N > D while the ranking of the interaction coefficient on T was N-D > C-D » N-C, on BFI was N-D > N-C = C-D, on DT and t80 was N-C > N-D > C-D. Changing the binding agent from Chinese to corn starch, led to a decrease in T , DT and t80 but increase in BFI of the tablets. There were significant (P < 0 . 001) interactions between the nature of binder, N and the other two variables, C and D. Conclusion; The result showed that Chinese yam possessed stronger binding capacity than corn starch and could be useful as an alternative binder when tablets with high mechanical strength with minimal problems of lamination, and slow release are required.