Botany

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An appraisal of the contributions of herbalism to primary health care delivery in south west Nigeria
(2010) Kadiri, A. B.; Adekunle, A. A.; Ayodele, A. E.
Herbalism contributes significantly to the primary health care delivery system in the southwest Nigeria through sale and administration of different herbal medicinal preparations which are available in a number of ways like tinctures, herbal wine and elixirs, tisanes, decoctions, macerates, topical, poultices, whole herb consumption, syrup, extracts, inhalation, local rings, incision and rubbing, charm belt, and other charm apparels. Medicines may be hawked by the ambulatory vendors (apothecary) or patients consulting practitioners. Charges are relatively cheap, consultation is prompt and the medicines are reportedly efficacious. Non-exclusion of anybody from patronizing and being organized around people’s needs and expectations, which are two of the key elements of WHO to achieve the ultimate goal of primary health care of better health for all are affectively entrenched in the practice. We adopted and employed basic scientific method, anthropological training skills and study approaches in Humanities to elicit our findings. Government support is highly solicited
Antibacterial activities of daldina concentrica
(2011-01) Jonathan, S. G.; Olawuyi, O. J.; Popoola, O. O.; Aina, D. A.
Activities of the distilled water, ethanolic and chloroform extracts of Daldina concentrica an ascomycetous fungus was investigated on Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus) using agar well diffusion method. Ethanolic extract of Daldina concentrica showed significantly antibacterial activity against all the test microorganisms except Bacilllus cereus (P ≤0.05). Staphylococcus aureus was the most sensitive organism to the extracts of this fungus with 17.0mm zone of inhibition with ethanol extract. It was also shown that chloroform extract of Daldinia concentrica possessed higher anti-bacterial activity against the five tested microorganisms. The effect of fresh tissues of the fungus on test bacteria indicated that Proteus mirabilis was the only sensitive organism with 5.0mm zone of inhibition while other bacteria were resistant. The implications of these findings were discussed.
BIOSYSTEMATIC STUDIES IN SOME NIGERIAN SPECIES OF ANTHERICUM LIN. AND CHLOROPHYTUM KER-GAWL. (LILIACEAE)
(1981-03) ADEYEMI, F. A.
Field surveys and investigations of representatives of Anthericum L. and Chiprophytum Ker-Gawl. complex in Nigeria were carried out in their natural habitats in at least sixteen States of the Nigerian Federation. All herbarium specimens in the Forestry Research Institute, Ibadan and in nine Nigerian Univetfsities visited were examined (if any). So far, ten species of Anthericum and fifteen species of Chlorophytum have been reported and collected in Nigeria. They were all studied morphologically. Detailed ecological analyses including the Chemical composition of their soils were carried out on three taxa of Anthericum and ten taxa of Chrolophytum. Many living populations were sampled from their different natural habitats in Nigeria, Their representatives were cultivated in three locations for experimental studies. Data were collected on the morphology by conventional methods and analysed. Anatomical data were amassed from the leaf surface patterns and the roots. Types of leaf margin anatomy were noted. Cytological studies were carried out in five taxa of Anthericum and eleven taxa of Chlorophytum. There were inter-generic hybridization tests. The use of lea f vein spacing interval and anther: filament ratio as taxonomic criteria have been suggested and their usefulness in the monocotyledon taxonomy, especially in Liliaceae, needed to be further explored. The importance of leaf margin anatomy as a taxonomic criterion above species level was highlighted. Chromosome counts for seven taxa were confirmed, viz; C. macrophvllum (A. Rieh.) Aschers 2n = 28. C. blepharophvllum gchwinf. ex Bak. 2n = 28. C. atenopetalum I Bak. 2n = 14. C. atenopetalum II (sp. nov.) 2n = 14. C. laxum R. Br. 2n = 14. C. inomatum Ker-Gawl. 2n = 14. C. togoense Engl. 2n = 14. New chromosome counts were recorded in :- C. geophilum Peter ex. v. Poelln. 2n = 28. C. alisaifolium Bak. 2n = 16. Chiprophytum X ( related to C. elatum ) 2n = 16. C . caulescens (Bak.) Marais & Reilly ( formerly A. caulescens Bak.) 2n = 16. A. Limosum Bak. 2n = 16. A. pterooaulon I Welw. ex Bak 2n = 24. A. Pterocaulon II 2n = 16. A. nubicum Bak. 2n = 16. A. pubirhachis Bak. 2n = 16. A. uvuiense 2n = 16. The possible evolution o f chromosome numbers in the complex has been postulated. The possible chromosome evolution o f the complex based on the available data from this work and existing literature has been proposed. Evidence was adduced to Support the Suggestion that the possible basic Chromosome number in the complex was x = 4, and that n = 8 Was a secondary basic number. It has also been contended that n =7 and n= 6 evolved from a more primitive n = 8. Supplementary evidence in Support of Marais and Reilly’ s (1978) transfer of A. caulescens from Anthericum into Chloronhytum as C. caulescens was adduced. A form of C.stenopetalum has been elevated to species level on account of its morphological, cytological and genetic differences. A new taxonomic key has been proposed for the Separation of Anthericum and Chiprophytum. The possible mode of evolution of some Nigerian species of Anthericum and Chlorophytum. based mainly on their leaf surface patterns, has been proposed.
Comparative epidermal morphology of Nigerian species of alchornea (euphorbiaceae)
(1999) Comparative epidermal morphology of Nigerian species of alchornea (euphorbiaceae)
The leaf epidermal morphology of the three Nigerian species of Alchornea (Euphorbiaceae) has been studied using light microscopy. Epidermal cells arc irregular with undulate to sinuate anticlinal walls. The abaxial and adaxial walls of A. cor difolia and A.floribunda respectively arc characterized by the presence of knobs on them. All taxa have paracytic stomata. However, while A. cordifolia and A. laxiflora arc amphistomalic, A floribunda is hyposlomatic. Trichomcs arc simple, unicellular and unscriate in A.floribunda and A. laxiflora while stellate trichomcs with two to eight radiating arms are present in A. cordifolia. All taxa except A . laxiflora are entirely smooth on the adaxial surface. An indented dichotomous key based on the features of light microscopy is presented for die identification of die species.
Comparative leaf micromorphological characters of the Nigerian species of rauvolfia linn (apocynaceae)
(Klobex Academic Publishers, 2003-12) Kadiri, A. B.; Ayodele, A. E.
Leaf micromophological characters of Rauvolfia Linn. (Apocynaceae) have been studied and compared. The leaf is usually glabrous and hypostomatic. Stomatal type is mostly paracytic but epidermal cell shape is either polygonal or irregular while epidermal cell number is lower on the abaxial surface. Mean stomatal size varies from 1.40.µm x 0.60µm in R. macrophylla to 2.30µm x 0.60µm in R. vomitoria and mean cell wall thickness is either identical on both surfaces in R. macrophylla and R. caffra or dissimilar on either surface in other species. Other features that show variation are anticlinal wall pattern, stomatal and cell inclusions. Using these micro-characters, the species can be recognised even when the leaves are fragmentary. Rauvolfia has therapeutic properties for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorder and it can be used as aphrodisiac and genital excitant.
Comparative Studies on Khaya. A. Juss.(meliaceae) in Nigeria
(2006-06) Ibrahim, A. I.; Ayodele, A. E.; Jegede, A. I.; Kunle, Y. F.
Comparative phytochemical, microscopical and chemomicroscopica! studies were carried out on the genus Khaya with the aim of obtaining useful characters for the identification and delimitation of species boundaries. Tannins and saponins were present In all the species while phenols were detected in all except K. grandlfollola. Protein and anthraquinones were present in the bark of all. iba species. Carbohydrate is present in all the species except in the hark of K. Ivoriensls. Flavonoids and phlobatannins were absent in all the taxa. Microscopical examination of the powdered bark revealed different types and shapes of lignified sclerelds, abundant distribution of prismatic calcium oxalate crystals, druses, lignified cork-cells, fibres, medullary rays and parenchyma cells which may contain starch grains.
Comparative study of antibacterial activities of ethanol extracts of the bark and seeds of garcinia kola and caricapapaya
(2011-05) Ogunjobi, A. A.; Ogunjobi, T. E.
A comparative study of the antimicrobial activities of the bark and seed extracts of Garcinia kola and Carica papaya were tested using the Agar well diffusion method on eight bacterial strains - Staphylococcus aureus; Salmonella typhi B; Shigelladysenteria; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Serratiamarcescens; Pseudomonas fluorescens; Proteus vulgaris; and Bacillus subtillis. Phytochemical screening shows that both bark and seed of the two plants contain reducing sugars, phenols and alkaloids whereas the pawpaw extracts contained tannins which were absent in the bitter kola plant part. Garcinakola on the other hand has saponin that was not present in Caricapapaya. The Garcinia seed ethanol extract manifested the best inhibitory activities against the test bacteria, producing inhibition zones ranging from 12–23mm. There was no resistance from any of the test bacteria. The pawpaw seed extract was also effective against the test bacteria. The inhibition zone observed ranged from 11-16mm. The ethanol extract of both plants were active against Staphylococcus aureus, Shigelladysenteria, Pseudomonas fluorescens; and Salmonella typhi B. Pawpaw leaf ethanolic extract significantly inhibited Pseudomiasaeruginosa, while Garcinia seeds ethanolic extract also inhibited Bacillus substilis. The activity index of ethanol extract of Garcinia kola seed was higher than that of pawpaw seed when both gentamicin and tetracycline were used as a standard antibiotics. The aqueous extract of both plant parts were not as effective as the ethanol extract. The activities of these medicinal plants against the tested bacterial species in this study justified their common use in African traditional medicine in the treatment of various ailments.
Ecological utilization of the weed - tithonia diversifolia and sustainability of the paper industry in Nigeria
(Science Association of Nigeria, 2000) Chukwuka, K. S.
Tithonia diversifolia is found growing abundantly within the forest zone of Nigeria. The evaluation of the pulp and paper making properties of T. diverisifolia showed average fibre length, width, wall thickness and lumen of 827.66 ± 186.40αµm, 20.29 ± 3.92 αµm, 3.96 ± 0.28 αµm and 12.16 ± 3.96 µm respectively. This short fibre length and small wall thickness of T. diversifolia made it unsuitable for making strong papers. However, it is good material for making newsprints, toilet tissues, serviette papers, packing cartons and egg crates. This will go a long way towards improving the welfare and living conditions of Nigerian given that paper is a civilised material.
Environmental audit of the tunu/kanbo forests of the Niger Delta, Nigeria
(1997-11) Chukwuka, K. S.; Ayodele, A. E.
Environmental audit of the Tunu/Kanbo forests of the Niger Delta, Nigeria
(1997-11) Chukwuka, K. S.; Ayodele, A. E.
Environmental impact assessment of cement factory production on biodiversity: a case study of UNICEM, Calabar Nigeria
(2008) Lameed, G. A.; Ayodele, A. E.
The natural forest at the segment of Southeastern state (Cross River State) is losing its primary status due to various types of human development and industrial activities. This is more envisaged with dry process Kiln method that United Cement Company of Nigeria (UNICEM) intend to use for manufacturing of Cement, which will leave the particulate emission rate of cement as high as 20.8Kg / bbl on the atmosphere. Other environmental pollution problems associated with this activity are bad odour, noise, dust and fumes, aesthetic nuisance, smoke, vibration, effluent and glare. A total of eighty-two tree species among which are some economic species were recorded during the assessment. Diversity Indices of between 0.03 and 1.33 were recorded for the vegetations. Many of the trees are medicinal with the barks and roots used for the treatment of diseases such as malaria, diarrhea, High blood pressure, and skin diseases. Others are cultivated for food, and as ornaments. No disease symptoms were found on the plants within the factory site except that most of the lower plants were dehydrated due to lack of rain. Some of the Rhizophora leaves along the coastline showed some leaf spots, yellowing of leaves and the presence of downy meadews. In conclusion, the industrial activity of UNICEM will in no doubt have impact on habitat vegetation of wildlife species; such species will be compelled to migrate or face mortality. And greater concern must be given to endangered and endemic species such as Pan troglodytes (Chimpanzee), Gorilla gorilla, and Pandrillus leucophaeus that can only be found in this rain forest zone of Cross River National Park.
Environmental impact assessment of the rainforest vegetation in Agbara industrial estate, South Western Nigeria
(1996) Chukwuka, K. S.; Ayodele, A. E.; Osonubi, O.
The vegetation of Agbara industrial estate, South-western Nigerian was studied with a view to determining the floristic and structural composition before the full take off of the various industries. The area is lowland rain forest, drier - type with the major growth forms including trees, shrubs, palms and climbers. A total of 897 plants were enumerated in five transect of 2 km. Species diversity index for the area is in the range of 0.01 - 0.24 while dominance values range from 0.00 - 0.01. Tree density was estimated to be 56.1 stems per km sq. The study shows evidences of regrowth vegetation subsistence farming activities involving arable crops of previous land use. The area is also shown to have suffered previous encroachment or early succession. No particular species is dominant. It is suggested that adequate pollution control measures need to he put in place if the biotic communities of the estate are not to be endangered Resettlement of the inhabitants away from the vicinity of the operating industries is also proposed.
Environmental impact assessment of the rainforest vegetation in Agbara industrial estate, Southwestern Nigeria
(1996) Chukwuka, K. S.; Ayodele, A. E.; Osonubi, O.
The vegetation of Agbara industrial estate, South-western Nigerian was studied with a view to determining the floristic and structural composition before the full take off of the various industries. The area is a lowland rain forest, drier - type with the major growth forms including trees, shrubs, palms and climbers. A total of 897 plants were enumerated in five transect of 2 km. Species diversity index for the area is in the range of 0.01 - 0.24 while dominance values range from 0.00 - 0.01. Tree density was estimated to be 56.1 stems per km sq. The study shows evidences of regrowth vegetation, subsistence farming activities involving arable crops of previous land use. The area is also shown to have suffered previous encroachment or early succession. No particular species is dominant. It is suggested that adequate pollution control measures need to be put in place if the biotic communities of the estate are not to be endangered. Resettlement of the inhabitants away from the vicinity of the operating industries is also proposed.
Epidermal morphology of Nigerian species of synsepalum (sapotaceae)
(1999) Ayodele, A. E.
The leaf epidermal morphology of three Nigerian species of Synsepalum has been studied by light microscopy. Epidermal cells are Irregular or polygonal with straight, curved, undulate or sinuate anticlinal walls. All taxa are amphistomntic although adaxial stomata are restricted to the veins and their vicinities. Stomatal type varies in the genus. Anomocytic stomata are present on both leaf surface of S. dulcificum and S. stipulation while cyclocytic and paracytic types are recorded in S. glycydorum on the adaxial and abaxial surfaces respectively. The periclinal divisions in the abaxial guard cells of S. stipulatum is diagnostic of the species. All taxa are glabrous but numerous trichome bases are found on the abaxial surface of S. glycydorum suggesting an early loss of hairs in leaf development A dichotomous key for identifying the species is presented.
Epidermal morphology of the genus dialium (fabaceae: caesalpinioideae)
(1997) Sheteolu, A. O.; Ayodele, A. E.
Epidermal morphology of adaxial and abaxial leaflet surfaces of the five species in the genus Dialium (Fabaceae : Caesalpinoideae) were studied by light microscopy. The epidermises are composed of cells which are isodiametric, irregular or both types in outline. Anticlinal walls are either straight, curved or undulate. Leaflets of all taxa are hypostomatic. Paracytic stomata occur in all species except D. guineense that posses both paracytic and staurocytic stomata. Other features of the epidermis that show variation include stomatal size and density, size and density of epidermal cells, and type, size, shape, frequency and basal cells of the trichomes. An indented, dichotomous key for identifying the species is presented.
Ethnobotanical studies of anti-tuberculosis plants in Egbado, Ogun State, Nigeria
(1999) Ashidi, J. S.; Gbile, Z. O.; Ayodele, A. E.
Forty-five plant species and twenty-nine recipes used to treat tuberculosis in Egbado were identified. Prominent among these preparations were Garcinio kola Meckel, (Clusiaceae), Xylopia aelhiopica (Dunal) A. Rich. (Annonaccae), Musa nana Lour. (Musaceae), Anchomancs dijformis (BL.) Engl. (Araceae), Alchornea cordoifolia (Schuin. & Tlionn.) Muell. Arg. (Eupliorbiaceae), Allium ascalonicum Linn. (Liliaceae), Tetrapleura tetraptera (Sebum. & Tlionn.) Taub. (Mimosaccac). Olax subscorpinidca Oliv. (Olacaceac) and Piper guineense Sebum. & Thonn. (Piperaceae) suggesting their importance in the treatment. The need to screen the plants so identified especially those that have not been chemically and biologically studied is stressed.
Ethnobotanical survey of anti-diabetic plants in some local Government areas in Ogun State, Nigeria
(2005) Ashidi, J. S.; Abo, K. A.; Ayodele, A. E.
The results of an ethnobotanical survey of plants used in the treatment of diabetes in Ipokia, Haro and Ijebu North Local Government Areas of Ogun State are reported. Thirty four plant species in twenty families and some twenty recipes were identified Anthocleista vogelii Planch, Anthocleista djalonensis A. Chev, Bridelia ferruginea Benth, Clobimethula braunii (Engl) van Tiegh, Momordica charantia Linn and Musa sapientum Linn were prominent in the recipes. These phytomedicine were administered as concoction, decoctions, and powder of ash residue. Previous biological studies of some of the plants confirm the rational use of the recipes by traditional healers. Field study of plants and their specific uses by traditional healers eliminate random collection and it is an important phase in the identification, screening and subsequent isolation of bioactive compounds from the plants. A systematic scientific research into the efficacy of these medicinal plants is suggested.
Ethnobotany, conservation and sustainable development
(1996) Ayodele, A. E.
The current attempt to concentrate on medicinal plants as sources of drug is a welcome development which must be accompanied with adequate conservation strategies through research, education and training, ex-situ and in-situ conservation. Conservation is necessary if the dignity of life is to be maintained. However, plant taxonomy as a discipline particularly the aspect of floristic taxonomy, should serve as the ‘bedrock’ of any conservation strategy. Data from such studies which are well documented in efficient and well equipped herbaria in an easily retrievable manner will facilitate better coordinated effort at mapping out strategies for bio conservation and sustainable living. The setting up of Botanical and Zoological gardens is also crucial to conservation programmes. Taxonomists, conservation experts and policy makers must work in harmony and at more organised setting to provide solutions to conservation problems.
EVALUATION OF RHIZOBIUM AND MYCORRHIZA INTERACTIONS IN SUSTAINABLE MAIZE (Zea mays L.) AND SOYABEAN (Glycine max L.) PRODUCTION
(2014-09) AMUSAT, M.A.
Maize and soyabean are among the staples in the world. Their sustainable production through the use of synthetic fertilizer causes soil degradation and ground water contamination. An alternative means of boosting and sustaining the production of these staples through the use of rhizobium and mycorrhiza have been reported but there are contradictory reports on interactions between the two organisms. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess the influence of Rhizobium japonicum and Glomus etunicatum on maize and soyabean production. Three farmlands in Oyo town were purposively selected. In the first and second farmlands were planted sole maize and soyabean respectively and were rotated the following season while both crops were intercropped on the third farmland. The experimental layout was randomised complete block design in split plot with three replications. The treatments were mycorrhizal, rhizobium, combined inoculations and uninoculated (controls). Maize was inoculated with Glomus etunicatum, while soyabean was inoculated with Glomus etunicatum and broth of Rhizobium japonicum. The plants’ population densities were 66,667 and 266,667 respectively. Growth parameters were measured using established methods at two weeks interval. The plants’ biomass, yield, proximate and nutrient analyses were determined usin g standard methods. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and ANOVA at p = 0.05. The average heights (cm) of mycorrhiza, rhizobium and combined inoculated plants were 59.8±3.0, 68.3 ±1.8 and 63.7±1.2 respectively while that of their uninoculated counterparts was 52.7±3.4 in both sole and intercropped soyabean. Similarly, significant differences in biomass production were obtained between inoculated (3.7, 3.9, 3.9 g) and uninoculated (2.9 g) soyabean. Sole and rotated soyabean had significant biomass values which were 34.7 and 23.4 % respectively higher than the intercropped soyabean. There was no significant difference in nutrient contents of soyabean; its percentage proximate contents showed significant effects of rhizobium (4.5), mycorrhiza (4.0) or combined inoculation (4.2) in relation to uninoculated treatments (3.1). In intercropped and rotated maize, higher values of number of leaves and plant height were obtained in the mycorrhizal inoculated treatments compared with uninoculated counterparts. Biomass values of the intercropped and rotated maize were 15.5 and 12.5 % respectively higher than that of sole maize. There was significant main effect of mycorrhizal inoculation on nutrient contents of maize in intercropped and rotated farmlands. The grain yields of sole and combined inoculated soyabean ranged between 648.1–738.7 kgha-1 and significantly outweighed that of the uninoculated counterparts (524.6–584.9 kgha-1). There were no significant differences in grain yield of sole and intercropped maize, however, grain yield of rotated maize (585 kgha-1) was significantly higher than that of sole maize (512.9 kgha-1). Interactions between R. japonicum and G. etunicatum stimulated growth of both crops, while intercropping enhanced growth and biomass production of maize but had negative effects on soyabean. Interaction between Rhizobium japonicum and Glomus etunicatum had synergistic effects on growth of maize and soyabean. The combination of the two organisms and the systems of farming favoured the yield of both crops. The use of both microsymbionts combined with the cultural farming systems is therefore recommended to boost soyabean and maize production.
Floristics and structure of the remnant forests of the Obafemi Awolowo University campus, Ile-Ife Nigeria and their potential for conservation
(Botanical Society of Nigeria, 1997) Chukwuka, K.; Isichei, A. O.
The floristic composition and the girth sizes of the woody plants in seventeen sample forest plots at the Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria were studied with a view to making recommendations on the conservation of the forest. The 120 species found are those typical of drier lowland forest of southern Nigeria. Twenty-six species occurred in 8 of the 17 plots while 28 occurred in one plot each and could be regarded as rare. About 70% of the stems are less than 30 cm girth at breast height, an indication of recent disturbance. Brachystegia eurycoma dominated the ≥ 120 cm girth class and was found on hilly slopes that were suitable for farming. The benefits of conservation of the Campus forest include protection of an important watershed and teaching and research.