Health Promotion & Education

Permanent URI for this communityhttps://repository.ui.edu.ng/handle/123456789/381

Browse

Now showing 1 - 20 of 101

Acceptability of child adoption as management option for infertility in Nigeria: evidence from focus group discussions
(2009) Oladokun, A.; Arulogun, O.; Oladokun, R.; Morhason-Bello, I. O; Bamgboye, E. A.; Adewole, I. F.; Ojengbede, O. A.
Infertility remains a global health challenge with devastating psycho-social consequences in many African communities. Adoption that may serve as an alternative strategy for the affected couples is not widely practiced. This study was conceptualized to assess the acceptability of child adoption as a management option by Nigerians. Twelve focus group discussions were held involving three communities stratified into inner core, transitory and peripheral, within Ibadan metropolis, South-Western Nigeria from May to July 2008. The participants were purposively selected based on gender and age group. The barriers mentioned were cultural practices, stigmatization, financial implications, and procedural bottle-necks. Measures suggested to curb these negative attitudes were advocacy, community mobilization and enactment of supportive law that will protect all parties involved
Attitude of health care workers to the involvement of alternative healthcare providers in the home management of childhood malaria
(Baywood Publishing Co., inc, 2005) Falade, C. O.; Osowole, O. S.; Adeniyi, J. D.; Oladepo, O.; Oduola, A. M. J.
The attitudes of 193 healthcare workers (Nurses (35.7%), auxiliary nurses' (35.7%), followed by community health officers (26.4%) in 55 primary and secondary healthcare facilities to home management of malaria were evaluated in four local government areas in Southwestern Nigeria. Results showed that mothers and patent medicine sellers were perceived as offering useful services in home management of malaria by giving first aid and selling antimalaria drugs, respectively. Although 79% of respondents expressed the opinion that mothers are the most appropriate to give first line management to children suffering from malaria, 56% were also of the view that such children should receive definitive treatment in a formal health care facility. Furthermore, 45% of the respondents felt that only formal healthcare workers should treat children who have malaria irrespective of the location of the treatment because mothers, patent medicine sellers, and traditional healers have not been formally trained. Healthcare workers were willing to train mothers and patent medicine sellers on effective management of childhood malaria, but were not favorably disposed toward collaboration with traditional healers in the home management of malaria. There is an urgent need for formal healthcare workers to seek better understanding of traditional healers' practices as well as their cooperation for improved home management of childhood malaria among indigenous groups.
Audiometric assessment in patients with carcinoma of the larynx
(2000-12) Osowole, O. S.; Nwaorgu, O. G. B.
Audiometric assessment was carried out on twelve patients with advanced carcinoma of the larynx who were on admission on the Ear, Nose and Throat Ward of the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria between October 1995 and June 1996. The sharp dropping curve was the most common type of audiograph observed. Fifty percent of the patients had very sharp dropping curve at 200Hz, 33.3% had mild dropping curve at 4000Hz and 8000Hz while 16.7% had a flat curve within the social adequacy range. Implications of this in the treatment and rehabilitation of such patients is discussed.
AWARENESS, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICES OF PRE-MARITAL GENOTYPE TEST AMONG UN-MARRIED STUDENTS OF THE POLYTECHNIC, IBADAN, NIGERIA
(2014-04) OTEVWOYERE, V. E.
Sickle Cell Anaemia (SCA) is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality and a strategic way of reducing the problem is to educate the public and create more awareness on its causes and prevention. There is need for adequate information on awareness and attitude of young adults in tertiary institutions to undertake Pre-marital Genotype Test (PGT).Therefore, this study was aimed at determining the awareness, attitude, and practices of PGT among unmarried students of The Polytechnic, Ibadan. A cross sectional survey was conducted among 382 students who were randomly selected from the four halls of residence in The Polytechnic Ibadan, using a multistage sampling technique. A semi-structured questionnaire which included information on socio-demographic characteristics, awareness about SCA and PGT, 40- point attitude scale relating to PGT, practice of PGT and intention to undertake the test was administered on the respondents. Scores of < 20 and ≥ 20 were classified as negative and positive respectively. Descriptive statistics and Chi-square test were used to analyse the data with level of significance set at 5%. The mean age of respondents was 21.6 ± 3.1 years, 56.6% were females, 68.6% were Christians and 35.5% were in their first year of the National Diploma (ND) course. Respondents’ awareness of SCA and PGT were 89.0% and 92.3% respectively. Major sources of information on SCA and PGT were television (67.9% and 59.8%), friends (54.9% and 50.6%), parents (44.1% and 59.8%) and health workers (47.4% and 50.3%) for both sexes. More than half of the respondents (58.4%) knew their Haemoglobin (Hb) genotype. Of those that claimed to know their Haemoglobin (Hb) genotype, 37.3%, 17.1%, 3.1% and 0.9% were AA, AS, SS and AC respectively. Parents were the major decision makers for respective Hb genotype testing. Of those that knew their Hb genotype, 18.2% and 26.2% of males and females respectively had informed their partners of the result. In respect to respondent’s attitude to PGT, 54.0% had positive and 46.0% had negative attitude. Less than quarter (23.4%) of the respondents would not marry anyone with SCA, 58.4% agreed that it should not be a hindrance to marriage, while 55.4% affirmed their right to know their partner’s genotype before marriage and 37.3% reported that their partner’s genotype result would affect their selection of spouse. Furthermore, majority (85.3%) knew the importance of PGT. About 35.0% of those who did not know their Hb genotype intend to undertake the test before marriage. There was significant relationship between respondent’s awareness about SCA and awareness about genotype testing (p= 0.001). Awareness and practice in respect to sickle cell anaemia and pre-marital genotype test among respondents were high. Partner’s result affects the decision of respondents especially those with positive attitude towards premarital genotype test as critical factor. More awareness programmes should be created by the stakeholders during fresher’s orientation programme by educating the students on premarital genotype test and the consequences of actions guiding their choice of partner.
Case management of childhood fever by traditional healers in Southwest Nigeria: Identification of training and collaborative needs
(Baywood Publishing Co., inc, 2008) Fawole, O. I.; Akinboye, D. O.; Falade, C. O.; Arulogun, O. S.; Adeniyi, J. D.
Traditional healers play an important role in the provision of healthcare in many communities in Africa. This study aimed to improve home management of malaria in children by assessing the healer's knowledge and practice. A semi-structured questionnaire interview of 127 traditional healers selected by proportionate sampling technique from two rural and two urban local government areas (LGAs) of southwestern Nigeria was followed by a training program. Malaria ranked first (87%) among the illnesses managed by the healers. Diagnosis of fever was often (72%) based on client history, physical examination (24.4%), consulting oracles (18.9%), and interpretation of dreams (3.1%). Treatment of malaria was with boiled herbs ("agbo"; 72%), ground herbs ("agunmu"; 14%), and incisions and scarifications (3%). Forty-one (32.5%) healers had referred febrile children to a health facility. Younger healers and those who had at least a secondary education were more likely to refer patients (p < 0.05 in both cases). Thirty-six healers (28.4%) had previous formal training on management of fevers, most of whom were the younger (p < 0.(5), educated healers (p> 0.05), with fewer years of practice (p> 0.05). Research into traditional herbs (48%), better acknowledgment by government (23.6%); and collaboration with other health sectors were suggestions to improve practice. Traditional healers, especially the older, less-educated, and long-practicing healers, urgently require formal training and collaboration with other healthcare providers to improve knowledge and promote early referral of children with fever.
Community gate keepers' awareness and perception of prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV services in Ibadan, Nigeria
(2007) Arulogun, O. S.; Adewole, I. F.; Olayinka-Alli, L.; Adesina, A. O.
Each year, around half a million children aged under 15 become infected with HIV and more than 90% are the result of mother-to-child transrnission. Services to prevent mother-to-child HIV transmission (PMTCT) are therefore important entry points for HIV AIDS Prevention, treatment and care services for women, their children and families. The study aimed at identifying level of awareness and knowledge of PMTCT services that can be utilized in improving access. The methodology consisted of 20 individual in-depth interviews spread over Adabeji, Adeoyo/Agbadagbudu, Jakiru/Onipasan and Eleta communities, in Ibadan among household heads, religious and community based leaders. Key factors identified were low knowledge of mother to child transmission, lack of knowledge of the PMTCT services, inadequate community sensitization, inadequate health care facilities. The success of PMTCT programmes demands a shift towards a more community-based approach which calls for strong advocacy, enlightenment and community mobilization for improved awareness and utilization of PMTCT services
Community-directed interventions for priority health problems in Africa: results of a multicountry study
(2010) Ajuwon, A. J.
Objective: To deterrnine the extent to which the community-directed approach used in onchocerciasis control in Africa could effectively and efficiently provide integrated delivery of other health interventions. Methods: A three-year experirnental study was undertaken in 35 health districts from 2005 to 2007 in seven research sites in Carneroon, Nigeria and Uganda. Four trial districts and one comparison district were randomly selected in each site. All districts had established ivermectin treatment programmes, and in the trial districts four other established interventions - vitamin A supplementation, use of insecticide-treated nets, home management of malaria and short-course, directly-observed treatment for tuberculosis patients - were progressively incorporated into a community-directed intervention (CDI) process. At the end of each of the three study years, we performed quantitative evaluations of intervention coverage and provider costs, as well as qualitative assessments of the CDI process. Findings with the CDI strategy, significantly higher coverage was achieved than with other delivery approaches for all interventions except for Short-course, directly-observed treatment. The coverage of malaria interventions more than doubled. The district-level costs of delivering all five interventions were lower in the CDI districts, but no cost difference was found at the first-line health facility level. Process evaluation showed that: (i) participatory processes were important; (ii) recurrent problerns with the supply of intervention materials were a major constraint to implementation; (iii) the communities and community implementers were deeply committed to the CDI process; (iv) community implementers were more motivated by intangible incentives than by external financial incentives. Conclusion The CDI strategy, which builds upon the core principles of primary health care, is an effective and efficient model for integrated delivery of appropriate health interventions at the community level in Africa.
Comparison of blood pressure in deaf secondary school children and their hearing counterparts: association between noise and blood pressure
(2006-12) Nwaorgu, O. G. B.; Arulogun, O. S
Background and Objective: High blood pressure has been known to be one of the problems that could develop as a result of exposure to noise. Consequently, those who are hearing impaired are thought to be immune to this. This study assessed the relationship between noise exposure and blood pressure. Methodology: This is a comparative prospective study involving participants (consisting of the hearing and the hearing impaired) drawn from a school environment that is situated close to a major highway and railway and evaluating the impact of noise on their blood pressure. Results: The study population consisted of 299 secondary school students. The noise sensitive group comprised 220 participants with normal hearing while the noise-insensitive group comprised 79 hearing impaired from the same school. More participants 6 (85.7%) from the noise insensitive group were found to have significantly higher blood pressure than their hearing counterparts 1 (14.3%). In addition, majority of the participants (63.1 %) irrespective of their level of noise sensitivity were underweight. Conclusion: This study finds liaise exposure alone not sufficient to bring about an increase in blood pressure of the studied population. This not withstanding we advocate for policy measures aimed at controlling the source of environmental noise around educational institution which will aid in reducing the adverse effects of noise on the school children.
Contribution of the indigenous health care givers to the herbal management of febrile illnesses in Rivers state, South-south, Nigeria
(2005-12) Ebong, O. O.; Ajaiyeoba, E. O.; Ononiwu, I. M.; Eteng, M. J.; Akinbiye, D. O.; Gbotosho, G. O.; Falade, C. O.; Bolaji, O. M.; Oladepo, O.; Osowole, O. S.; Happi, T. C.; Fawole, O. F.; Ogundahunsi, O. A. T.; Agbagwa, I. M.; Oduola, O.; Oduola, A. M. J.
This study was carried out in two rural communities; kaani and Boue, in Khana Local Government Area (LGA) and in one urban community, Elomo, in Elomo LGA, all in Rivers state, South-south, Nigeria. The investigations involved in-depth interview conducted with 104 health care givers comprising indigenous healers: herberlists, sellers of herbal remedies and community elders. Information was obtained on types of fevers (febrile illnesses) treated, symptoms and methods of establishing illnesses, and traditional herbs used in the prevention and treatment of febrile illnesses. On types of febrile illnesses treated, respondents presented the following: malaria (78.8%), typhoid (23.1%), yellow fever (21.2%), high fever (19.2%), convulsion (15.4%), and pregnancy fever (2.9%). Other illnesses treated were yellow eyes (4.8%), headache (11.5%), waist pain (14.4%), and joint pains (8.7%). Respondents determined whether a person had fever by the following: physical examination (85.4%), listening to patients' complaints (9.4%), through divination and inspiration (9.4%), while others (0.2%) were not quite explicit on their methods of diagnosis. On the treatment of febrile illnesees, respondents used herb teas (88.5%), herb powders (42.3%), incantation (3.3%), and performance of sacrifice (4.8%) or use of special fluids (27.9%). Majority of the respondents in describing the best herbal medicines for the treatment of febrile illnesses, 62.5% said that dogonyaro (Azadiracta indica) was the best medicine. Other responses were: lemon grass (Cymbepegon papaya) leaf/fruit (20.2%): guava (Psidium guajava) leaf (18.3%), akpagbogoro (Salacia nitida), 7.7%, plantain (Musa sapientum) sucker (6.7%), lipton tea (3.8%) and scent leaf (Ocimum gratissimum), 1.9%
Cultural categorization of febrile illnesses in correlation with herbal remedies used for treatment in Southwestern Nigeria
(Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd, 2003) Ajaiyeoba, E. O.; Oladepo, O.; Fawole, O. l.; Bolaji, A. M.; Akinboye, D. O.; Ogundahunsi, O. A. T.; Falade, C. O.; Gbotosho, G. O.; Itiola, O. A.; Happi, T. C.; Ebong, O. O.; Ononiwu, I. M.; Osowole, O. S.; Oduola, O. O.; Ashidi, J. S.; Oduola, A. M. J.
The ethnographic study was conducted in two communities in Oyo state in Southwestern Nigeria. The study sites consisted of a rural and an urban local government area located in the tropical rain forest zone of Nigeria. The study was designed to obtain information on febrile illnesses and herbal remedies for treatment with the aim of identifying potential antimalarial drugs. The study revealed that fever is a general term for describing illnesses associated with elevated body temperature. The indigenous Yoruba ethnic population has categorized fever based on symptoms and causes. The present communication is the result of focus group discussion and semi-structured questionnaire administered to traditional healers, herb sellers, elders and mothers. This was on types of fevers, symptoms and causes of febrile illnesses. The investigation also included use of traditional herbs in the prevention and treatment of the illnesses in the two communities. A total 514 respondents were interviewed. This was made up of 266 (51.8%) from Atiba local government area (LGA), an urban centre while 248 (48.2%) respondents were interviewed from Itesiwaju LGA, a rural community. The LGAs are located in Oyo State of Nigeria. The respondents proffered 12 types of febrile illnesses in a multiple response answering system in Yoruba language. The most common ones (direct translation into English) were: yellow fever (39.1%), typhoid (34.8%), ordinary (28.8%), rainy season (20.8%) and headache (10.5%) fevers respectively. Perceived causes each of the febrile illnesses included stress, mosquito bites, unclean water, rains and over exposure to the sun. Methods of fever prevention were mainly with the use of herbal decoctions, powdered herbs, orthodox medications and maintenance of proper hygiene. Of a total or 112 different herbal remedies used in the treatment or the febrile illnesses compiled from the study, 25 recipes are presented. Recipes consisted of 2-7 ingredients. Oral decoctions (84%), oral powders (63%). use as soaps and creams (40%) in a multiple response system, were the most prevalent routes of administration of prepared herbs used in the treatment of the fevers. Boiling in water or alcohol was the most common method used in the preparation of the remedies. The four most frequently mentioned (multiple response system) plants in the Southwest ethnobotany for fevers were Azadirachta indica (87.5%). Mangifera indica (75.0%), Morinda lucida (68.8%) and Citrus medica (68.8%).
DATE RAPE EXPERIENCES AND HELP-SEEKING BEHAVIOUR AMONG FEMALE UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS OF UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN, NIGERIA
(2012-08) OGUNWALE, A. O.
Date Rape (DR) which is mainly experienced by young women is a public health concern worldwide and is characterised by physical, psychological and social consequences. In Nigeria, there is dearth of information on DR among Female Undergraduates (FUs) in the Universities. This study was therefore designed to determine the prevalence, context of occurence, help-seeking behaviour and level of knowledge relating to DR among FUs of the University of Ibadan. This cross-sectional survey involved the conduct of eight Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) in all the four FU halls of residence. Thereafter, FGD responses were used to develop a semi-structured questionnaire that was used to interview 610 FUs selected using a four-stage random sampling technique. The FUs were selected proportionately from halls of residence, blocks and rooms. Thereafter, one FU per room was interviewed. The instrument included a 6-point knowledge scale and questions relating to DR experiences, context in which DR occurred and victims’ health seeking behaviour. Knowledge scores of 0- 2, 3- 4 and 5- 6 were rated as poor, fair and good respectively. In-depth Interviews (IDI) were subsequently conducted among eight consenting victims of DR. Data were analyzed using thematic approach, as well as descriptive statistics and logistic regression at p = 0.05. The identified forms of DR that could be experienced by FUs were Forced Vaginal Sex (FVS), Forced Anal Sex (FAS), Forced Oral Sex (FOS) and Forced Insertion of Fingers (FIF) into the private part of a woman. It was disclosed that male chauvinism, indecent dressing and alcohol abuse contributed to DR. Respondents’ mean age was 21.0 ± 2.5 years and their median knowledge score was 2.0 (0 – 6). The prevalence of DR was 11.8% and the forms of DR ever experienced were FVS (80.3%), FAS (10.5%), FOS (15.8%) and FIF (32.9%). Only 8.9% of the FUs experienced DR within the year preceding the study. Majority (73.6%) of the respondents who experienced DR had it when they became undergraduates and 52.1% of the perpetrators were fellow students of the University. Respondents aged over 21.0 years (41.5%) were at higher risk of DR (OR: 2.91, 95%CI: 1.36- 6.25). Respondents who had experienced attempted DR (32.2%) were at lower risk of DR (OR: 0.30, 95%CI: 0.14 - 0.64). Majority (83.3%) experienced DR off-campus and 73.3% occurred in dating partners’ houses. Ninety three percent of victims of DR never sought any medical help and reasons included lack of serious physical injury (53.0%) and fear of being stigmatized (10.6%). Most (91.7%) never sought counselling services and 60.5% of them felt it was not necessary. The IDI revealed that the experienced health consequences of DR included -vagina injuries, vagina bleeding, loss of virginity and depression. Date rape occurred among female undergraduates and mostly in perpetrators’ houses outside the University campus. Despite the health effects experienced, victims did not seek help due to psycho-social challenges. Advocacy and public enlightenment aimed at promoting the reproductive rights of females as well as life-skill-training and social support are needed to address the phenomenon.
EFFECT OF EDUCATIONAL INTERVENTIONS ON HIV/AIDS KNOWLEDGE, SEXUAL BEHAVIOR AND PERCEIVED SELF-EFFICACY AMONG FEMALE APPRENTICES IN BENIN-CITY, NIGERIA.
(2013-08) Akinbami, A. A.
Globally female youths are disproportionately affected by HIV. They tend to participate in more risky sexual activities especially those in apprenticeship. In Nigeria, interventions addressing the reproductive health needs of female youths are scarce. This study was carried out to compare the relative effectiveness of three interventions: peer education, education by instructors and a combination of the two on HIV prevention and safer sex among female apprentices in Benin-City. Benin-City was purposively selected as study site. The quasi-experimental study involved systematically selected 804 female apprentices drawn from 200 shops (120 tailoring and 80 hairdressing saloons). The shops were assigned to three intervention groups and a control. The apprentices’ baseline information was obtained using a semi-structured questionnaire consisting of 21-point HIV knowledge, 26-point risky sexual activities and 21-point perceived self–efficacy scales. The intervention groups were shops whose apprentices received Peer Education alone (PE), Education by Apprentices’ Instructors alone (EAI); and combination of both (PE+EAI) relating to HIV prevention. The interventions consisted of training of randomly selected 100 apprentices as peer educators on HIV prevention and counselling. They administered the intervention on the apprentices in their shops for six months, completed in March 2010; the control received no intervention. Post-intervention evaluation was conducted at intervals of three and six months. The number of participants at baseline, three and six months were 201, 199 and 200 for PE; 200, 200 and 200 for EAI; 201, 198 and 200 for PE+EAI; and 202, 198 and 198 for the control group. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, Chi square, t-test and ANOVA at p=0.05. Mean ages of respondents in PE, EAI, PE+EAI and control were 21.9 3.8, 21.5 2.8, 21.8 2.9 and 22.1 3.6 years respectively. Majority were singles: PE (86.6%), EAI (96.0%), PE+EAI (82.6%) and control (75.7%). Apprentices who completed Senior Secondary School education were PE (38.8%), EAI (58.0%), PE+AEI (27.4%) and control (48.0%). Mean knowledge scores at baseline were 10.8±3.6 (PE); 14.0±2.3 (EAI); 9.6±2.9 (PE+EAI) and 10.2±3.2 (control); these increased to 16.3±1.2, 15.8±1.9, 16.8±0.8 and 15.5±1.5 at three months; to 16.5±1.2; 17.1±0.7; 17.0±0.5 and 14.3±1.5 at six months for PE, EAI, PE+EAI and control respectively; there was significant increase in knowledge among intervention groups. At six months, there were significant reductions in proportions of respondents who had >1 sexual partner from 16.4% to 0.0% (PE), 3.0% to 0.0% (PE+EAI), 22.9% to 4.0% (control) but in EAI it increased from 0.0% to 2.1%. Comparing baseline with post-intervention data, respondents who reported condom use increased from 77.5% to 95.5% (PE), 82.0% to 85.6% (EAI), 49.0% to 76.8% (PE+EAI) and 58% to 60.3% (control) with significant differences only in the experimental groups. Difference between baseline and post-intervention mean score for perceived self-efficacy increased significantly in PE (from 12.1±2.9 to 16.6±3.7) and PE+EAI (10.4±5.0 to 13.6±2.8), but marginal increase in EAI (11.6±3.5 to 13.5±1.7) and control (11.2±2.9 to12.8±3.4). Combination of education by peers and apprentices’ instructors yielded more positive impact in knowledge and use of condom than single approach. It is recommended for use among female apprentices and policies should be formulated to support more interventions among this population.
Effect of hemodialysis on the hearing function of patients with chronic renal failure
(2006-12) Lasisi, A. O.; Salako, B. L.; Osowole, O.; Osisanya, W. P.; Amusaf, M. A.
Sensorineural hearing impairment (SHI) has been reported in chronic renal failure (CRF) patients with a prevalence of 20-40%. The aetiopathogenetic mechanisms reported included osmotic alteration resulting in loss of hair cells and in some, complications of haemodialysis have been hypothesized' We have in the past reported 2 cases of CRF patients who developed acute SHL following hemodialysis. This is a report of investigation of the effect of hemodialysis on the hearing function of CRF patients using pure tone audiometry findings. Thirty-three CRF patients were recruited for Pure Tone Audiometry (PTA) at admission and after three sessions of hemodialysis. The pure tone audiometry was done with a computer audiometer BA 20 Kamplex in the sound - proof (acoustic) booth in the ENT clinic. The duration of illness, dosage of diuretics and blood pressure were also noted. Similar age and sex-matched control were selected among volunteers who were otherwise clinically healthy. The data was processed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS Inc, Chicago, Illinois, USA). Thirty-three CRF patients treated with haemodialysis and 28 healthy controls completed the study, 34 males and 27 females, age range was 16 - 72 years, mean of 45.30 (SDI6.20) for subjects and 49.7 for controls. Hearing loss was found in 22/34 (67%) at recruitment and 27/34 (79%) after 3 sessions of hemodialysis. There was a significant difference between the mean pre- and post-hemodialysis PT A values, P =0.0008. There was also a signiticant correlation between post-hemodialysis hearing threshold and (i) duration of illness (P = 0.00340) and (ii) creatinine levels of the patients (P=0.035). In conclusion, there was a significant depression in the hearing threshold of patients with CRF following three sessions of hemodialysis. This could be caused by changes induced by hemodialysis or effects of the duration and severity of disease.
Effect of peer education on deaf secondary school students' HIV/AIDS knowledge, attitudes and sexual behaviour
(2000) Osowole, O. S.; Oladepo, O.
This study evaluated the effect of an AIDS education program on deaf secondary school students' knowledge, attitude and perceived susceptibility to AIDS using peer education. Two secondary schools matched for ownership (government), composition (mixture of hearing and deaf and teaching arrangement (separate teaching of deaf students using sign language) were used, and each school was randomly allocated the intervention or control status. All students completed a questionnaire on AIDS at baseline and post-intervention following baseline, volunteers from the intervention group received four weeks training as peer educators, after which they provided HIV/AIDS information to their peers on one-to-one basis and in group, using a variety of approaches for a period of eight months, while the control subjects did not Pre-post group differential scores for knowledge of the causes, modes of transmission and methods of prevention of AIDS among intervention group compared with the control group were significant (p<0,0000001) but not to perceived personal susceptibility (p=0.64217). This study suggests the influence of peer education on health knowledge of youth but a limitation in changing perception of susceptibility.
EFFECTS OF TWO HEALTH EDUCATION INTERVENTIONS ON ADHERENCE TO ANTIHYPERTENSIVE MEDICATION AND ON BLOOD PRESSURE IN SELECTED TERTIARY HEALTH FACILITIES IN SOUTHWESTERN NIGERIA
(2014-10) ATULOMAH, N. O.
Hypertension is often the precursor to cardiovascular disease complications with end-organ damage in poorly managed condition. Adherence to medication and appointment-keeping are critical in the control of hypertension and reduction of associated complications. However, poor adherence to treatment is common among hypertensive patients in clinical settings. Evidence-based health education interventions that can optimise patients’ adherence to medication and appointment-keeping are few in Nigeria. The study was therefore designed to explore the effects of two health education interventions on adherence to antihypertensive medication, appointment-keeping and Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) implicated in end-organ pathology in selected tertiary health facilities in Southwestern Nigeria. The study was quasi-experimental involving patients receiving care in hypertensive clinics in three tertiary health institutions. The institutions were randomly allocated to Intervention 1 (Olabisi Onabanjo University Teaching Hospital, Sagamu), Intervention 2 (Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos) and Control (University College Hospital, Ibadan) groups. Patient Education and Counselling (Intervention 1) and Patient Education and Counselling with Family-Support (Intervention 2) were implemented for four weeks. Baseline and follow-up evaluations employed a validated structured questionnaire to measure primary outcomes of Self-Reported Medication-Adherence (SRMA) on a 15-point scale, Appointment-Keeping (AK) on a 9-point scale and Pill Count (PC) from 60 participants purposively selected from each group. Secondary outcomes of SBP values were measured at baseline and followed up for nine weeks to determine changes in SBP. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and ANOVA at p=0.05. Respondents were males (71.7%; 58.3%; 61.7%) and females (28.3%; 41.7%; 38.3%); and their ages were 52.1±6.5, 51.3±7.2 and 50.8±6.2 years for Intervention 1, Intervention 2 and Control groups respectively. The participants had non-formal (16.7%; 20.0%; 25%), primary (33.3%; 25.0%; 20.0%), secondary (26.7%; 16.7%; 20.0%) and post-secondary (15.0%; 23.3%; 18.3%) education for Intervention 1, Intervention 2 and Control groups respectively. At baseline, there were no significant differences in outcome measures among the three groups in respect of primary outcomes of SRMA (9.2±1.1; 9.1±1.0; 9.3±1.0), PC (57.9±5.1; 54.3±8.6; 58.9±4.6), AK (5.2±1.7; 5.1±1.0; 5.1±0.9) and secondary outcomes of SBP (159.0±8.7; 157.8±9.5; 155.4±8.4 mmHg) values respectively. At 13th week follow-up, Intervention 2 demonstrated significantly higher scores in respect of SRMA (14.4±0.7), PC (94.0±0.5), AK (8.9±0.3) with SBP reduction from 157.8±9.5 to 134.2±3.4 mmHg compared with Intervention 1 with SRMA (12.5±1.0), PC (89.5±0.6), AK (8.50±0.5) and a corresponding SBP reduction from 159.0±8.7 to 150.0±5.2 mmHg. The values of SRMA, PC and AK in control were 9.6±1.0, 59.6±0.6 and 5.8±1.0 respectively with SBP reduction from 155.4±8.4 to 154.0±6.9 mmHg. Furthermore, the magnitude of changes (∆) between outcome measures at 13th week follow-up and their respective baseline values for the three groups were ∆SRMA=3.3, ∆AK=3.3, ∆SBP=9.0 mmHg, ∆SRMA=5.3, ∆AK=3.8, ∆SBP=23.63 mmHg and ∆SRMA=1.2, ∆AK=5.4, ∆SBP=1.4 mmHg for Intervention 1, Intervention 2 and Control groups respectively. Intervention 2 results were significantly higher. The Patient Education and Counselling with Family-Support intervention was more effective in influencing adherence to appointment-keeping and medication–consumption leading to reduction in blood pressure. Therefore, it is recommended that family-support be incorporated in patient education strategies for effective control of hypertension.
Efficacy of herbal remedies used by herbalists in Oyo State Nigeria for treatment of Plasmodium falciparum infections a survey and an observation
(2004) Ajaiyeoba, E. O.; Falade, C. O.; Fawole, O. I.; Akinboye, D. O.; Gbotosho, G. O.; Bolaji, O. M.; Ashidi, J. S.; Abiodun, O. O.; Osowole, O. S.; Itiola, O. A.|; Oladepo, O.; Sowunmi, A.; Oduola, A. M. J.
In the course of evaluating the contribution of phytomedicine to possible drug discovery of antimalarial drugs, an ethnomedical survey of specialized children traditional clinics was done. In the observational multi center study, efficacy of eight different herbal remedies, each consisting of 3-8 ingredients and administered by herbalists were investigated in clients enrolled in the six traditional clinics in Oyo (urban center) and Otu (rural center) of Oyo State, Nigeria. The clients, aged between six months and fifteen years with clinical symptoms of malaria were enrolled in the clinics of the herbalists, as their usual practice. Oral informed consents were obtained from their parents or guardians. Microscopic diagnosis of malaria infection was used, to evaluate parasitaemia and validate efficacy of herbal remedies. Results of the analyzed shows that, of the 163 clients of the herbalists, only 62 (30 Oyo, 32 from Otu) had microscopically confirmed P. falciparum infection. Only results from 54 clients (29/30 (Oyo) and 25/32 (Otu) with P. falciparurn infection could be evaluated. Plasmodium falciparum infection in 88% (23/29) of clients from Oyo responded to treatment with the herbal remedies while cure rate in clients from Otu was 42% (13/25). Parasite densities ranged from 171 to 53,613 parasites/ul blood and 87 to 36,209 parasites/ul blood in patients from Oyo and Otu respectively. The herbalists administered the remedies and Gossypium arboreum, Anarcudium occidentalis, Citrus medica, Phyllanthus amarus and Lippia multiflora were the main ingredients in the efficacious remedies. The herbalists gave detailed descriptions of each of the 8 herbal remedies proffered. The results confirm the efficacy of two of the eight herbal remedies, thereby validating the role of ethnomedicine as a possible source for the discovery of new cherno-therapeutic agents in the treatment of P. falciparum malaria.
Emergency contraceptive pill knowledge, attitudes and dispensing practices of pharmacists in Ibadan and Lagos metropolis, Nigeria
(2010) Omotoso, O; Ajuwon, A. J
Use of Emergency Contraceptive Pills (ECP) is desirable in Nigeria where there is high rate of unwanted pregnancy. Pharmacists are expected to play important role in promoting use of ECP but few studies have assessed their knowledge, attitude and dispensing practice of this product in Nigeria. A total of 211 randomly selected pharmacists practicing in Ibadan and Lagos metropolis completed a questionnaire that assessed knowledge about ECP, attitude towards this contraceptive and actual dispensing practices. The results showed that the mean age of the respondents was 38.8 (±10.9) years. There were more male (57.3%) than female respondents (42.7%). The overall mean knowledge scores for the sample was 8.9 (SD: 2.6) out of 18. No significant difference was found in mean knowledge score of male (9.0) (± 2.6) and female respondents (8.9) (±2.8) (p>0.05). Respondents who had practiced for up to 30 years had significantly higher score (9.1) than those with less years of experience (7.7) (p< 0.05). Forty-three percent claimed they had religious or moral (46.9%) objection to dispensing ECP. The majority (79.1%) had ever dispensed ECP whereas 21.9% had never done so. Of the 167 respondents who had ever dispensed, 94.6% had a stock of ECP on the day of their interview. More respondents from Ibadan than Lagos had ever dispensed ECP (p<0.05). More community (80%) than hospital based (60%) pharmacists had dispensed ECP (p<0.05). Only 17.5% of those who had ever dispensed ECP had ever received a formal training on the mode of action of this drug. Although majority had dispensed ECP, their knowledge of the drug is limited. There is need for pharmacists to receive continue education on ECP to enable them serve better the clients who need this service.
Emergency contraceptive pill knowledge, attitudes and dispensing practices of pharmacists in Ibadan and Lagos metropolis, Nigeria
(2010-12) Omotoso, O.; Ajuwon, A. J.
Use of Emergency Contraceptive Pills (ECP) is desirable in Nigeria where there is high rate of unwanted pregnancy. Pharmacists are expected to play important role in promoting use of ECP but few studies have assessed their knowledge, attitude and dispensing practice of this product in Nigeria. A total of 211 randomly selected pharmacists practicing in Ibadan and Lagos metropolis completed a questionnaire that assessed knowledge about ECP, attitude towards this contraceptive and actual dispensing practices. The results showed that the mean age of the respondents was 38.8 (±10.9) years. There were more male (57.3%) than female respondents (42.7%). The overall mean knowledge scores for the sample was 8.9 (SD: 2.6) out of 18. No significant difference was found in mean knowledge score of male (9.0) (± 2.6) and female respondents (8.9) (±2.8) (p>0.05). Respondents who had practiced for up to 30 years had significantly higher score (9.1) than those with less years of experience (7.7) (p< 0.05). Forty-three percent claimed they had religious or moral (46.9%) objection to dispensing ECP. The majority (79.1%) had ever dispensed ECP whereas 21.9% had never done so. Of the 167 respondents who had ever dispensed, 94.6% had a stock of ECP on the day of their interview. More respondents from Ibadan than Lagos had ever dispensed ECP (p<0.05). More community (80%) than hospital based (60%) pharmacists had dispensed ECP (p<0.05). Only 17.5% of those who had ever dispensed ECP had ever received a formal training on the mode of action of this drug. Although majority had dispensed ECP, their knowledge of the drug is limited. There is need for pharmacists to receive continue education on ECP to enable them serve better the clients who need this service.
Enhancing treatment compliance in the home management of childhood malaria: The use of a participatory approach in ensuring intervention appropriateness
(Baywood Publishing Co., inc, 2004) Asa, A.wole, O. S.||Oladepo, O.; Adegbenro, C. A.; Dare, F. O.; Adeniyi, J. D.; Osowole, O. S.; Oladepo, O.
The study employs a participatory approach in ensuring intervention appropriateness and compliance with prescribed chloroquine regimen for children perceived to be suffering from malaria. The study showed that tailoring education intervention to the special needs of mothers, health workers, and patent medicine sellers and involving them in the design of interventions are some of the best ways of achieving intervetion effectiveness. It also reveals that treatments with tablets predispose to higher compliance rates than syrups. Public participation in the diagnosis of management problems and proffering of interventions has shifted the role of researchers from interventionists to a supportive role of these populations. This strategy can save cost and ensure the permanence of interventions beyond the lifespan of research
Ethical and methodological challenges involved in research on sexual violence in Nigeria
(2008) Ajuwon, A. J.; Adegbite, O.
Research on sexual violence is fraught with ethical and methodological challenges due to its sensitive nature. This paper describes the ethical and methodological challenges encountered in planning and conducting two exploratory studies on sexual violence that included in-depth interviews of eight female adolescent rape survivors in Ibadan and four married women in Lagos Nigeria who were raped, forced to perform sexual acts and sexually deprived. The first challenge encountered was an Institutional Review Board (IRB) requirement to obtain parental permission from adolescents, when such a requirement may place the adolescent at risk if a parent was a perpetrator of sexual violence. Using arguments emphasizing the Council for International Organization for Medical Sciences guidelines helped convince the IRB to provide a waiver of parental consent. Second, the privacy required to conduct in-depth interviews for rape survivors was difficult to achieve because five of the rape survivors were apprentices who work in public settings that which are typically used to conduct business In the informal sector. To overcome this challenge, interviews were conducted in safe locations, investigator's offices and homes of survivors. The culture of silence associated with sexual violence posed a challenge because it encourages perpetration of violence with impunity causing rape survivors to suffer in silence. None of the affected adolescents had sought judicial redress for rape despite availability of stringent punishment for this behaviour. Referral information was provided on where survivors could seek care. Interviews with the women could not be recorded on audio-tapes because of concerns that their partners might identify their voices from the tapes and punish them for this. Although research on sexual violence poses ethical and methodological challenges, it is not only desirable but also feasible to conduct such research in ways that ensure safety of participants.