FACULTY OF PHARMACY

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Susceptibility patterns of common bacteria and fungal species isolated from sexually transmitted diseased patients to xylopia aethiopica (annonaceae)
(2003-09) Oluremi, B. B.; Adeniyi, B. A.
The hexane and methanolic extracts of the leaves, stem, stem bark, and root bark of Xylopia aethiopica were investigated for their anti-microbial activities against some common bacteria and fungal strains isolated from sexually transmitted diseased patients and some standard organisms. The hexane and methanol crude extracts showed varying degrees of anti-microbial activities at varying concentrations while the stem bark exhibited significant broad-spectrum anti-microbial activity. The methanolic extract of the stem bark showed better activity than hexane, was fractionated and the four fractions collected were tested for their antimicrobial activity against the organisms implicated in STD at a concentration of 10mg/ml. The results suggest that the active fractions A and B contain constituents which can be isolated, characterized and identified for effective management of both bacterial and fungal STD’s. Preliminary Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids. sugars, cardiac glycoside and saponins and the absence of anthraquinones and tannins.
Two New phytoecdysteroids from sphenocentrum jollyanum pierre root
(Elsevier Inc., 2019) Ajayi, T. O.; Srivedavyasasri, R.; Nyong, E. E.; Odeniyi, M. A.; Moody, J. O.; Ross, S. A.
The crude methanol extract of Sphenocentrum jollyanum root exhibited 98% and 80% antimicrobial activity against Aspergillus fumigatus Pinh and Vancomycin resistant enterococcus (VRE) at a concentration of 200 μg/mL, with ICso 11.45 and 12.95 μg/mL, respectively. The ethyl acetate fraction of methanol extract showed in-vitro antimicrobial activity against A. fumigatus Pinh at 83% with ICso of <8 μg/mL. The phytochemical investigation of ethyl acetate fraction yielded six compounds, which were identified by their NMR, IR and MS spectral analyses as two new phytoecdysteroidal glycosides Sphenocentroside A (1), and NUSART Sphenocentroside B (2), and four known phytoecdysteroids: polypodoaurein (3), polypodine B (4), ecdysterone (5), and 20, 26-dihydroxyecdysone (6).
Antimicrobial screening and GC-MS analysis of bioactive compounds from strains of pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from poultry fecal littered soil in Ibadan, Nigeria.
(Faculty of Physical Sciences and Faculty of Life Sciences,University of Ilorin, 2019) Alabi, O. S.; Koleoso, O. B.; Abiala, A. M.
The emergence of pathogens exhibiting multiple antibiotic resistance (MDR) is bringing a thwart to available chemotherapeutic agents thus the urgency in the search for bioactive agents that will be effective against the MDR pathogens. This study screened isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from poultry fecal littered soil in two selected locations in northern Ibadan, southwest Nigeria (University of Ibadan Teaching Research Farm and Ayede community) for production of bioactive compounds, evaluated their activities against selected MDR bacteria pathogens and analyzed the crude ethylacetate extract using GC-MS. A total of 178 strains of P. aeruginosa were isolated on cetrimide agar and identified presumptively by standard biochemical test. Primary and secondary screening of the whole cell and cell free supernatant ethylacetate extracts were done by perpendicular streaking and agar-well diffusion methods respectively against selected clinical MDR bacteria pathogens. Five out of the 178 strains of the presumptive P.aeruginosa with excellent antibacterial activity were further confirmed by 16S rRNA amplification and sequencing. Cell free supernatant ethylacetate extracts of two most active strains among the five (denoted with code APC2-1 and APC2-14) were subjected to GC-MS analysis of the metabolites. The five P. aeruginosa strains were identified as P. aeruginosa MR24 strains 1, 2, 3, Pseudomonas sp SD12 and P. aeruginosa Kasamber 1 which were closely related phylogenetically. The bioactive compounds produced by the isolates that were studied had greater activity on Gram positive than Gram negative pathogens. GC-MS analysis revealed a total of 19 different compounds (1-heptadecanamine; 2ethyl-1-hexanamine; 3-butyn-1-ol; Pent-3-enylamine; Pent-4-enylamine; Propane; Acetaldehyde; Ethylene oxide; hydroxyacetonitrile; Bromo-acetonitrile; Azetidine; 2-methyl-Azetidine; Aminocaproic acid; 18nonadecen-1-amine; 5-aminovaleric acid; 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediamine; 1-octadecanamine; 1-octanamine and 2-(3-butynyloxy)tetrahydro-2H-pyran) among which are antibacterial, anticancer, antifibrinolytic, and antimalarial compounds. This study therefore revealed the potentials of Pseudomonas aeruginosa as producers of secondary metabolites of medical and industrial importance. Multidrug resistance is currently on the increase, globally threatening public health and decreasing the efficacy of the antibiotics available currently (WHO, 2017). This therefore, has precipitated the search for novel compounds from natural sources like the environment, beneficial microorganisms, animals and plants from both aquatic and terrestrial habitats with potentials to produce potent antimicrobial agents against the resistant pathogens (Wolfender et al., 2015; Dias et al., 2016). Microbial genome mining is an important tool in the discovery of unculturable organisms and screening of isolates with potential secondary metabolites (Bachmann et al., 2014; Ziemert et al., 2016). With the availability of certain technologies like Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography (UHPLC) and Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry Analysis (GC-MS), an effective separation and identification of different bioactive metabolites from natural products is achievable. Some microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi from ages produce antimicrobials and other bioactive compounds (Butler and Bus, 2006). Pseudomonas spp. are group of Gram-negative bacilli with polar flagella, Gammaproteobacteria and family, Pseudomonadaceae. The species of this genus have a wide array of metabolic diversities capable of colonizing different ecological niches requiring non-specific nutritional requirement for their growth (Meyer et al., 2002). Pseudomonas spp. are known producers of bioactive metabolites such as Phenazine compounds, volatile organic compounds, thioquinolobactin etc. Some of these metabolites have been reported to possess antimicrobial activity, anticancer property, biosurfactant, bio-controlling, bio-pesticide/ bioinsecticide and bioremediation effects, hence its application in pharmaceutical, agricultural, cosmetic, industrial and environmental sector is important (Meyer et al., 2002; Kumar et al., 2016; Gionco et al., 2017). Despite the numerous antibiotics produced from microorganisms most especially the actinomycetes, resistance has taken a
Comparative antimicrobial activities of extracts of garcinia kola, kola acuminata and kola nitida seeds on isolates of respiratory tract and other infections
(West African Postgraduate College of Pharmacists, 2008) Adeleke, O. E.; Alabi, O. S.
The methanolic extracts of the powdered seeds of Garcinia kola (Guttilerae), Kola acuminata, and Kola nitida (Sterculiaceae) were tested individually for antimicrobial activity using isolates from respiratory tract infections and other sites of infection such as High vagina swab, wounds, urethra and skin. The isolates included Staphylococus aureus (5strains), Z strains each of Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis and Streptococcus pneumoniae; I strain each of Streptococcus viridians Entercoccus faecalis, Streptococcus pyogenes, Bacillus subtilis, Haemophillus influenzae, Candida albicans, Asp. Niger, Ap. Eumigatus and Trichophyton specie, and 3 strains each of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The antimicrobial susceptibility test of the extracts showed zones of growth inhibition ranging from 9mm to as large as 35mm, depending on the organism being tested. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by agar-diffusion method and ranged from 0.23mg/ml to 30mg/ml for the three extracts. The crude extracts of Garcinia Kola showed a stronger antimicrobial against most organisms particularly the Gram-positive bacterial isolates from the respiratory tract, than the other two extracts, while Kola nitida was the least active.

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