Archaeology &Anthropology
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Item 4DS OF CURRICULUM MODEL, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS, AND CURRICULUM ON EDUCATION FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT.(2016) OGUNFOLAKAN, B.AMost archaeological works in southwestern Nigeria are concentrated in Ile-Ife, Esie, Old Oyo and Owo. In these areas, the focus of archaeological studies had been on different works of art in bronze, terracotta, wood and stone. Studies on cultural themes related to the issues of conflict, war and displacement which have implications for landscape archaeology of the area are often relegated to the background. The main goal of this research was to highlight how conflict, war and displacement impacted on the settlement history of parts of Osun State, southwestern Nigeria. The study also appraised human interactions with the environment and the concomitant effects on emergent settlement configurations. Oral and written data were collected from Ile-Ife, Ikire, Ipetumodu, Ila-Orangun, and Ajaba to generate anthropological data. Investigations aimed at identifying and collecting surface artifacts involved reconnaissance and detailed surveys of the studied sites. Excavations were carried out on potsherd pavements at Ajaba and Asi and on a refuse mound at Ajaba. Artifacts from surface collections and excavations were classified according to types, decoration and functional attributes. Analysis of Mo, Cu, Pb, and Ni of sherd samples was done using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Ten thin sections were made from selected sherd samples for determination of pottery fabric and inclusions. Palynological analysis of soil samples collected from different depths of the excavated mound was carried out using a microscope with an attached camera. Decorative motifs such as single twisted cord impression were common to all sites. With exception of sherds from Ila-Orangun, those from other areas were related in terms of types, fabric and functional attributes. Some of the sherds bore striking resemblance to those documented for Old Oyo and Ile-Ife with regard to type, decoration and function. Stylistically, the potsherd pavements at Asi and Ajaba were similar to those documented for Ile-Ife. A C-14 date of AD 1263 was obtained from charcoal at a depth of 80cm from the Ajaba mound excavation. Maize cob decoration was absent which indicated that Ajaba site was occupied prior to 16th century when maize was introduced into West Africa. Pollen of forest species and ornamental plants of Asian origin, such as Lagerstroemia indica, Casuarina equisetifolia and Delonix regia was identified from the excavated mound. These were abundant at the lower levels of the excavated mound. However, pollen of ornamental plants disappeared completely at the upper levels while secondary forest species and artifacts increased in abundance which was indicative of increase in human population and subsequent impact on vegetation. There was evidence of increased peopling of the area from around AD 1263. Oral and written records suggested that conflicts and war caused displacement and re-occupation of most of the settlements. Conflict and war resulted in the abandonment and reoccupation of all the sites, resulting in the delineation of several historical phases of occupation. Human impact on the environment was noted from the 13th century.Item AN ANTHROPOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE ABO BLOOD GROUP DISTRIBUTION AMONGST THE YORUBA OF NIGERIA(1994-06) ADEKOYA, B. B.Twenty-five (25) sub-groups of the Yoruba language sub-family in Nigeria were identified based on such similarities as: territory, dialect, descent, cultural and economic ties. The ABO blood group samples and records of the identified Yoruba sub-groups were analysed and evaluated. These Yoruba sub-groups included: Akoko, Akure, Awori, Bunu, Egba, Egbado. Ekiti, Eko, Ibarapa, Ibolo, Ife, Igbomina, Ijebu, Ijesa, Ijumu, Ikale, Ilaje, Ilorin, Kabba, Ondo, Owo, Owu, Oyo, Remo and Yagba. Frequency distribution and percentiles of the ABO blood groups in each Yoruba sub-groups were determined through statistical analysis and subjected to X2 distribution analysis to detect deviation significance levels about the expected mean of ABO blood groups for the Yoruba language sub-family. The majority of the individual blood group types within the Yoruba sub-groups were of the type 'O'. Percentiles and frequencies for this blood group type for each Yoruba sub-group exhibited two distinct mean pulses. The mean percentiles for the type 'O' blood group were 51.6% and 55% with mean frequency values of 0.718 and 0.742 respectively, indicating the presence of two dialect groups within the Yoruba language sub-family. The Yoruba sub-groups hereby identified from the ABO blood sample analysis and subseguently classed into two dialect groups coincide with the "i" and "u" linguistic dialect areas into which the Yoruba territory of Nigeria is divided, thus confirming the existence of a definite anthropological divide of the Yoruba language sub-family.Item CHANGING CHILD-REARING PRACTICES AMONG YORUBA PARENTS IN IBADAN, NIGERIA(2014-10) OWOLABANI, C. S.Yoruba child-rearing practices are predicated on a distinctive cultural value-system, marked by continuous changes. While an extensive literature has evaluated aspects of the practices in relation to child-development, family and educational studies, there has been little concentration on the shifting patterns. This study, therefore, ethnographically explored the changes in child-rearing practices among Yoruba parents in Ibadan, Nigeria, with a view to affirming how socio-economic transformative processes influenced modifications in child-rearing practices. Survey research design was adopted. Data were elicited through primary and secondary sources. 210 copies of a questionnaire were administered to 72 parents (purposively drawn among literate and illiterate parents engaged in formal and informal occupations), 63 children, 34 child-care workers and 41 teachers, purposively selected from five local government areas in Ibadan metropolis. In-depth interviews were conducted with 29 informants comprising 20 parents, three teachers, three child-care workers and three children. In addition, participant observation was held in 20 homes and direct observation of 30 family units. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics while qualitative data were content analysed. Changes in child-rearing practices in Ibadan occurred with regard to obedience, respect, morality, responsibility, enculturation and adoption of Yoruba as a medium of communication. Obedience, formerly characterised by stringent adherence, has been replaced with liberal models which were more dominant among elite parents, private child-care workers and schoolteachers. A mix of stringent and liberal patterns was confirmed by 74.2% respondents to be prevalent among some parents and public schoolteachers. Respect values instilled through normative practices have yielded ground to western greeting norms and conducts, as affirmed by 78.0% respondents to be largely reflected among elite children. Inculcation of moral values has predominantly shifted from enforcement of cultural norms, to higher reliance on religious precepts, as asserted by 80% of the respondents. Responsibility practices have transformed among elite parents, with their children mostly participating less in domestic activities. However, 82.8% of the respondents asserted some parents enforced children‘s engagement in domestic chores. Enculturation has been modified from parents‘ active participation with greater support from communal, extended and fosterage system, to lesser participation and measurable support. Teachers and child-care workers have, however, assumed central socialisation roles. In addition, 69.5% respondents affirmed more of children‘s enculturation process take place through the mass media, digital technologies and peer influence. The domestic pattern of adopting Yoruba as medium of communication is being displaced, more so among elite families where prevailingly English is the preferred language of interaction at home. This prevailing linguistic trend has the outcome of producing Yoruba children who are mostly incompetent in speaking, reading and writing both Yoruba and English, and are thereby culturally alienated. The socio-economic transformative processes resulting in increased literacy, acculturation of foreign norms, modifications in parents‘ occupational engagements and working structures, and imbalance in work and parenting responsibilities influenced the alterations. Socio-economic transformations have wrought both positive and culturally unfit changes in Yoruba child-rearing practices. Alternative measures of balancing work and parenting obligations would advance self-awareness and cultural grounding in Yoruba child-rearing practices.