FACULTY OF SCIENCE

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    APPRAISAL OF LEAD IN THE ORGANS AND TISSUES OF DOMESTIC CHICKEN (GALLUS GALLUS DOMESTICUS) IN IBADAN
    (2016) Tyokumbur,E.T
    A study was carried out on the assessment of lead in the organs and tissues of domestic chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) in Ibadan from August to October 2015. Ten (10) chickens (layers and broilers) expressed as samples 1-10 were purchased from different retailer markets (Bodija, Ojoo and Sango) within Ibadan City. The chickens were dissected to remove the intestine, liver, kidney, blood, feathers and muscles were oven-dried at 220°C. The pulverized organ and tissues samples were acid- digested and analyzed for the heavy metal lead (Pb) using Buck Scientific Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The results showed that the highest Pb concentrations in parts per million (ppm) were recorded in the liver (2.940 ± 0.040), intestine (3.9800 ± 0.500), kidney (3.6600 ± 0.6000), feather (3.5900 ± 0.06000), and muscle (3.400 ± 0.4000) in sample 10, while the lowest concentration was recorded in the kidney (0.150 ± 0.0300) in sample 1 all at Bodija Market. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) revealed significance of the Pb metal in the organs and tissues of chickens at P<0.05. Less than half of the samples had Pb concentration that exceeded the permissible limit of 0.1 ppm set by FAO/WHO. The study shows that meat from the chicken organs and tissues in Ibadan are relatively safe for human consumption.
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    EVALUATION OF EFFECTS OF HEAVY METALS ON ABUNDANCE AND DIVERSITY OF SOIL MITES IN A TROPICAL LANDFILL
    (2016) Tyokumbur,E.T
    A study was carried out the Evaluation of Effects of Heavy Metals on Abundance and Diversity of Soil Mites in a tropical landfill in Ibadan from April to July 2003. Heavy metal sources from natural and the anthropogenic factors have increased their bioavailability and ecological impacts in the ecosystem. The objective of the study was to assess the impact of heavy metals on soil mites in a tropical landfill site in Ibadan. Five demarcated study plots at the landfill were randomly selected and marked out with a dimension of 10 metres by 10 metres with a Control site of the same dimension located at an elevated location about 100 metres away from the edge of the landfill. Soil samples at a depth of <10 cm were collected from the study plots using a hand trowel on a monthly basis. Buckard –Model of Berlesce-Tullgren funnel extractor was used to extract soil mites while the soil samples were acid-digested for heavy metal analyses using Shimadzu Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. With the exception Pb (1.99 ppm) at Plot 3, all the other mean heavy metals were below that of the Control Plot (6). Soil mite taxa had higher abundance and diversity at the Control plots than in the landfill. Heavy metals Cr, Ni, Zn, Cu, Mn and Fe concentrations in the study exceeded guideline limits set by the Federal Ministry of Environment (FEPA, 1992). The study concludes that the soil in Aba- Eku landfill in Ibadan is contaminated by heavy metals.
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    EVALUATION OF EFFECTS OF HEAVY METALS ON ABUNDANCE AND DIVERSITY OF SOIL MITES IN A TROPICAL LANDFILL
    (2016) Tyokumbur,E.T
    A study was carried out the Evaluation of Effects of Heavy Metals on Abundance and Diversity of Soil Mites in a tropical landfill in Ibadan from April to July 2003. Heavy metal sources from natural and the anthropogenic factors have increased their bioavailability and ecological impacts in the ecosystem. The objective of the study was to assess the impact of heavy metals on soil mites in a tropical landfill site in Ibadan. Five demarcated study plots at the landfill were randomly selected and marked out with a dimension of 10 metres by 10 metres with a Control site of the same dimension located at an elevated location about 100 metres away from the edge of the landfill. Soil samples at a depth of <10 cm were collected from the study plots using a hand trowel on a monthly basis. Buckard –Model of Berlesce-Tullgren funnel extractor was used to extract soil mites while the soil samples were acid-digested for heavy metal analyses using Shimadzu Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. With the exception Pb (1.99 ppm) at Plot 3, all the other mean heavy metals were below that of the Control Plot (6). Soil mite taxa had higher abundance and diversity at the Control plots than in the landfill. Heavy metals Cr, Ni, Zn, Cu, Mn and Fe concentrations in the study exceeded guideline limits set by the Federal Ministry of Environment (FEPA, 1992). The study concludes that the soil in Aba- Eku landfill in Ibadan is contaminated by heavy metals.
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    Environmental Health Perspectives in Electronic Cigarette Use: A Sustainable Approach
    (2016) Tyokumbur,E.T; Ngor,T.T
    A review is carried out on environmental health perspectives in electronic cigarettes using a sustainable approach. Electronic cigarette (EC) use continues to increase with time from its first introduction in 2004 and could have either deleterious or beneficial effects on public health depending on its impact on smoking initiation and cessation. Previous reports have described conditions of EC use that support minimal or no nicotine delivery as a placebo for tobacco use cessation. This review underscores the need for effective surveillance of e-cigarettes and their effects on smoking, users’ health and a smoke-free policy. Keywords: Electronic cigarette, public health, nicotine, cigarette.
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    Assessment of Heavy Metal Bioaccumulation in Wild Fish ( Clarias gariepinus ) Consumed in Wukari Area of Taraba State, Nigeria
    (2017) Tyokumbur,E.T; Umma,B.S
    A study was carried out on the assessment of heavy metal bioaccumulation in wild fish (Clarias gariepinus) consumed in Wukari area of Taraba State in Nigeria between July and November 2016. Twenty-two (22) market sizes smoke-dried fish (C. gariepinus) were randomly bought from the Wukari markets in Taraba State in July 2016 and burned to ashes with a furnace at a temperature of 400°C for two hours and stored in sample bottles prior to acid digestion. Concentration of heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni, Mn and Co) in the dried fish samples was analyzed using Buck Scientific Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The results showed that the mean concentration of highly toxic Cd and Pb was below the World Health Organization’s (WHO) guideline limits of 0.05 ppm and 1.0 ppm respectively. The essential Cu concentration in the liver (32 ppm) exceeded the WHO set limit of 30 ppm while the other organs were below it. Fifty percent (50%) of the organs (bones, liver and muscles) exceeded the WHO guideline limit of 0.07 ppm for Ni, while the gills, fins and skin were below it. The mean Mn concentration in all the organs were below the FEPA guideline limit. The results showed that the mean toxic heavy metal Cd and Pb in the organs of the fish C. gariepinus were below the World Health Organization (WHO) limit and therefore safe for human consumption. Essential heavy metals like Cu and Ni were slightly above WHO guideline limit in some organs which means consumption quantity should be in moderation. It is therefore recommended that regular biomonitoring studies on heavy metals should be carried out on fish species widely consumed in the area for public health good
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    Appraisal of Heavy Metals in the Fish Sarotherodon galilaeus and Sarotherodon melanotheron from Alaro Stream in Ibadan, Nigeria
    (2017) Tyokumbur,E.T; Umma,B.S
    An appraisal was carried out on the heavy metals in the fish Sarotherodon melanotheron and Sarotherodon galilaeus from Alaro Stream in Ibadan. The study was carried out because fish is a major source of affordable protein for the ever growing global human population. The concentration of heavy metals in the aquatic ecosystem as a result of human activities at any given time portend a health risk for consumers of fish and its products. A total of fifty fish comprising S. melanotheron (25) and S. galileaus (25) were collected from the study area. Dissected and pulverized fish organ samples were acid- digested in Teflon tubes for analyses using the Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS). The mean Ni in the liver, gut and fins of both fish exceeded the World Health Organization (WHO) limit guideline (0.07ppm). All the mean Se concentration in the organs of the two fish were all above the WHO limit guideline of 0.04ppm. With the exception of the muscle (0.01ppm) in S. galilaeus, all the other mean V concentration in the organs of the two fish were higher than the limit guideline of 0.02ppm while there is no current value for Mn and Co. The study shows that organs of S. galilaeus and S. melanotheron had V, Ni and Se above the World Health Organization’s limit guidelines thereby making the fish unfit for human consumption as long as the effluents discharged into the stream remain untreated. Continuous biomonitoring of the aquatic ecosystem for heavy metal pollution is recommended.
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    Review of Potential Ecological Impacts of Peaceful Robotic Drone Use and Policy Implications for Developing Countries
    (2015) Tyokumbur,E.T
    A review has been carried out on the potential ecological impacts of peaceful or civilian robotic drone use and its policy implications for developing countries. The author delves into the emergence of what has become today known as drones right from the late 16th century it was first used as a hot - air balloon through its evolvement over the decades inspired by the need for national defence and global peace. The article highlights the rapid departure from the tragic use of military - grade drones to peaceful or civilian uses in the last decade to policy implications for developing countries. The article gives succinct analyses of the reported and potential pros and cons associated with peaceful drone use in developed and developing countries with the aim of assisting the later in this unavoidable policy decision at hand. Suggestions are made on the way forward through approaches to arrive at policy criteria on peaceful robotic drone use in accordance with cultural, developmental, ethical and ecological needs, aspirations and peculiarities of developing countries in need of such a framework.
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    Review of Potential Ecological Impacts of Peaceful Robotic Drone Use and Policy Implications for Developing Countries
    (2015) Tyokumbur,E.T
    A review has been carried out on the potential ecological impacts of peaceful or civilian robotic drone use and its policy implications for developing countries. The author delves into the emergence of what has become today known as drones right from the late 16th century it was first used as a hot - air balloon through its evolvement over the decades inspired by the need for national defence and global peace. The article highlights the rapid departure from the tragic use of military - grade drones to peaceful or civilian uses in the last decade to policy implications for developing countries. The article gives succinct analyses of the reported and potential pros and cons associated with peaceful drone use in developed and developing countries with the aim of assisting the later in this unavoidable policy decision at hand. Suggestions are made on the way forward through approaches to arrive at policy criteria on peaceful robotic drone use in accordance with cultural, developmental, ethical and ecological needs, aspirations and peculiarities of developing countries in need of such a framework.