FACULTY OF PHARMACY
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Item Antibiotic susceptibility of common bacterial pathogens in urinary tract infections in a teaching hospital in Southwestern Nigeria(Academic Journals, 2011-10) Oluremi, B. B.; Idowu, A. O.; Olaniyi, J. F."Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common bacterial infections in humans and a major cause of morbidity. However, the aetiology of UTI and their antibiotic sensitivity patterns vary from time to time and across different areas. This study determines the frequently isolated UTI bacteria from inpatients and out-patients of a Teaching hospital in Southwestern Nigeria and their antibiotic susceptibility patterns. Sixty (60) bacterial isolates from urine of patients with significant bacteriuria in UTI were collected and evaluated for their antibiotic sensitivity using modified Kirby-Bauer method. UTI was frequently encountered in females (61.7%) and older patients (50%). 55% of the isolates were from in-patients. The most common etiological organisms of UTI were Esherichia coli (46.7%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (18.3%), Klebsiella spp (13.3%), Staphylococcus aureus (13.3%) and Proteus spp (6.7%). Pseudomonas aeruginosa was found only among hospital isolates while Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from females only. Antibiotic susceptibility pattern revealed that the Enterobacteriaceae were highly susceptible to Ciprofloxacin (71.4 to 75%) while Nitrofurantoin demonstrated the best activity against S. aureus isolates (100%) in both community and hospital acquired UTI. All the isolates exhibited high degree of resistance to Augmentin and amoxicillin. High rate of multi-drug resistance was recorded among all isolates. In view of the increasing rate of resistance of UTI pathogens to commonly used antibiotics, rational prescription and use of antibiotics is advocated."Item Incidence and susceptibility pattern of clinical isolates from pus producing infection to antibiotics and Carica papaya seed extract(Academic Journals, 2011-02) Idowu, A. O.; Oluremi, B. B.; Seidu, N. I."The prevalence of bacterial pathogens isolated from pus producing infections (wound, eye and ear) randomly collected from the Medical Microbiology Laboratory of University College Hospital (UCH), Ibadan, Nigeria was determined. Their susceptibility to selected antibiotics and Carica papaya seed extracts was investigated. Bacterial pathogen identity was confirmed based on standard methods which included, Gram stain reaction, colonial morphology on media, lactose fermentation, catalase,oxidase,coagulase and indole tests. The antibiogram was carried out using standard disc agar diffusion method employing commercially prepared antibiotic disc (Abtek Limited) of amoxycillin (25mcg), co-trimoxazole (25 mcg), nitrofurantoin (300 mcg), gentamicin (10 mcg), nalidixic acid (30 mcg),ofloxacin (30 mcg), augmentin (30 mcg) and tetracycline (10 mcg). A total of 58 isolates were obtained out of which 31 were from wound, 12 from ear and 15 from eye. 41 of the isolates were recovered from adults, while 17 were from children. Staphylococcus aureus was found to be the most common organism recovered (51.7%), followed by Klebsiella spp. (11%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (11%),Proteus spp. (6.9%) and Escherichia coli (3.4%). From wound swabs, S. aureus isolates was the highest (51.6%) followed by Klebsiella spp. (22.6%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus spp. (9.7% each) and E. coli (6.45%). In ear infection, P. aeruginosa accounted for 58.3%, S. aureus 25%, while Klebsiella spp. and Proteus spp. accounted for 16.6% each. In eye infection, S. aureus and Klebsiella spp. were more frequently isolated with 73.3 and 20%, respectively. The antibiogram studies showed that all the organisms were highly sensitive to ofloxacin as follows: S. aureus (80%), Klebsiella spp. (100%), P. aeruginosa (100%), Proteus spp. (100%) and E. coli (100%) while P. aeruginosa (63.6%), S. aureus (76.6%) and E. coli (100%) were sensitive to gentamicin and Klebsiella spp. (18.2%) and Proteus spp. (25%) were resistant. The organisms were resistant to all the other antibiotics tested namely: amoxycillin, co-trimoxazole, nitrofurantoin, nalidixic, augmentin and tetracycline. C. papaya extract showed antimicrobial activity which compared favourably with the commercial antibiotic discs against the Gram positive and negative bacteria tested, except Klebsiella spp. The highest activity was demonstrated against P. aeruginosa."Item Bacteriological analysis of well water samples in sagamu(2011-05) Idowu, A. O.; Oluremi, B. B.; Odubawo, K. M.Majority of the population in semi-urban and urban areas of Nigeria depend on wells as their source of water supply. Due to increasing cases of water-borne diseases in recent times, this study was carried out to examine the microbial quality of well water in Sagamu, Nigeria as a way of safeguarding public health against water borne diseases. Water samples from a total of forty wells, covered and uncovered from four different locations of varying socio economic and demographic status were assessed for their bacteriological quality using serial dilution to obtain total bacteria count and the multiple tube fermentation technique to determine the coliform count using the most probable number method. Positive tubes of the presumptive test were further cultured on appropriate solid media. The organisms isolated were further characterized using standard procedures. The result of the study revealed that all the wells were grossly contaminated with bacteria pathogens such as Klebsiella spp (95%), Escherichia coli (72%) and Salmonella typhi (32.5%). Comparatively, the uncovered wells were more highly contaminated with bacteria pathogens than the covered well especially in the highly populated areas. All the water samples exceeded the standard limit of the most probable number (MPN) per 100ml set for untreated drinking water. This result highlight the fact that most well water in Sagamu metropolis are not safe microbiologically for drinking without additional treatment such as boiling or disinfection and this could lead to outbreak of water borne diseases. Good and proper environmental and personal hygiene must be maintained especially by the users of those wells to prevent their contamination with bacterial pathogens.Item Comparative assessment of antibacterial activity of uvaria chamae parts(Academic Journals, 2010) Oluremi, B. B.; Osungunna, M. O.; Omafuma, O. O.Methanolic extracts of the root, stem and leaf of Uvaria chamae were evaluated for their antibacterial activity against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp, Proteus spp, and typed strains E. coli ATCC 25922, S. aureus ATCC 25923 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC27853 using standard agar diffusion method at 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 mg/ml. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides and cyanogenic glycosides. In general, the stem bark extract inhibited the growth of all the tested organisms with leaf extract showing the least antibacterial activity. The MIC of methanolic stem extract on E. coli, MRSA, Klebsiella spp, Proteus spp, E. coli ATCC 25922, S. aureus ATCC 25923 and P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853 were 5.62, 12.59, 200, 35.48, 28.18, 5.62 and 19.95 mg/ml respectively while that of root extract with the exclusion of Klebsiella spp were 31.62, 10.0, 3.55 2.82, 12.59 and 39.81 mg/ml respectively. Methanolic leaf extract was found to have MIC 200, 19.95, 250, 250, 250 and 200 mg/ml respectively with no MIC value against P. aeruginosa.Item Evaluation of anticaries activity of selected mouthwash marketed in Nigeria(Pharmacotherapy Group,, 2010) Oluremi, B. B.; Osungunna, M. O.; Idowu, O. A.; Adebolu, O. O.Purpose: This work was aimed at evaluating four brands of mouthwash marketed in Nigeria for their anticaries activity. Method: The susceptibility pattern of bacterial isolates obtained from 30 patients having carious teeth to the selected mouthwash was determined using the cup-plate method. The zones of inhibition produced by the mouthwash against the bacterial isolates were measured to determine the degree of susceptibility. Results: The organisms isolated from the patients were Staphylococccus aureus, Klebsiella sp, Streptococcus sp, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the following proportions: 30, 27, 20, 17 and 7 %, respectively. Anticaries evaluation revealed that 0.047 % thymol in ethanol displayed the highest degree of anticaries activity against all the Streptococcal species tested. Incorporation of preservatives in mouthwashes may adversely affect their anticaries activity as indicated by the fact that the preserved mouthwash exhibited lower activity than the unpreserved mouthwash. Conclusion: Anticaries activity is optimally achieved by using appropriate mouthwash combinations as this prevents both the initiation and progression of dental caries. The use of preservatives in mouthwash formulations should be done with caution as this may interfere with mouthwash activity.Item Phytochemical and antimicrobial screening of the leaf extract of diospyros barteri. Gurke.(2010-08) Oluremi, B. B.; Osungunna, M. O.; Ogbole, O. O.Diospyrous bateri Gurke family Ebenaceae, has been commonly used by traditional medical practitioners as anti-nfectious agent. In this study, preliminary screening of phytochemical constituents of D. barteri was carried out in addition to evaluating the antimicrobial activity of four different extracts of this leaf on some common bacteria species. The antimicrobial activity of methanol, chloroform, hexane and aqueous extracts of the leaves were tested using the agar diffusion method on two Gram positive, three Gram negative bacteria viz; Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus vulgaris, Klebsiella pneumoniae Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, The preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponins and tannins while other secondary metabolites were absent. The study amply demonstrated the broad-spectrum antimicrobial property of the polar extracts while the non polar extract exhibits no activity. The minimum inhibitory concentration of the methanol extract on Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were 1.20mg/ml, 2.24mg/ml, 3.55mg/ml, 9.12mg/ml and 10.0mg/ml respectively, while the minimum inhibitory concentration of the water extract on Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were 8.91mg/ml, 9.55mg/ml, 10.59mg/ml, 10.96mg/ml and 71.78mg/ml respectively.Item Bacteriological and antibiotic sensitivity patterns of bacterial Isolates from creams and lotions hawked in Sagamu, Ogun State(Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2010) Osungunna, M. O.; Oluremi, B. B.; Adetuyi, A.Fifteen cosmetic products, consisting of 10 creams and 5 lotions were randomly purchased from a local market in sagamu and their microbial qualities studied in addition to the antibiotic sensitivity patterns of different isolates obtained from the selected creams and lotions. While only one of the creams was devoid of any microorganism including fungi, organisms isolated from others include Staphylococcus aureus 38%; Klebsiella, 28%; Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 21%; Bacillus spp, 7% and Penicillium, 28%. Antibiotic sensitivity study reveals that these isolates displayed different sensitivity patterns to the antibiotics used but cotrimoxazole, tetracycline and nalidixic acid will be of assistance in case of infection from these cosmetic products. However, majority of the creams and lotions evaluated did not meet the official monograph’s requirements and as such may be a potential health hazard to unsuspecting consumers moreso that all the isolates display some degree of resistance to various antibiotics used.Item Comparative microbial quality of jedi drinks sold in two major cities in Nigeria(Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2010) Osungunna, M. O.; Oluremi, B. B.; Talabi, I.The microbial quality of ten samples of Jedi herbal preparations sold for the treatment of anal fistula in major motor parks of Sagamu and Ibadan, both in Nigeria was studied and compared. Phytochemical analysis of the samples revealed that all the samples contained Saponins and Tannins. Alkaloids and cardenolides were also present to varying extent. These secondary metabolites are known to be responsible for the prevention of anal fistula. 100% contained Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 80% from Sagamu contained Klebsiella spp; 60% from Ibadan contained Bacillus spp, 30% of the samples contained Staphylococcus aureus and 70% contained fungi. Antibiotic sensitivity patterns revealed that the Gram-negative isolates were most sensitive to ofloxacin, a quinolone antibiotic while the Gram-positive isolates were most sensitive to Streptomycin, an aminoglycosideItem Phytochemical composition, anti-fungal activity of Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. (Fabaceae) seed extract and acute toxicity testing of formulated herbal ointment(University of Ibadan, 2023) Ugwuocha, C. F.; Ajayi, T. O.; Odoh, E. U.; Elujoba, A. A.The growing resistance to conventional dandruff remedies has led to the search for newer and affordable treatments from African medicinal plants. This study evaluates the anti-fungal activity of methanol extract of the seed of Mucuna pruriens L. (DC.) Fabaceae (MP) against Malassezia furfur and Malassezia globosa which have been implicated in dandruff etiology. The MP seed sample was collected from Orba, Enugu State, dried, and pulverized. Macroscopic, microscopic, and phytochemical evaluations of the seed were done. Defatting was done with n-hexane extract and cold maceration with methanol for 72 h (ME extract). The anti-fungal activity of the extracts was determined using the agar dilution method with ketoconazole as standard. Two samples of ointment containing 5% and 10% MP seed methanol extract were prepared with an emulsifying base using a fusion technique. An acute skin toxicity test was carried out by applying the formulation to the skin of albino rats and observations were made. Results: Quantitative phytochemical analysis of secondary metabolites in the MP seed gave: phenolic content (8.3%), alkaloids (0.02%), flavonoids (0.2%), saponins (0.4%), tannins (0.09%). The ME extract inhibited growths of Malassezia furfur (MIC 3 mg/mL) and Malassezia globosa (MIC 2 mg/mL). The 5% and 10% samples of the herbal ointment MPO showed no toxicity or irritancy on the animals. Conclusion: Methanol extract of Mucuna pruriens possess antifungal activity against Malassezia furfur and Malassezia globosa and its ointment appears non-toxic.Item Anti-malarial activity of methanol extracts of Anacardium Occidentale linn. (Anacardiaceae) and Psidium Guajava Linn. (Myrtaceae) leaves(Ibadan Biomedical Communications Group, 2023) Tejumade, A. O.; Ajayi, T. O.; Adeyemi, A. A.; Elujoba, A. A.The antiplasmodial activities of Anacardium occidentale L. and Psidium guajava L. have been severally reported in literature. β--hematin production is an exclusive method implemented by Plasmodium protozoan parasite to produce very high quantities of redox active free hemoglobin. The purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of methanol extracts of Anacardium occidentale L. and Psidium guajava L. leaves used to treat severe malaria attacks in Nigeria and their impact on the inhibition of β-hematin production. The LD50 values for the leaves of Psidium guajava L. and Anacardium occidentale L. in methanol extracts were >5000 mg/kg and 1600 mg/kg, respectively. On Day 4, Plasmodium berghei-infected mice (NK 65) displayed comparable chemo-suppression of parasitaemia for A. occidentale (73.88%) and P. guajava (72.75%). However, both extracts had lower activities than chloroquine (83.58 %; 20 mg/mL). A. occidentale had a higher inhibition of formation of β hematin, with IC50 of 36.1 ± 0.52 µg/mL than P. guajava with IC50 of l0.25 ± 0.07 µg/mL and chloroquine with IC50 of 2.71±0.39 µg/mL. According to the current study, methanol extracts of the leaves of Anacardium occidentale L. and Psidium guajava L. have similar antimalarial effects and are associated with a reduction in β-hematin production. The in vivo antimalarial activity of Psidium guajava L. and Anacardium occidentale L. were equivalent, but Psidium guajava L. possessed a more potent inhibitor of the production of β-hematin.