FACULTY OF SCIENCE
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Item Review of Potential Ecological Impacts of Peaceful Robotic Drone Use and Policy Implications for Developing Countries(2015) Tyokumbur,E.TA review has been carried out on the potential ecological impacts of peaceful or civilian robotic drone use and its policy implications for developing countries. The author delves into the emergence of what has become today known as drones right from the late 16th century it was first used as a hot - air balloon through its evolvement over the decades inspired by the need for national defence and global peace. The article highlights the rapid departure from the tragic use of military - grade drones to peaceful or civilian uses in the last decade to policy implications for developing countries. The article gives succinct analyses of the reported and potential pros and cons associated with peaceful drone use in developed and developing countries with the aim of assisting the later in this unavoidable policy decision at hand. Suggestions are made on the way forward through approaches to arrive at policy criteria on peaceful robotic drone use in accordance with cultural, developmental, ethical and ecological needs, aspirations and peculiarities of developing countries in need of such a framework.Item Review of Potential Ecological Impacts of Peaceful Robotic Drone Use and Policy Implications for Developing Countries(2015) Tyokumbur,E.TA review has been carried out on the potential ecological impacts of peaceful or civilian robotic drone use and its policy implications for developing countries. The author delves into the emergence of what has become today known as drones right from the late 16th century it was first used as a hot - air balloon through its evolvement over the decades inspired by the need for national defence and global peace. The article highlights the rapid departure from the tragic use of military - grade drones to peaceful or civilian uses in the last decade to policy implications for developing countries. The article gives succinct analyses of the reported and potential pros and cons associated with peaceful drone use in developed and developing countries with the aim of assisting the later in this unavoidable policy decision at hand. Suggestions are made on the way forward through approaches to arrive at policy criteria on peaceful robotic drone use in accordance with cultural, developmental, ethical and ecological needs, aspirations and peculiarities of developing countries in need of such a framework.Item Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals (Arsenic, Cadmium and Lead) in the Fish Lates niloticus from Alaro hydroecosystem, Ibadan(2015) Tyokumbur,E.T; Okorie,T.GA study was carried out on the bioaccumulation of heavy metals (Arsenic, Cadmium and Lead) in the fish Lates niloticus from Alaro hydroecosystem, Ibadan. Fish were sampled and collected between January and December 2003 which was representative of dry and rainy season. Liver, muscle, gills, bones, gut and fins were acid-digested and analyzed for arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) using the inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer (ICP-MS).Quality assurance of the results was assured through the use of bovine liver from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) as Standard Reference Material (SRM). The range of heavy metals As, Cd and Pb in the fish organs were 0.000-0.201ppm, 0.000-0.342ppm and 0.00-14.12ppm respectively. The mean concentration of As in all the fish organs exceeded World Health Organization (WHO) guideline while that of Cd concentration in the fin (0.049ppm) was below the WHO guideline and all the other organs exceeded it. For Pb, all the organs exceeded the WHO recommended guideline limit of 1ppm. Hence, this study shows that Alaro stream is impacted by grossly polluted effluents rich in heavy metals and therefore fish (L.niloticus) caught from it is unfit for human consumption due to public health threats associated with their toxicityItem Trace metal concentration in freshwater fish organs of Heterotis niloticus from Alaro stream in Ibadan, Nigeria(2014) Tyokumbur,E.T; Umma,B.S; Okorie,T.GTrace metal concentration in freshwater fish organs of Heterotis niloticus from Alaro stream in Ibadan was assessed. Trace metals analyzed were arsenic (As), selenium (Se), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) due to their impacts on human health. Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) was used for the analyses of the fish samples while the standard reference material (SRM) for quality assurance was bovine liver from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).Results show that the mean concentration of As, Se and Pb exceeded the World Health Organization guideline limits and other international standards, while only the muscle and gut did not exceed for Cd. The range of the As in the organs was 0.000-0.963ppm, while the mean concentration was 0.028-0.184ppm with the lowest in the bones and the highest in the gut. The range of the Se in the fish organs was 0.06-1.53ppm, while the highest mean concentration was 1.38ppm in the gills and the lowest was 0.11ppm in the fins. The range of Pb in the organs of H.niloticus was 0.00-14.12ppm, while the highest mean concentration was in the liver and the lowest was in the fins. The study shows that consumption of H.niloticus from Alaro stream is a health risk that must be avoided. It is recommended that a biomonitoring programme be established for regularly monitoring Alaro stream that is impacted by untreated industrial effluentsItem Trace metal accumulation in the organs of the fish Sarotherodon galilaeus from Alaro stream in Ibadan, Nigeria(2014) Tyokumbur,E.T; Umma,B.S; Okorie,T.GTrace metal accumulation in the organs of the fish Sarotherodon galilaeus from Alaro stream in Ibadan was assessed. A total of 25 fishes were caught in the sampling of Alaro stream. Dissections were carried out using dissecting set to remove the gills, fins, gut (intestine), liver, bones and muscle. Acid digestion was carried out after drying and pulverization of the fish organs. Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) was used for the trace metal analyses while bovine liver standard reference material (SRM) from the National Institute of Standards (NIST) was used for quality assurance of the results. This study shows that mean concentration of the following trace metals As, Cd, Cu and Pb in S.galilaeus from the Alaro stream in Ibadan exceeded the World Health Organization (WHO) guideline limits set for most of the organs. This means that Alaro stream is polluted and fish (S.galilaeus) caught from the stream is unfit for human consumption due to the public health consequences posed in consuming such food.Item Trace metal accumulation in the organs of the fish Sarotherodon galilaeus from Alaro stream in Ibadan, Nigeria(2014) Tyokumbur,E.T; Umma,B.S; Okorie,T.GTrace metal accumulation in the organs of the fish Sarotherodon galilaeus from Alaro stream in Ibadan was assessed. A total of 25 fishes were caught in the sampling of Alaro stream. Dissections were carried out using dissecting set to remove the gills, fins, gut (intestine), liver, bones and muscle. Acid digestion was carried out after drying and pulverization of the fish organs. Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) was used for the trace metal analyses while bovine liver standard reference material (SRM) from the National Institute of Standards (NIST) was used for quality assurance of the results. This study shows that mean concentration of the following trace metals As, Cd, Cu and Pb in S.galilaeus from the Alaro stream in Ibadan exceeded the World Health Organization (WHO) guideline limits set for most of the organs. This means that Alaro stream is polluted and fish (S.galilaeus) caught from the stream is unfit for human consumption due to the public health consequences posed in consuming such food.Item Trace metal accumulation in the organs of the fish Sarotherodon galilaeus from Alaro stream in Ibadan, Nigeria(2014) Tyokumbur,E.T; Umma,B.S; Okorie,T.GTrace metal accumulation in the organs of the fish Sarotherodon galilaeus from Alaro stream in Ibadan was assessed. A total of 25 fishes were caught in the sampling of Alaro stream. Dissections were carried out using dissecting set to remove the gills, fins, gut (intestine), liver, bones and muscle. Acid digestion was carried out after drying and pulverization of the fish organs. Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) was used for the trace metal analyses while bovine liver standard reference material (SRM) from the National Institute of Standards (NIST) was used for quality assurance of the results. This study shows that mean concentration of the following trace metals As, Cd, Cu and Pb in S.galilaeus from the Alaro stream in Ibadan exceeded the World Health Organization (WHO) guideline limits set for most of the organs. This means that Alaro stream is polluted and fish (S.galilaeus) caught from the stream is unfit for human consumption due to the public health consequences posed in consuming such food.Item Studies on protozoan parasites in angwan rogo, Jos-North Local Government of Plateau State, Nigeria(2014) Tyokumbur,E.TA study was carried out on the toxic and trace metal accumulation in Clarias gariepinus and Tilapia zilli from Alaro stream in Ibadan, from January 2002 to December 2003. Organs assessed were muscle, liver, bone, gills, fins and gut, while the facility used for the assessment was the inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) for accuracy of the results. Toxic and trace metals assessed were Sodium (Na), Magnesium (Mg), Sodium (K), Calcium (Ca), Vanadium (V), Manganese (Mn), Iron (Fe),Cobalt (Co), Nickel (Ni), Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), Arsenic (As), Selenium (Se), Molybdenum (Mo), Silver (Ag), Cadmium (Cd) and Lead (Pb). Toxic and trace metal levels in the liver of both fishes were significantly higher than the other tissues (P>0.05). Toxic and trace metal accumulation in the organs was found to be dependent on the concentration in the water, duration of exposure and rate of uptake of the metals. The muscle that is mainly consumed was found to be relatively low in the accumulation of the toxic and trace metals. Toxic metals such as As, Cd and Pb exceeded the guideline limit set for them by the World Health Organization (WHO). A biomonitoring program is recommended for Alaro stream due to the industrial effluents discharged into it.Item Studies on protozoan parasites in angwan rogo, Jos-North Local Government of Plateau State, Nigeria(2014) Tyokumbur,E.T; Ajayi,J.A study was carried out on the incidence and spread of intestinal protozoan infections in the residents of Angwan Rogo Village in Jos-North Local Government Area of Plateau State, Nigeria. Faecal samples were collected from 686 residents and examined using direct smear and concentration techniques. Residents examined were between the ages of below 15 years and above and were drawn from five divided units of the study area. Results of the study showed generally low infection rates of 22.30%, 2.33%, 4.96%, and 2.77% for Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, Balantidium coli and Entamoeba coli respectively. Infection rates for residents of different age groups showed little variation in the different parts of Angwan Rogo.There were cases of mixed infections with Entamoeba histolytica in most cases .Socio-economic factors such as types of toilets used and the personal hygiene appeared to have limited effects on the observed parasitic infection rates. Preventive measures to enhance control of the infections are discussed.